Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia, characterized by difficulty in reading, has been associated with phonological and orthographic processing deficits. fMRI was performed on dyslexic and normal-reading children (8-12 years old) during phonological and orthographic tasks of rhyming and matching visually presented letter pairs. During letter rhyming, both normal and dyslexic reading children had activity in left frontal brain regions, whereas only normal-reading children had activity in left temporo-parietal cortex. During letter matching, normal-reading children showed activity throughout extrastriate cortex, especially in occipito-parietal regions, whereas dyslexic children had little activity in extrastriate cortex during this task. These results indicate dyslexia may be characterized in childhood by disruptions in the neural bases of both phonological and orthographic processes important for reading.
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Children with dyslexia had previously shown an absence of activation in left temporo-parietal cortex that was present in normal-reading children when they performed a phonological task.
“The children with dyslexia had previously shown an absence of activation in left temporo-parietal cortex that was present in normal-reading children when they performed a phonological task (12).”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
Children with dyslexia had previously shown activation in left frontal cortex during phonological processing, localized more anteriorly and medially than normal-reading children.
“The children with dyslexia had previously shown activation in left frontal cortex during phonological processing (12), but their activation was localized more anteriorly and medially than normal-reading children.”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
The disrupted neural response is also evident in children with dyslexia.
“This disruption, however, is also evident in children with dyslexia (12, 13), which suggests that it is fundamental to the disorder.”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
Previously, normal-reading children's left inferior frontal activity was observed to be more posterior than that in children with dyslexia, encompassing parts of BA 6 and 44.
“Previously (12), we had observed normal-reading children's left inferior frontal activity to be more posterior than that in the children with dyslexia, encompassing parts of BA 6 and 44 (Fig. 1A).”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
The left temporo-parietal region with increased activity after remediation was near (foci 1.85 cm apart) but not overlapping the temporo-parietal region previously shown to be under-activated in these same children compared with controls.
“The left temporo-parietal region, which showed increased activity after remediation was near (foci 1.85 cm apart) but not overlapping the temporo-parietal region which had been shown, in these same children, to be under-activated (12) compared with controls.”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
Before remediation, children with dyslexia had activity in left inferior frontal gyrus but in a different location than normal-reading children doing the same task.
“Before remediation, the children with dyslexia had shown activity in left inferior frontal gyrus, but in a different location than normal-reading children doing the same task (12).”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
Left temporo-parietal cortex is involved in phonological processing in children and adults and is disrupted in children and adults with dyslexia during phonological processing.
“Left temporo-parietal cortex has been shown to be involved in phonological processing in children and adults and to be disrupted in children and adults with dyslexia during phonological processing (5, 12, 28–32).”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
After remediation, children with dyslexia showed increased activity in brain regions previously found underactive in children and adults with dyslexia compared with controls.
“Children with dyslexia showed increased activity after remediation in brain regions that had previously been underactive in children (and adults) with dyslexia as compared with controls (5, 12).”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [12]
Paediatric fMRI studies using complex phonological tasks consistently find underactivation in perisylvian cortex and occipito-temporal gyri in dyslexia.
“These studies converge on the finding of underactivation in perisylvian cortex and occipito-temporal gyri in dyslexia.”
From Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children. (2010) · cites this paper as Temple et al., 2001
Paediatric fMRI studies have not directly examined letter-speech sound associations.
“To date, paediatric fMRI studies have not directly investigated the associations of letters and speech sounds.”
From Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children. (2010) · cites this paper as Temple et al., 2001
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- Authors
- Temple, E., Poldrack, R. A., Salidis, J., Deutsch, G. K., Tallal, P., Merzenich, M. M., & Gabrieli, J. D. E.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Neuroreport
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 299-307
- ISSN
- 0959-4965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985665858
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 40.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroreport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f32mh012374-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1F32MH-12374-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- developmental dyslexia, phonological processing, orthographic processing, letter matching, children, extrastriate cortex, reading
- MeSH terms
- Child, Dominance, Cerebral, Dyslexia, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Parietal Lobe, Phonetics, Reading, Temporal Lobe
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