Incentive‐elicited mesolimbic activation and externalizing symptomatology in adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Background: Opponent‐process theories of externalizing disorders (ExD) attribute them to some combination of overactive reward processing systems and/or underactive behavior inhibition systems. Reward processing has been indexed by recruitment of incentive‐motivational neurocircuitry of the ventral striatum (VS), including nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Methods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an incentive task to determine whether externalizing symptomatology in adolescence is correlated with an enhanced VS recruitment by cues for rewards, or by deliveries of rewards. Twelve community‐recruited adolescents with externalizing disorders (AED) and 12 age/gender‐matched controls responded to targets to win or avoid losing $0, $0.20, $1, $5, or an unknown amount (ranging from $0.20 to $5). Results: Cues to respond for rewards activated the NAcc (relative to cues for no incentive), in both subject groups similarly, with greatest NAcc recruitment by cues for the largest reward. Loss‐anticipatory NAcc signal increase was detected in a volume‐of‐interest analysis – but this increase occurred only in trials when subjects hit the target. Relative to controls, AED showed significantly elevated NAcc activation by a linear contrast between reward notification versus notification of failure to win reward. In a post hoc reanalysis, VS and pregenual anterior cingulate activation by the reward versus non‐reward outcome contrast also directly correlated with Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing total scores (across all subjects) in lieu of a binary diagnosis. Finally, both groups showed right insula activation by loss notifications (contrasted with avoided losses). Conclusions: Externalizing behavior, whether assessed dimensionally with a questionnaire, or in the form of a diagnostic categorization, is associated with an exaggerated limbic response to outcomes of reward‐directed behavior. This could be a neurobiological signature of the behavioral sensitivity to laboratory reward delivery that is characteristic of children with externalizing symptomatology. Of interest is future research on incentive‐motivational processing in more severe, clinically referred AED.
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Bjork et al. reported increased subgenual cortex activation in adolescents with externalizing disorders during a monetary incentive-delay task.
“whereas Bjork et al. [652] reported increased subgenual cortex activation in adolescents with externalizing disorders during a monetary incentive-delay task.”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [652]
Other studies reported enhanced striatal and medial prefrontal/orbitofrontal reactivity during reward outcome processing in children and adolescents with ADHD relative to TDC.
“other studies reported enhanced striatal and medial prefrontal/orbitofrontal reactivity during reward outcome processing in children and adolescents with ADHD relative to TDC (Bjork et al., 2010, Gatzke-Kopp et al., 2009, Paloyelis et al., 2012, Rubia et al., 2009a).”
From Differentiating neural reward responsiveness in autism versus ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Bjork et al., 2010
Adolescents exhibit decreased VS response to some reward conditions, or increased VS activity is associated with more adaptive functioning such as increased resistance to peer influence and decreased risky behavior.
“Complicating this view, however, are studies in which adolescents exhibit decreased VS response to some reward conditions (Geier et al., 2010; van Leijenhorst et al., 2010; and Bjork et al., 2010), or increased VS activity is associated with more adaptive functioning such as increased resistance to peer influence and decreased risky behavior (Pfeifer et al., 2011).”
From Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making (2013) · cites this paper as Bjork et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Bjork, J. M., Chen, G., Smith, A. R., & Hommer, D. W.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-06-07
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 827-837
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC2915786
- OpenAlex
- W2131069012
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 DA999999)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (ZIAAA000081)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- externalizing disorders, adolescents, mesolimbic system, nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, reward processing, loss anticipation, insula, behavioral inhibition, opponent process theory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Arousal, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child Behavior Disorders, Cues, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Internal-External Control, Knowledge of Results, Psychological, Limbic System, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mesencephalon, Motivation, Nerve Net, Nucleus Accumbens, Oxygen, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Recruitment, Neurophysiological, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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