Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia
Abstract
Background Converging evidence indicates a functional disruption in the neural systems for reading in adults with dyslexia. We examined brain activation patterns in dyslexic and nonimpaired children during pseudoword and real-word reading tasks that required phonologic analysis (i.e., tapped the problems experienced by dyslexic children in sounding out words).Methods We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 144 right-handed children, 70 dyslexic readers, and 74 nonimpaired readers as they read pseudowords and real words.Results Children with dyslexia demonstrated a disruption in neural systems for reading involving posterior brain regions, including parietotemporal sites and sites in the occipitotemporal area. Reading skill was positively correlated with the magnitude of activation in the left occipitotemporal region. Activation in the left and right inferior frontal gyri was greater in older compared with younger dyslexic children.Conclusions These findings provide neurobiological evidence of an underlying disruption in the neural systems for reading in children with dyslexia and indicate that it is evident at a young age. The locus of the disruption places childhood dyslexia within the same neurobiological framework as dyslexia, and acquired alexia, occurring in adults.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Activation levels of the VWFA and other nearby regions were positively correlated with standardized scores in grapheme-phoneme decoding ability, even when the effects of age were taken into account.
“Activation levels of the VWFA and other nearby regions were positively correlated with standardized scores in grapheme-phoneme decoding ability, even when the effects of age were taken into account.”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [36]
Successful mastery of grapheme-phoneme conversion (i.e. decoding) is a critical precursor to the development of the adult-like response properties of the VWFA.
“Such findings suggest that successful mastery of graphemephonemeconversion (i.e. decoding) is a critical precursor to the development of the adult-like response properties of the VWFA.”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [36]
The disrupted neural response is also evident in children with dyslexia.
“This disruption, however, is also evident in children with dyslexia (12, 13), which suggests that it is fundamental to the disorder.”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [13]
This system's proper development matters for English and possibly more so for other writing systems.
“The proper development of this system is surely relevant in English (Shaywitz et al., 2002), but it may be even more important in other writing systems (van der Mark et al., 2009; Share, 2008; Ziegler, 2006; Siok, Perfetti, Jin, & Tan, 2004; Holopainen, Ahonen, & Lyytinen, 2001; Paulesu et al., 2001).”
From The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms (2011) · cites this paper as Shaywitz et al., 2002
It takes years for children to develop expert word recognition, and the emergence of this expertise correlates with the amount of activation of the VWFA by letter strings in normal and dyslexic children.
“Finally, it should be remembered that it takes years for children to develop expert word recognition (Aghababian and Nazir, 2000), and that the emergence of this expertise correlates with the amount of activation of the VWFA by letter strings in normal and dyslexic children (McCandliss et al., 2003; Shaywitz et al., 2002; Temple, 2002).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Shaywitz et al., 2002
Paediatric fMRI studies have not directly examined letter-speech sound associations.
“To date, paediatric fMRI studies have not directly investigated the associations of letters and speech sounds.”
From Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children. (2010) · cites this paper as Shaywitz et al., 2002
Paediatric fMRI studies using complex phonological tasks consistently find underactivation in perisylvian cortex and occipito-temporal gyri in dyslexia.
“These studies converge on the finding of underactivation in perisylvian cortex and occipito-temporal gyri in dyslexia.”
From Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children. (2010) · cites this paper as Shaywitz et al., 2002
Cites
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058 · see citing works
Langenberg, D. N. (2000) · Cited by 4,325 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Miles-Mason, E. (2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n537 · Cited by 4,133 · see citing works
Toward an instance theory of automatization.
Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466 · see citing works
DISCONNEXION SYNDROMES IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Geschwind, N. (1965) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/88.2.237 · Cited by 3,419 · see citing works
The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills
Wagner, R. K., & Torgesen, J. K. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.192 · Cited by 3,303 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…difficulty in dyslexia reflects a deficit within the language system and, more particularly, in a lower level component, phonology, which has to do with the ability to access the underlying sound structure of words (Liberman and Shankweiler 1991; Shaywitz 1996, 1998; Wagner and Torgesen 1987).”
BackgroundCohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehéricy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hénaff, M.-A., & Michel, F. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.2.291 · Cited by 1,954 · see citing works
Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology.
Kemp, A. W., & Manly, B. F. J. (1997) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533527 · Cited by 1,941 · see citing works
DISCONNEXION SYNDROMES IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Geschwind, N. (1965) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/88.3.585 · Cited by 1,823 · see citing works
Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1997) · Cited by 1,713 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Park, S. E., & Demakis, G. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1035-1 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised
Leighton, C. R. (1990) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e500812010-005 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies
Galaburda, A. M., Sherman, G. F., Rosen, G. D., Aboitiz, F., & Geschwind, N. (1985) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410180210 · Cited by 1,312 · see citing works
Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., Mangin, J.-F., Poline, J.-B., & Rivière, D. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89551 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Language‐specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area
Cohen, L., Lehéricy, S., Chochon, F., Lemer, C., Rivaud, S., & Dehaene, S. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf094 · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
Stanovich, K. E., & Siegel, L. S. (1994) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.24 · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity
Paulesu, E., Démonet, J.-F., Fazio, F., McCrory, E., Chanoine, V., Brunswick, N., Cappa, S. F., Cossu, G., Habib, M., Frith, C. D., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1057179 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia
Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., Mencl, W. E., Shankweiler, D. P., Liberman, A. M., Skudlarski, P., Fletcher, J. M., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Self-citationPersistence of dyslexics' phonological awareness deficits.
Bruck, M. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.874 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Microstructure of Temporo-Parietal White Matter as a Basis for Reading Ability
Klingberg, T., Hedehus, M., Temple, E., Salz, T., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Moseley, M. E., & Poldrack, R. A. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80911-3 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of word reading
Fiez, J. A., & Petersen, S. E. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.914 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Evidence That Dyslexia May Represent the Lower Tail of a Normal Distribution of Reading Ability
Shaywitz, S. E., Escobar, M. D., Shaywitz, B. A., Fletcher, J. M., & Makuch, R. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199201163260301 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging
Eden, G. F., VanMeter, J. W., Rumsey, J. M., Maisog, J. M., Woods, R. P., & Zeffiro, T. A. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382066a0 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Shaywitz, S. E. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801293380507 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Self-citationFletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L. D., Liberman, I. Y., Stuebing, K. K., Francis, D. J., Fowler, A. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1994) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.6 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical neuropsychology: 1960-1990
Benton, A. L. (1992) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639208407616 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome?
Paulesu, E., Uta Frith, A., Snowling, M. J., Gallagher, A., Morton, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.1.143 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia
Horwitz, B., Rumsey, J. M., & Donohue, B. C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8939 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology
(1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1998.10485508 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics
Brunswick, N., McCrory, E., Price, C. J., Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.10.1901 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
The anatomic basis of pure alexia
Damasio, A. R., & Damasio, H. (1983) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.33.12.1573 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Subtypes of reading disability: Variability around a phonological core.
Morris, R. D., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Lyon, G. R., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L. D., Francis, D. J., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1998) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.347 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citationThree Distinct Ventral Occipitotemporal Regions for Reading and Object Naming
Moore, C. J., & Price, C. J. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0450 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Impaired visual word processing in dyslexia revealed with magnetoencephalography
Salmelin, R. H., Kiesilä, P., Uutela, K., Service, E., & Salonen, O. L. M. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410400206 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
AUTOMATICITY AND READING: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE INSTANCE THEORY OF AUTOMATIZATION
Logan, G. D. (1997) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/1057356970130203 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Contribution a l'etude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des differentes varietes de cecite verbale
Dejerine, J. (2000) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/6.4.275 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Pugh, K. R., Mencl, W. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Marchione, K. E., Jenner, A. R., Fletcher, J. M., et al. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00214 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationRumsey, J. M., Nace, K., Donohue, B., Wise, D., Maisog, J. M., & Andreason, P. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550170042013 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Failure to Activate the Left Temporoparietal Cortex in Dyslexia
Rumsey, J. M. (1992) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530290115020 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Early Visual Pathways in Dyslexia
Demb, J. B., Boynton, G. M., & Heeger, D. J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-17-06939.1998 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Neuropsychological profile of adult dyslexics
Felton, R. H., Naylor, C. E., & Wood, F. (1990) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(90)90157-c · Cited by 272 · see citing works
ROC Analysis of Statistical Methods Used in Functional MRI: Individual Subjects
Skudlarski, P., Constable, R. T., & Gore, J. C. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0402 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationContribution à l’étude anatomopathologique et clinique des différents variétés de cécité verbale
Dejerine, J. (1892) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Sur un cas de cécité verbale avec agraphie suivi d’autopsie
Dejerine, J. (1891) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Helenius, P. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.5.476 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Developmental neuroimaging : mapping the development of brain and behavior
Thatcher, R. W. (1996) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Simos, P. G. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.8.809 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Discrepancy Compared to Low Achievement Definitions of Reading Disability
Shaywitz, B. A., Fletcher, J. M., Holahan, J. M., & Shaywitz, S. E. (1992) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949202501003 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationShaywitz, S. E. (1996) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-98 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Varying Stimulus Rate and Duration on Brain Activity during Reading
Price, C. J., Moore, C. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0005 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
fMRI during word processing in dyslexic and normal reading children
Georgiewa, P., Rzanny, R., Hopf, J., Knab, R., Glauche, V., Kaiser, W.-A., & Blanz, B. (1999) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199911080-00036 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Pugh, K. R., Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L., Fletcher, J. M., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., Bronen, R. A., et al. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.2.299 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationfMRI auditory language differences between dyslexic and able reading children
Corina, D. P., Richards, T. L., Serafini, S., Richards, A. L., Steury, K. R., Abbott, R. D., Echelard, D. R., Maravilla, K. R., & Berninger, V. W. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200105080-00029 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Positron emission tomographic studies during serial word-reading by normal and dyslexic adults
Gross-Glenn, K., Duara, R., Barker, W., Loewenstein, D., Chang, J., Yoshii, F., Apicella, A. M., Pascal, S., Boothe, T. E., Sevush, S., et al. (1991) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639108401069 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Subtypes of reading disability
Watson, B. U., Goldgar, D. E., & Ryschon, K. L. (1983) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638308401186 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades?
Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J., & Scanlon, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x · Cited by 2,555 · see citing works
Self-citationLyon, G. R., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2003) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-003-0001-9 · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
Self-citationThe visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00134-7 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Developmental Dyslexia and Specific Language Impairment: Same or Different?
Bishop, D. V. M., & Snowling, M. J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.858 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Ending the reading wars: Reading acquisition from novice to expert
Castles, A., Rastle, K., & Nation, K. (2018) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100618772271 · Cited by 1,297 · see citing works
Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities.
Noble, K. G., McCandliss, B. D., & Farah, M. J. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Temple, E., Deutsch, G. K., Poldrack, R. A., Miller, S. L., Tallal, P., Merzenich, M. M., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0030098100 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area
Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.049 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Development of neural mechanisms for reading.
Turkeltaub, P. E., Gareau, L., Flowers, D. L., Zeffiro, T. A., & Eden, G. F. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1065 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Blachman, B. A., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Skudlarski, P., Mencl, W. E., Constable, R. T., Holahan, J. M., Marchione, K. E., et al. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.019 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Education of Dyslexic Children from Childhood to Young Adulthood
Shaywitz, S. E., Morris, R., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093633 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive contributions of the ventral parietal cortex: an integrative theoretical account
Cabeza, R., Ciaramelli, E., & Moscovitch, M. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.008 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
A Meta‐analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Dyslexia
Maisog, J. M., Einbinder, E. R., Flowers, D. L., Turkeltaub, P. E., & Eden, G. F. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1416.024 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Comorbidity of ADHD and dyslexia
Germanò, E., Gagliano, A., & Curatolo, P. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.494748 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Blau, V., Reithler, J., van Atteveldt, N., Seitz, J., Gerretsen, P., Goebel, R., & Blomert, L. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp308 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The development of reading impairment: A cognitive neuroscience model
McCandliss, B. D., & Noble, K. G. (2003) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.10080 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Disruption of functional networks in dyslexia: a whole-brain, data-driven analysis of connectivity
Finn, E. S., Shen, X., Holahan, J. M., Scheinost, D., Lacadie, C., Papademetris, X., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., & Constable, R. T. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.031 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren with dyslexia lack multiple specializations along the visual word-form (VWF) system.
van der Mark, S., Bucher, K., Maurer, U., Schulz, E., Brem, S., Buckelmüller, J., Kronbichler, M., Loenneker, T., Klaver, P., Martin, E., et al. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.021 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Evidence for developmental changes in the visual word processing network beyond adolescence
Brem, S., Bucher, K., Halder, P., Summers, P., Dietrich, T., Martin, E., & Brandeis, D. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.023 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms
Ben-Shachar, M., Dougherty, R. F., Deutsch, G. K., & Wandell, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21615 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Cao, F., Bitan, T., Chou, T., Burman, D. D., & Booth, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01684.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Word and non-word reading: What role for the Visual Word Form Area?
Vigneau, M., Jobard, G., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.038 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Church, J. A., Coalson, R. S., Lugar, H. M., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm228 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Dyscalculia and dyslexia in adults: cognitive bases of comorbidity
Wilson, A. J., Andrewes, S. G., Struthers, H., Rowe, V. M., Bogdanovic, R., & Waldie, K. E. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.017 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Frequency effects of Chinese character processing in the brain: an event-related fMRI study
Kuo, W.-J., Yeh, T.-C., Lee, C.-Y., Wu, Y. U.-T. E., Chou, C.-C., Ho, L.-T., Hung, D. L., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hsieh, J.-C. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00015-6 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Evidence for a dysfunction of left posterior reading areas in German dyslexic readers.
Kronbichler, M., Hutzler, F., Staffen, W., Mair, A., Ladurner, G., & Wimmer, H. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.010 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cai, Q., Paulignan, Y., Brysbaert, M., Ibarrola, D., & Nazir, T. A. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp175 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sensitivity to orthographic familiarity in the occipito-temporal region.
Bruno, J. L., Zumberge, A., Manis, F. R., Lu, Z.-L., & Goldman, J. G. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.044 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Developmental changes in activation and effective connectivity in phonological processing.
Bitan, T., Cheon, J., Lu, D., Burman, D. D., Gitelman, D. R., Mesulam, M.-M., & Booth, J. R. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.048 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The “visual word form area” is involved in successful memory encoding of both words and faces
Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C., Xue, F., Zhang, M., & Dong, Q. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.067 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Impaired magnocellular/dorsal stream activation predicts impaired reading ability in schizophrenia
Martínez, A., Revheim, N., Butler, P. D., Guilfoyle, D. N., Dias, E. C., & Javitt, D. C. (2013) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2012.09.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
McNorgan, C., Randazzo-Wagner, M., & Booth, J. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00388 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Xue, G., Mei, L., Chen, C., Lu, Z.-L., Poldrack, R. A., & Dong, Q. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013204 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Development of ventral stream representations for single letters
Turkeltaub, P. E., Flowers, D. L., Lyon, L. G., & Eden, G. F. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1416.026 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Mencl, W. E., Fulbright, R. K., Skudlarski, P., Constable, R. T., Marchione, K. E., Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., & Gore, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Haskins Laboratories (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shaywitz, Bennett A
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 101-110
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060985254
- Semantic Scholar
- 881ec3672449b078432f1fa7d7d249e68488d3a7
- Cited by
- 993
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 82.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p01hd021888-10)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD21888, P50HD025802)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- developmental dyslexia, reading, children, pseudoword reading, inferior frontal gyrus, reading skills, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Dyslexia, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reading
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
