Cited by 514Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactFluoride Effects and Removal

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Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA

Trudel, David, Horowitz, Lea, Wormuth, Matthias, Scheringer, Martin, Cousins, Ian T., Hungerbühler, Konrad·2008·Risk Analysis

DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x

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Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.

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Biomonitoring perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain: concentrations and trends in human liver and milk samples
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“Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA ( Trudel et al. 2008 ).”
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A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination
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“Human exposure in the general population can occur through diet, drinking water, air, dust, and direct contact with products (Trudel et al. 2008).”
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food
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“…meat generally have the highest PFAS concentrations as well as a large variation in intake (Cornelis et al., 2012; Domingo et al., 2012; Haug et al., 2010a; Herzke et al., 2013; Hlouskova et al., 2013; Noorlander et al., 2011; Tittlemier et al., 2007; Trudel et al., 2008; Vestergren et al., 2012).”
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Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): a critical review
Winkens, K., Vestergren, R., Berger, U., & Cousins, I. T. (2017) · Emerging Contaminants · doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2017.05.001 · Cited by 145
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“TK models can be used to assess the relative importance of di ﬀ erent exposure sources (Lorber and Egeghy 2011; Trudel et al. 2008; Vestergren and Cousins 2009) and to establish benchmark doses for PFAS from toxicological and epidemiological studies (Goeden et al. 2019).”
Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and their associations with human semen quality measurements
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Remediation and mineralization processes for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water: A review
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Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in house dust and indoor air in Catalonia, Spain: Implications for human exposure
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Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in household dust in Central Europe and North America
Karásková, P., Venier, M., Melymuk, L. E., Bečanová, J., Vojta, Š., Prokeš, R., Diamond, M. L., & Klánová, J. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.031 · Cited by 137
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Serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) among selected populations of children and Adults in California
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Background
Longitudinal Associations of Exposure to Perfluoroalkylated Substances in Childhood and Adolescence and Indicators of Adiposity and Glucose Metabolism 6 and 12 Years Later: The European Youth Heart Study
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Polyfluorinated Compounds in Serum Linked to Indoor Air in Office Environments
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Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in floor dust of children's bedrooms – Implications for indoor exposure
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Authors: Trudel, D., Horowitz, L., Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., & Hungerbühler, K.
Affiliations: ETH Zurich (CH)
Stockholm University (SE)
Corresponding author: Scheringer, Martin
ORCID: Scheringer, Martin
Cousins, Ian T.
Venue: Risk Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 251-269
ISSN: 0272-4332 (ISSN-L)
1539-6924
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x
OpenAlex: W2038447616
Cited by: 514
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 21.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 15 d)
Locations: Risk Analysis (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bundesamt für Gesundheit
Health Canada
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
Keywords: PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorinated compounds, consumer exposure, exposure assessment, food contamination, drinking water contamination, consumer goods, food contact materials, children's exposure, dust ingestion, one-compartment model
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Caprylates, Child, Child, Preschool, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Infant, Male, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Air Pollution, Indoor, Alkanesulfonic Acids

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Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA

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