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Prevalence of autism according to maternal immigrant status and ethnic origin: Autism, maternal immigrant status and ethnic origin
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the rates of autism separately according to maternal immigrant status and ethnic origin in respect to the vitamin D insufficiency hypothesis. METHOD: Articles were identified by electronic searches. Studies were selected when they analysed autism rates according to maternal immigrant status and/or ethnic origin using multivariate techniques. RESULTS: This review gave further support to the association between maternal immigrant status and an increased risk of autism. The relationship with ethnic origin was more complex. Although the crude rates did not differ, multivariate analyses taking into account confounding factors found that black ethnicity was associated with an increased risk for autism. The risk was highly significant when considering the strict definition of autistic disorders as opposed to the large definition of other pervasive developmental disorders. The risk was also very significant for autism associated with mental retardation. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the maternal vitamin D insufficiency hypothesis. Neurobiological studies are warranted to document the effect of maternal vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy on the foetal brain and the window of vulnerability. This review stresses the importance of monitoring vitamin D levels in pregnant women, especially those who are immigrant, dark-skinned or veiled, and the urgency of randomized controlled trials.
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“An alternative explanation, not linked to stress, is reduced vitamin D levels in dark skinned migrants moving to the northern hemisphere [224].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [224]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dealberto, M.-J.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Dealberto, M.-J.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-11
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 339-348
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1633054845
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, ethnicity, prenatal vitamin D deficiency, autism prevalence, Black ethnicity, pervasive developmental disorders, intellectual disability, pregnancy, veiled women, dark skin pigmentation
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Calcifediol, Child, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Vitamin D Deficiency, Vitamins, Prevalence, Emigrants and Immigrants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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