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Performance variability, impulsivity errors and the impact of incentives as gender‐independent endophenotypes for ADHD
Open accessAbstract
Background: Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and highly heritable child psychiatric disorders. There is strong evidence that children with ADHD show slower and more variable responses in tasks such as Go/Nogo tapping aspects of executive functions like sustained attention and response control which may be modulated by motivational factors and/or state‐regulation processes. The aim of this study was (1) to determine if these executive functions may constitute an endophenotype for ADHD; (2) to investigate for the first time whether known modulators of these executive functions may also be familial; and (3) to explore whether gender has an impact on these measures. Methods: Two hundred and five children with ADHD combined type, 173 nonaffected biological siblings and 53 controls with no known family history of ADHD were examined using a Go/Nogo task in the framework of a multi‐centre study. Performance‐measures and modulating effects of event‐rate and incentives were examined. Shared familial effects on these measures were assessed, and the influence of gender was tested. Results: Children with ADHD responded more slowly and variably than nonaffected siblings or controls. Nonaffected siblings showed intermediate scores for reaction‐time variability, false alarms and omission errors under fast and slow event‐rates. A slower event‐rate did not lead to reduced performance specific to ADHD. In the incentive condition, mean reaction‐times speeded up and became less variable only in children with ADHD and their nonaffected siblings, while accuracy was improved in all groups. Males responded faster, but also committed more false alarms. There were no interactions of group by gender. Conclusions: Reaction‐time variability and accuracy parameters could be useful neuropsychological endophenotypes for ADHD. Performance‐modulating effects of incentives suggested a familially driven motivational dysfunction which may play an important role on etiologic pathways and treatment approaches for ADHD. The effects of gender were independent of familial effects or ADHD‐status, which in turn suggests that the proposed endophenotypes are independent of gender.
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“These studies have reported oversensitivity to reward and abnormal preference for immediate reward in unaffected siblings 6,9.”
From Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
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“This is in line with previous research showing that children with ADHD commit both more omission errors and commission errors than healthy controls [80–82].”
From Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Uebel, H., Albrecht, B., Asherson, P., Börger, N. A., Butler, L., Chen, W., Christiansen, H., Heise, A., Kuntsi, J., Schäfer, U., Andreou, P., Manor, I., Marco, R., Miranda, A., Mulligan, A., Oades, R. D., Van Der Meere, J., Faraone, S. V., Rothenberger, A., & Banaschewski, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Geha Mental Health Center (IL)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- St. James's Hospital (IE)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-01-04
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 210-218
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC2921046
- OpenAlex
- W2059387405
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 10.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (G0300189, R01MH062873)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062873)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, endophenotypes, reaction time variability, go/no-go task, executive function, response control, sustained attention, incentives, motivation, family influence, gender differences, children, combined type ADHD, false alarms, omission errors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Motivation, Neuropsychological Tests, Phenotype, Reaction Time, Sex Factors, Executive Function
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