Dynamics of letter string perception in the human occipitotemporal cortex
Open accessAbstract
The inferior occipitotemporal brain areas, especially in the left hemisphere, have been shown to be involved in the processing of written words and letter strings. This processing probably occurs within 200 ms after presentation of the letter string. It has also been suggested that this activation may differ between fluent and dyslexic readers. Using whole-head magnetoencephalography, we studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain processes evoked by visually presented letter strings in 12 healthy adult subjects. Our achromatic stimuli consisted of rectangular patches in which single letters, two-letter syllables, four-letter words, or symbol strings of equal length were embedded and to which variable noise was added. This manipulation dissociated three different response patterns. The first of these patterns took place approximately 100 ms after stimulus onset, originated in areas surrounding the V1 cortex and was distributed along the ventral visual stream, extending laterally as far as V4v. This response was systematically modulated by noise but was insensitive to the stimulus content, suggesting involvement in early visual analysis. The second pattern took place approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset and was concentrated in the inferior occipitotemporal region with left-hemisphere dominance. This activation showed a preference for letter strings, and its strength and timing correlated with the speed at which the subjects were able to read words aloud. The third pattern also occurred in the time window approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset, but originated mainly in the right occipital area. Like the second pattern, it was modulated by string length, but showed no preference for letters compared with symbols. The present data strongly support the special role of the left inferior occipitotemporal cortex in visual word processing within 200 ms after stimulus onset.
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The study supplies the developmental trajectory for the visual word form sensitivity enhancement previously reported in adult good readers.
“Our findings fill in the developmental trajectory for the enhanced sensitivity to visual word forms previously described in adult good readers (Ben-Shachar et al., 2007b; Tarkiainen, Helenius, Hansen, Cornelissen, & Salmelin, 1999).”
From The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms (2011) · cites this paper as Tarkiainen et al., 1999
Similar results have been obtained using single-subject MEG and intracranial recordings.
“Similar results have been obtained using singlesubjects MEG (Tarkiainen et al., 1999) and intracranial recordings (Allison et al., 1999).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Tarkiainen et al., 1999
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- Authors
- Tarkiainen, A., Helenius, P., Hansen, P. C., Cornelissen, P. L., & Salmelin, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tarkiainen, A.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-11
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2119-2132
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W1976191493
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 18.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- visual word processing, left hemisphere dominance, spatiotemporal dynamics, ventral stream, dyslexia, noise modulation, string length, magnetoencephalography
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Male, Occipital Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Reading, Temporal Lobe, Visual Perception, Magnetoencephalography
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