Cited by 514Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactFluoride Effects and Removal

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Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA

Trudel, David, Horowitz, Lea, Wormuth, Matthias, Scheringer, Martin, Cousins, Ian T., Hungerbühler, Konrad·2008·Risk Analysis

DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x

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Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.

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Association of perfluoroalkyl substances with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in the MIREC study
Borghese, M. M., WALKER, M. C., Helewa, M. E., Fraser, W. D., & Arbuckle, T. E. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105789 · Cited by 88
Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice. Part 2: Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups
Fenton, S., Reiner, J. L., Nakayama, S., Delinsky, A. D., Stanko, J., Hines, E., White, S., Lindstrom, A., Strynar, M., & Petropoulou, S.-S. E. (2009) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.012 · Cited by 80
Case–control study on perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and the risk of prostate cancer
Hardell, E., Kärrman, A., van Bavel, B., Bao, J., Carlberg, M., & Hardell, L. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.005 · Cited by 80
“The largest part of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA, except from occupational exposure, is likely to come from the diet (Fromme et al., 2009; Trudel et al., 2008) and a minor route from consumer products (Trudel et al.”
Background
Longitudinal trends in perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances among multiethnic midlife women from 1999 to 2011: The Study of Women′s Health Across the Nation
Ding, N., Harlow, S. D., Batterman, S., Mukherjee, B., & Park, S. K. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105381 · Cited by 85
Association between thyroid profile and perfluoroalkyl acids: Data from NHNAES 2007–2008
Jain, R. B. (2013) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.006 · Cited by 81
Transfer of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) from contaminated feed to dairy milk
Asselt, E. D. V., Kowalczyk, J., van Eijkeren, J. C. H., Zeilmaker, M. J., Ehlers, S., Fürst, P., Lahrssen‐Wiederholt, M., & van der Fels‐Klerx, H. J. (2013) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.035 · Cited by 80
“, 2012a), different ages, and/or different modes of exposure (Trudel et al., 2008; Yeung et al., 2009).”
Determinants and Temporal Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Pregnant Women: The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health
Tsai, M., Miyashita, C., Araki, A., Itoh, S., Bamai, Y. A., Goudarzi, H., Okada, E., Kashino, I., Matsuura, H., & Kishi, R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15050989 · Cited by 80
“Moreover, PFAS mainly derive from products that contain PFOS and PFOA, such as waterproof clothes with higher price, and also the lifestyle pattern and eating habits were also the affecting factors [44,45].”
Background
Poly- and perfluorinated compounds in household consumer products
Fiedler, S., Pfister, G., & Schramm, K.-W. (2010) · Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.1080/02772248.2010.491482 · Cited by 88
“Human exposure to PFOA from spray droplets was one order of magnitude lower than the values calculated by Trudel et al. (2008) due to lower PFOA concentrations in consumer products.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum and associations with food consumption and use of personal care products in the Norwegian biomonitoring study from the EU project EuroMix
Thépaut, É., Dirven, H. A. A. M., Haug, L. S., Lindeman, B., Poothong, S., Andreassen, M., Hjertholm, H., & Husøy, T. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110795 · Cited by 79
Positive Association Between Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Hyperuricemia in Children
Geiger, S. D., Xiao, J., & Shankar, A. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws392 · Cited by 82
A review of models for near-field exposure pathways of chemicals in consumer products
Huang, L., Ernstoff, A. S., Fantke, P., Csiszar, S. A., & Jolliet, O. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.118 · Cited by 79
“The overall dust ingestion rates for different age groups from 1442 infants to adults have been estimated by several studies, which are based on tracer-element-based 1443 mass-balance studies (Geens et al., 2009; Little et al., 2012; Özkaynak et al., 2011; Trudel et al., 2008) or 1444 time-activity modeling (Özkaynak…”
Method
Adiposity and Glycemic Control in Children Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds
Timmermann, C. A. G., Rossing, L. I., Grøntved, A., Ried‐Larsen, M., Dalgård, C., Andersen, L. B., Grandjean, P., Nielsen, F., Svendsen, K. D., Scheike, T., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3460 · Cited by 81
Food risk assessment for perfluoroalkyl acids and brominated flame retardants in the French population: Results from the second French total diet study
Rivière, G., Sirot, V., Tard, A., Jean, J., Marchand, P., Veyrand, B., Bizec, B. L., & Leblanc, J. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.104 · Cited by 78
Nanosized aerosols from consumer sprays: experimental analysis and exposure modeling for four commercial products
Lorenz, C., Hagendorfer, H., Goetz, N. V., Kaegi, R., Gehrig, R., Ulrich, A., Scheringer, M., & Hungerbühler, K. (2011) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-011-0256-8 · Cited by 78
“As inhalation rates, IHair, typical values for minor physical work in standing position were used for female and male consumers, respectively (Trudel et al. 2008).”
MethodSelf-citation
High levels of perfluoroalkyl acids in sport fish species downstream of a firefighting training facility at Hamilton International Airport, Ontario, Canada
Gewurtz, S. B., Bhavsar, S. P., Petro, S., Mahon, C. G., Zhao, X., Morse, D., Reiner, E. J., Tittlemier, S. A., Braekevelt, E., & Drouillard, K. G. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.005 · Cited by 78
Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women
Chen, W., Bai, F.-Y., Chang, Y.-C., Chen, P., & Chen, C. (2018) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2017.12.011 · Cited by 81
“[23] Trudel D, Horowitz L, Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, Hungerbuhler K.”
Background
Perfluorinated alkyl substances in serum of the southern Chinese general population and potential impact on thyroid hormones
Li, Y., Cheng, Y., Xie, Z., & Zeng, F. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43380 · Cited by 77
Assessment of individual-based perfluoroalkly substances exposure by multiple human exposure sources
Kim, D., Lee, J., & Oh, J. (2018) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.066 · Cited by 77
Occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated compounds in paper and board packaging materials and migration to food simulants and foodstuffs
Zabaleta, I., Blanco-Zubiaguirre, L., Baharli, E. N., Olivares, M., Prieto, A., Zuloaga, O., & Elizalde, M. P. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126746 · Cited by 74
PFAS levels and exposure determinants in sensitive population groups
Fábelová, L., Beneíto, A., Casas, M., Colles, A., Dalsager, L., Hond, E. D., Dereumeaux, C., Ferguson, K. K., Gilles, L., Govarts, E., et al. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137530 · Cited by 76
Draft toxicological profile for perfluoroalkyls
Cadore, A., Chou, C.-Y., Jones, D. G., Llados, F., & Pohl, H. R. (2009) · Cited by 75
Biomonitoring of emerging contaminants, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in New Jersey adults in 2016–2018
Yu, C. H., Riker, C. D., Lu, S., & Fan, Z. T. (2019) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.008 · Cited by 78
Concentration and correlations of perfluoroalkyl substances in whole blood among subjects from three different geographical areas in Korea
Cho, C. R., Lam, N. H., Cho, B. M., Kannan, K., & Cho, H.-S. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.070 · Cited by 75
“The results of the present study are consistent with the results reported in a previous study (Trudel et al., 2008) which reported that the contribution of carpet was less than 1% of the total uptake dose of PFASs to humans.”
Result
Perfluoroalkyl acid contamination of follicular fluid and its consequence for in vitro oocyte developmental competence
Petro, E. M. L., D’Hollander, W., Covaci, A., Bervoets, L., Fransén, E., Neubourg, D. D., Pauw, I. D., Leroy, J., Jorssen, E. P. A., & Bols, P. E. J. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.028 · Cited by 75
Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with thyroid parameters in First Nation children and youth from Quebec
Caron-Beaudoin, É., Ayotte, P., Sidi, E. A. L., McHugh, N. G.-L., & Lemire, M. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.029 · Cited by 78
“Thus, human exposure to PFASs can occur through different and multiple pathways, including food, drinking water (Tittlemier et al., 2007; Trudel et al., 2008) and indoor dust from other consumer goods (Haug et al.”
Background
Altered expression and activity of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes in human liver cells by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
Franco, M. E., Sutherland, G. E., Fernández-Luna, M. T., & Lavado, R. (2019) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2019.152339 · Cited by 73
Concentrations and trends of perfluorinated chemicals in potential indoor sources from 2007 through 2011 in the US
Liu, X., Guo, Z., Krebs, K. A., Pope, R. H., & Roache, N. F. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.001 · Cited by 71
“…and that indoor exposure (e.g., inhalation of dusts and dermal contact with consumer products) may constitute a significant portion of the total exposure to PFOA among the general population (Moriwaki et al., 2003; Kubwabo et al., 2005; Strynar and Lindstrom, 2008; Trudel et al., 2008).”
Background
Biomarkers of exposure to SVOCs in children and their demographic associations: The TESIE Study
Hoffman, K., Hammel, S. C., Phillips, A. L., Lorenzo, A., Chen, A., Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Webster, T. F., & Stapleton, H. M. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.007 · Cited by 73
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in blood plasma – results of the German Environmental Survey for children and adolescents 2014–2017 (GerES V)
Duffek, A., Conrad, A., Kolossa-Gehring, M., Lange, R., Rucic, E., Schulte, C., & Wellmitz, J. (2020) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113549 · Cited by 76
Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Spanish adults: Geographical distribution and determinants of exposure
Bartolomé, M., Gallego-Picó, A., Cutanda, F., Huetos, O., Esteban, M., Pérez‐Gómez, B., & Castaño, A. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.031 · Cited by 75
Fate of a broad spectrum of perfluorinated compounds in soils and biota from Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica
Llorca, M., Farré, M., Tavano, M. S., Alonso, B., Koremblit, G., & Barceló, ‪. (2012) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.027 · Cited by 77
Evaluation of placental and lactational pharmacokinetics of PFOA and PFOS in the pregnant, lactating, fetal and neonatal rat using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model
Loccisano, A. E., Campbell, J. L., Butenhoff, J. L., Andersen, M. E., & M.A., H. J. C. I. (2011) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.07.003 · Cited by 70
“[2] Trudel D, Horowitz L, Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, Hungerbuhler K.”
BackgroundMethod
A single neonatal exposure to perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) affects the levels of important neuroproteins in the developing mouse brain
Lee, I., & Viberg, H. (2013) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2013.05.007 · Cited by 70
“Toddlers and younger children tend to have a higher total intake of PFHxS due to higher relative food consumption and more frequent handto-mouth transfer after contact with carpets and surfaces where dust collects (Trudel et al., 2008, Beesoon et al., 2010).”
Background
Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid exposures of the Italian general population
Ingelido, A. M., Marra, V., Abballe, A., Valentini, S., Iacovella, N., Barbieri, P., Porpora, M. G., Domenico, A. D., & Felip, E. D. (2010) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.025 · Cited by 71
“The modest use in Italy of carpets and fitted carpets, recognised as an important route of exposure for other countries (Tittlemeier et al., 2007; Trudel et al., 2008), might be responsible of a comparatively lower indoor contamination.”
A simple pharmacokinetic model to characterize exposure of Americans to Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Lorber, M., Angerer, J., & Koch, H. M. (2009) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2008.74 · Cited by 69
“, 2005), PBDEs (Lorber, 2008a), perfluorinated compounds including PFOS and PFOA (Washburn et al., 2005; Trudel et al., 2008), and recently to perchlorate (Lorber, 2008b).”
BackgroundMethod
Occurrence and human exposure assessment of perfluorinated substances in house dust from three European countries
de la Torre, A., Navarro, I., Sanz, P., & Martínez, M. D. L. Á. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.463 · Cited by 68
Montmorillonite clay-based sorbents decrease the bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from soil and their translocation to plants
Hearon, S. E., Orr, A. A., Moyer, H., Wang, M., Tamamis, P., & Phillips, T. D. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112433 · Cited by 65
Critical Role of PPAR-α in Perfluorooctanoic Acid– and Perfluorodecanoic Acid–Induced Downregulation of Oatp Uptake Transporters in Mouse Livers
Cheng, X., & Klaassen, C. D. (2008) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn161 · Cited by 65
Perfluoroalkyl Substances in U.S. market basket fish and shellfish
Ruffle, B., Vedagiri, U., Bogdan, D., Maier, M., Schwach, C. M., & Murphy-Hagan, C. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109932 · Cited by 67
Impact of Industrial Production and Packaging Processes on the Concentration of Per- and Polyfluorinated Compounds in Milk and Dairy Products
Still, M., Schlummer, M., Gruber, L., Fiedler, D., & Wolz, G. (2013) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf4020137 · Cited by 66
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in water along the entire coastal line of China: Spatial distribution, mass loadings, and worldwide comparisons
Du, D., Lü, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, M., Wang, C., Yu, M., Song, S., Cui, H., & Chen, C. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107506 · Cited by 65
Occurrence of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in the Korean water system: Implication to water intake exposure
Kim, S., Kho, Y. L., Shoeib, M., Kim, K., Kim, K., Park, J., & Shin, Y. (2011) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.004 · Cited by 64
Health ranking of ingested semi-volatile organic compounds in house dust: an application to France
Bonvallot, N., Mandin, C., Mercier, F., Bot, B. L., & Glorennec, P. (2010) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00667.x · Cited by 65
Temporal monitoring of perfluorooctane sulfonate accumulation in aquatic biota downstream of historical aqueous film forming foam use areas
Lanza, H. A., Cochran, R. S., Mudge, J. F., Olson, A. D., Blackwell, B. R., Maul, J. D., Salice, C. J., & Anderson, T. A. (2016) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.3726 · Cited by 66
Perfluoroalkyl substances and glycemic status in pregnant Danish women: The Odense Child Cohort
Jensen, R. C., Glintborg, D., Timmermann, C. A. G., Nielsen, F., Kyhl, H. B., Andersen, H. R., Grandjean, P., Jensen, T. K., & Andersen, M. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.010 · Cited by 61
Food simulants and real food – What do we know about the migration of PFAS from paper based food contact materials?
Lerch, M., Fengler, R., Mbog, G.-R., Nguyen, K. H., & Granby, K. (2022) · Food Packaging and Shelf Life · doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100992 · Cited by 63

Authors: Trudel, D., Horowitz, L., Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., & Hungerbühler, K.
Affiliations: ETH Zurich (CH)
Stockholm University (SE)
Corresponding author: Scheringer, Martin
ORCID: Scheringer, Martin
Cousins, Ian T.
Venue: Risk Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 251-269
ISSN: 0272-4332 (ISSN-L)
1539-6924
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x
OpenAlex: W2038447616
Cited by: 514
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 21.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 15 d)
Locations: Risk Analysis (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bundesamt für Gesundheit
Health Canada
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
Keywords: PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorinated compounds, consumer exposure, exposure assessment, food contamination, drinking water contamination, consumer goods, food contact materials, children's exposure, dust ingestion, one-compartment model
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Caprylates, Child, Child, Preschool, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Infant, Male, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Air Pollution, Indoor, Alkanesulfonic Acids

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Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA

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