Cited by 514Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactFluoride Effects and Removal

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Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA

Trudel, David, Horowitz, Lea, Wormuth, Matthias, Scheringer, Martin, Cousins, Ian T., Hungerbühler, Konrad·2008·Risk Analysis

DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x

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Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.

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The role of human biological monitoring in health risk assessment
Gurusankar, R., Yenugadhati, N., Krishnan, K., Hays, S. M., Haines, D. A., Zidek, A., Kuchta, S. L., Kinniburgh, D. W., Gabos, S., Mattison, D. R., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management · doi:10.1504/ijram.2017.082561 · Cited by 35
“The uncertainty in the DI has been handled differently by different research groups (Trudel et al., 2008; Thompson et al., 2010; Egeghy nd Lorber, 2011).”
Background
Highly hydrophobic cotton fabrics prepared with fluorine-free functionalized silsesquioxanes
Sun, D., Wang, W., & Yu, D. (2017) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-017-1388-5 · Cited by 35
“However, many countries have now enacted laws prohibiting the use of these agents, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (Trudel et al. 2008; Johansson et al. 2008), which persist in the environment and bioaccumulate, and are potentially toxic (Ellis et al.”
Background
Risk Assessment of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) using Dynamic Age Dependent Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic Model (PBPK) across Human Lifetime
Deepika, D., Sharma, R. P., Schuhmacher, M., & Kumar, V. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111287 · Cited by 41
Serum concentrations of legacy, alternative, and precursor per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: a descriptive analysis of adult female participants in the MIREC-ENDO study
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“Among the general population, the primary sources of exposure are food, drinking water, and house dust [8–11].”
Background
Towards harmonization of water quality management: A comparison of chemical drinking water and surface water quality standards around the globe
Winckel, T. V., Cools, J., Vlaeminck, S. E., Joos, P. E., Meenen, E. V., Borregán-Ochando, E., Steen, K. V. D., Geerts, R., Vandermoere, F., & Blust, R. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113447 · Cited by 33
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) exposure induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells
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“Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two PFASs that have been studied extensively (Trudel et al., 2008).”
Background
A framework to model exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in indoor environments
Eichler, C. M. A., & Little, J. C. (2020) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c9em00556k · Cited by 37
Determination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in cooking oil and pig adipose tissue using reversed-phase liquid–liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Tang, C., Tan, J., Wang, C., & Peng, X. (2014) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.032 · Cited by 33
Association Between Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and IQ Score in 7-Year-Old Children From the Odense Child Cohort
Beck, I. H., Bilenberg, N., Möller, S., Nielsen, F., Grandjean, P., Højsager, F. D., Halldorsson, T. I., Nielsen, C., & Jensen, T. K. (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad110 · Cited by 32
Exposure to Long- and Short-Chain Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Mice and Ovarian-Related Outcomes: An in Vivo and in Vitro Study
Pattarawat, P., Zhan, T., Fan, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, H., Zhang, Y., Moyd, S. A., Douglas, N. C., Urbanek, M., Buckley, B., et al. (2025) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp14876 · Cited by 37
Adsorption, aggregation and wetting behaviors of biodegradable surfactant: Perfluoropolyether quaternary ammonium salt
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Biomonitoring: A tool to assess PFNA body burdens and evaluate the effectiveness of drinking water intervention for communities in New Jersey
Yu, C. H., Weisel, C. P., Alimokhtari, S., Georgopoulos, P. G., & Fan, Z. T. (2021) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113757 · Cited by 32
Worldwide serum concentration-based probabilistic mixture risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances among pregnant women, infants, and children.
Kuo, K.-Y., Chen, Y., Chuang, Y., Lin, P.-P., & Lin, Y.-J. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115712 · Cited by 28
Distinct transcriptional response of Caenorhabditis elegans to different exposure routes of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
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Effect of groups at α -position and side-chain structure of comonomers on surface free energy and surface reorganization of fluorinated methacrylate copolymer
Gu, Z., Cheng, J., Zhang, M., He, J., & Ni, P. (2017) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.073 · Cited by 30
PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling
Trudel, D., Tlustoš, P., Goetz, N. V., Scheringer, M., & Hungerbühler, K. (2010) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2010.41 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Comparison of aggregated exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from diet and personal care products with concentrations in blood using a PBPK model – Results from the Norwegian biomonitoring study in EuroMix
Husøy, T., Caspersen, I. H., Thépaut, É., Knutsen, H. K., Haug, L. S., Andreassen, M., Gkrillas, A., Lindeman, B., Thomsen, C., Herzke, D., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117341 · Cited by 31
Exploring the Occurrence of Organic Contaminants in Human Semen through an Innovative LC-HRMS-Based Methodology Suitable for Target and Nontarget Analysis
Sánchez‐Resino, E., Marquès, M., Gutiérrez-Martín, D., Restrepo-Montes, E., Martínez, M. Á., Salas‐Huetos, A., Babió, N., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Gil‐Solsona, R., & Gago-Ferrero, P. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c04347 · Cited by 28
“68,69,70 In fact, drinking water health advisory limit have changed from 70 ng/L (combining both PFOS and PFOA) in 2016 to 0.004 and 0.02 ng/L for PFOA and PFOS, respectively, in 2022.”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and degranulation of mast cells in allergic inflammation
Lee, J., Lee, S., Baek, M., Lee, B., Lee, H., Kwon, T. K., Park, P., Shin, T., Khang, D., & Kim, S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.3389 · Cited by 29
“Because the primary means of PFOA exposure had been demonstrated as ingestion of agent-contaminated food and/or water (Trudel et al., 2008), the main purpose of the present study was whether to ascertain if oral exposure to PFOA augmented mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation with IgE activation.”
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Viberg, H., & Eriksson, P. O. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382032-7.10047-5 · Cited by 32
Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and hearing impairment in US adults
Ding, N., & Park, S. K. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109686 · Cited by 28
“PFAS are ubiquitous environmental toxicants to which humans are exposed on a daily basis (Trudel et al., 2008).”
Background
Per- and polyfluorinated substances in the Nordic Countries
Posner, S., Roos, S., Poulsen, P. B., Jörundsdóttir, H. Ó., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Trier, X., Jensen, A. A., Katsogiannis, A. A., Herzke, D., Bonefeld‐Jørgensen, E. C., et al. (2013) · doi:10.6027/tn2013-542 · Cited by 31
“The uptake of PFOS in children on a body weight basis tend to be higher because of a higher relative uptake from food and hand- mouth transfer from treated carpets and ingestion of dust (Trudel et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Dilemma of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) human half-life
Dourson, M., & Gadagbui, B. (2021) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105025 · Cited by 27
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance plasma concentrations and metabolomic markers of type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program trial
Mitro, S. D., Liu, J., Jaacks, L. M., Fleisch, A. F., Williams, P. L., Knowler, W. C., Laferrère, B., Perng, W., Bray, G. A., Wallia, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113680 · Cited by 27
Inactivation of common airborne antigens by perfluoroalkyl chemicals modulates early life allergic asthma
Wang, M., Li, Q., Hou, M., Chan, L., Liu, M., Ter, S. K., Dong, T., Xia, Y. F., Chotirmall, S. H., & Fang, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2011957118 · Cited by 27
“Children may have greater risk of exposure than teenagers and adults (20, 21), possibly because PFCs are transferred through the placenta (22) and have postnatal sources of exposure including human milk and house dust (23).”
Background
Computational estimates of daily aggregate exposure to PFOA/PFOS from 2011 to 2017 using a basic intake model
East, A. W., Egeghy, P. P., Hubal, E. A. C., Slover, R., & Vallero, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-021-00374-w · Cited by 28
PFOS and PCB 153 have direct adverse effects on neonatal testis modeled using a coculture of primary gonocyte and sertoli cells
Zhang, J., Liang, J., Zhu, H., Li, C., & Wu, Q. (2011) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.20723 · Cited by 27
“Moreover, some reports have suggested that young people tend to experience higher uptake doses, through hand-tomouth transfer, than do adults (Trudel et al., 2008).”
Background
The effect of PFAS exposure on glucolipid metabolism in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis
Zheng, Q., Yan, W., Gao, S., & Li, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1261008 · Cited by 26
Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Norwegian Children Stratified by Age and Sex—Data from the Bergen Growth Study 2
Forthun, I. H., Roelants, M., Haug, L. S., Knutsen, H. K., Schell, L. M., Jugessur, A., Bjerknes, R., Sabaredzovic, A., Bruserud, I. S., & Juliusson, P. B. (2023) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114199 · Cited by 26
Additives in the Textile Industry
Roman, R. M. D., Dan, J. R. G., Casal, J., Àgueda, A., Capri, E., Fait, G., Schuhmacher, M., Nadal, M., Rovira, J., Grundmann, V., et al. (2011) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/698_2011_101 · Cited by 26
Reprint of “Metabolome Wide Association Study of Serum Poly and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Pregnancy and Early Postpartum”
Hu, X. Y., Li, S., Cirillo, P. M., Krigbaum, N. Y., Tran, V., Jones, D. P., & Cohn, B. A. (2020) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.01.001 · Cited by 27
Fast and Sensitive Analysis of Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods of Animal Origin
Gallocchio, F., Moressa, A., Zonta, G., Angeletti, R., & Lega, F. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27227899 · Cited by 26
“Dietary intake is considered as one of the main pathways for human exposure to PFASs, with food of animal origin being a primary source of exposure [4,13,14].”
Background
Characterization of age-based trends to identify chemical biomarkers of higher levels in children
Nguyen, V. K., Colacino, J. A., Arnot, J. A., Kvasnicka, J., & Jolliet, O. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.042 · Cited by 25
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Background
Embryonic exposure to PFAS causes long-term, compound-specific behavioral alterations in zebrafish
Hawkey, A. B., Mead, M., Natarajan, S., Gondal, A., Jarrett, O., & Levin, E. D. (2023) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107165 · Cited by 25
Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water from the American Healthy Homes Survey II
Boettger, J. D., DeLuca, N. M., Zurek-Ost, M. A., Miller, K. E., Fuller, C., Bradham, K. D., Ashley, P., Friedman, W., Pinzer, E. A., Cox, D. C., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c08037 · Cited by 30
PFAS Biomonitoring in Higher Exposed Populations
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The impact of perfluoroalkyl substances on pregnancy, birth outcomes, and offspring development: a review of data from mouse models
Aghaei, Z., Steeves, K. L., Jobst, K. J., & Cahill, L. S. (2021) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioab223 · Cited by 25
Perfluoroalkyl acids in children and their mothers: Association with drinking water and time trends of inner exposures—Results of the Duisburg birth cohort and Bochum cohort studies
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Risky Business? Manufacturer and Retailer Action to Remove Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemicals From Consumer Products
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Authors: Trudel, D., Horowitz, L., Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., & Hungerbühler, K.
Affiliations: ETH Zurich (CH)
Stockholm University (SE)
Corresponding author: Scheringer, Martin
ORCID: Scheringer, Martin
Cousins, Ian T.
Venue: Risk Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 251-269
ISSN: 0272-4332 (ISSN-L)
1539-6924
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x
OpenAlex: W2038447616
Cited by: 514
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 21.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 15 d)
Locations: Risk Analysis (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bundesamt für Gesundheit
Health Canada
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
Keywords: PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorinated compounds, consumer exposure, exposure assessment, food contamination, drinking water contamination, consumer goods, food contact materials, children's exposure, dust ingestion, one-compartment model
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Caprylates, Child, Child, Preschool, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Infant, Male, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Air Pollution, Indoor, Alkanesulfonic Acids

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Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA

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