Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation patterns
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Background: The current study examined the neuro‐cognitive network of visual word rhyming judgment in 14 children with dyslexia and 14 age‐matched control children (8‐ to 14‐year‐olds) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: In order to manipulate the difficulty of mapping orthography to phonology, we used conflicting and non‐conflicting trials. The words in conflicting trials either had similar orthography but different phonology (e.g., pint‐mint) or similar phonology but different orthography (e.g., jazz‐has). The words in non‐conflicting trials had similar orthography and phonology (e.g., gate‐hate) or different orthography and phonology (e.g., press‐list). Results: There were no differences in brain activation between the controls and children with dyslexia in the easier non‐conflicting trials. However, the children with dyslexia showed less activation than the controls in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45/44/47/9), left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus (BA 20/37) and left middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) for the more difficult conflicting trials. For the direct comparison of conflicting minus non‐conflicting trials, controls showed greater activation than children with dyslexia in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 9/45/46) and medial frontal gyrus (BA 8). Children with dyslexia did not show greater activation than controls for any comparison. Conclusions: Reduced activation in these regions suggests that children with dyslexia have deficient orthographic representations in ventral temporal cortex as well as deficits in mapping between orthographic and phonological representations in inferior parietal cortex. The greater activation for the controls in inferior frontal gyrus could reflect more effective top‐down modulation of posterior representations.
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Paediatric fMRI studies have not directly examined letter-speech sound associations.
“To date, paediatric fMRI studies have not directly investigated the associations of letters and speech sounds.”
From Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children. (2010) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2006
Paediatric fMRI studies using complex phonological tasks consistently find underactivation in perisylvian cortex and occipito-temporal gyri in dyslexia.
“These studies converge on the finding of underactivation in perisylvian cortex and occipito-temporal gyri in dyslexia.”
From Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children. (2010) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2006
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Self-citationChildren with dyslexia lack multiple specializations along the visual word-form (VWF) system.
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- Authors
- Cao, F., Bitan, T., Chou, T., Burman, D. D., & Booth, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Booth, James R.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-10-26
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1041-1050
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC2617739
- OpenAlex
- W2082493063
- Semantic Scholar
- 462aec395294da044297b6d6321166e020a61309
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 14.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R21DC006149, DC06149)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD042049, R56HD042049, HD042049)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- dyslexia, orthographic representation, phonological representation, orthography-phonology mapping, children, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, ventral temporal cortex, top-down modulation, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Child, Dyslexia, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Judgment, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Phonetics, Reaction Time, Temporal Lobe, Verbal Behavior, Visual Perception
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