The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.
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“Thus, the homologue pattern of PFASs in cosmetics appear to follow the same trend as treated textiles and papers where recent studies typically report the highest concentrations and detection frequency for C6 compounds.”
Citations
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Items 501–513 of 513
Young, K., Boving, T. B., & Katz, D. R. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36731-1.00004-2
Wu, B., Li, S., Li, Y., Tang, W., Yuan, Z., Liu, L., Li, F., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110323
Fukuman, Y., Honda, M., & Nagato, E. G. (2026) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.1016/j.apr.2026.103075
Combined Effects of PFAS and Metals on Cognitive Function
Shogbaike, A., & Obeng-Gyasi, E. (2026) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments13060319
“People are exposed mainly via contaminated food and drinking water, along with indoor dust, consumer goods, and workplace sources [29–31].”
Katayama, M., Sekiguchi, Y., Torisu, A., Hosaka, S., Konno, H., & Iseki, M. (2026) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2026.2689001
Ojo, A., Heavner, K. K., Bello, D., Li, W., & Bello, A. (2026) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxag052
“Nonoccupational exposure can occur through multiple pathways, with the most significant routes being contaminated drinking water, food, inhalation of airborne particles, and indoor dust or contaminated soil (Trudel et al. 2008; Fromme et al. 2009).”
Sonication-induced catalytic approaches for PFAS degradation in aqueous systems
Djaballah, A. M., Giannakoudakis, D. A., Anastopoulos, I. P., de Falco, G., & Colmenares, J. C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43856-1.00013-7
Morrison, J., Lockwood-O'Brien, S. Y., Bielicki, C., Carmack, D. J., Feeley, J. R., Karrer, T. A., & Geiger, M. J. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14090753
“PFAS can also leach from food packaging materials, such as paper and board coatings, into food products, contributing to dietary exposure [3].”
PFAS at the food-contact interface: transfer mechanisms, drivers, and alternatives
Jha, P. K., Le‐Bail, A., Hanin, A., & Tiwari, B. K. (2026) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.150830
Sun, H. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-38233-6
“The prominent role of seafood likely reflects bioaccumulation of PFAS within aquatic food webs and the ability of benthic and filter-feeding organisms to concentrate PFAS (Christensen et al. 2017; Trudel et al. 2008; European Food Safety Authority 2020).”
Dobrzyńska, M. M., & Jankowska-Steifer, E. A. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14100851
(2022) · PubMed · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Trudel, D., Horowitz, L., Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., & Hungerbühler, K.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Scheringer, Martin
- Venue
- Risk Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 251-269
- ISSN
- 0272-4332 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2038447616
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 21.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Risk Analysis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesamt für Gesundheit
- Health Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorinated compounds, consumer exposure, exposure assessment, food contamination, drinking water contamination, consumer goods, food contact materials, children's exposure, dust ingestion, one-compartment model
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Caprylates, Child, Child, Preschool, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Infant, Male, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Air Pollution, Indoor, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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