The role of oxytocin and oxytocin receptor gene variants in childhood‐onset aggression
Abstract
Aggressive antisocial behaviours are the most common reasons why adolescents are referred to mental health clinics. Antisocial behaviours are costly in social and financial terms. The aetiology of aggressive behaviours is unknown but growing evidence suggests it is heritable, and certain genetic variants have been implicated as contributing factors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genes regulating the hormone oxytocin (OXT) were associated with aggressive antisocial behaviour. The case‐control study sample consisted of 160 cases of children displaying extreme, persistent and pervasive aggressive behaviour. This case sample was compared with 160 adult controls. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the genotype for three oxytocin gene (OXT) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs3761248, rs4813625 and rs877172; and five oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) SNPs: rs6770632, rs11476, rs1042778, rs237902 and rs53576. Genotypic analyses were performed using stata, while differences in haplotypic and allelic frequencies were analysed using Unphased. We also performed within‐case analyses (n = 236 aggressive cases) examining genotypic and allelic associations with callous‐unemotional (CU) scores (as measured by the psychopathic screening device). OXTR SNPs rs6770632 and rs1042778 may be associated with extreme, persistent and pervasive aggressive behaviours in females and males, respectively. These and haplotype results suggest gender‐specific effects of SNPs. No significant differences were detected with respect to CU behaviours. These results may help to elucidate the biochemical pathways associated with aggressive behaviours, which may aid in the development of novel medications.
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The C allele for OXTR rs1042778 was over-represented in male aggressive cases compared to male adult controls (P = 0.016).
“C allele for OXTR rs1042778 was over-represented in the male aggressive cases (P = 0.016) compared to male adult controls”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Malik [159]
The haplotype consisting of OXTR rs1042778 allele C and OXTR rs53576 allele T was over-represented in male aggressive cases vs. controls (window P = 0.036, specific P = 0.016, OR = 2.5).
“haplotype consisting of OXTR rs1042778 allele C and OXTR rs53576 allele T was over-represented in male aggressive cases vs. controls (window P = 0.036, specific P = 0.016, OR = 2.5)”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Malik [159]
The haplotype consisting of OXTR rs1042778 allele C and OXTR rs6770632 allele G was over-represented in male aggressive cases vs. controls (window P = 0.032, specific P = 0.0024, OR = 1.9).
“haplotype consisting of OXTR rs1042778 allele C and OXTR rs6770632 allele G was over-represented in male aggressive cases vs. controls (window P = 0.032, specific P = 0.0024, OR = 1.9)”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Malik [159]
Similar findings were observed in the Caucasian subsample.
“similar findings in Caucasian subsample”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Malik [159]
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“, 2009), loss of functional polymorphisms of the OXT receptor (OXTR) gene (Beitchman et al., 2012; Malik et al., 2012) and epigenetic silencing (methylation) of the OXTR promoter have been related to impulsive and aggressive temperament, interpersonal violence and callous–unemotional traits in young boys (Kumsta et al.”
BackgroundAssociation between the oxytocin receptor ( OXTR ) gene and children's social cognition at 18 months
Wade, M., Hoffmann, T. J., Wigg, K., & Jenkins, J. M. (2014) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12148 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“2011) and childhood psychopathology (Malik et al. 2012).”
An oxytocin receptor polymorphism predicts amygdala reactivity and antisocial behavior in men
Waller, R. E., Corral-Frías, N. S., Vannucci, B., Bogdan, R., Knodt, A. R., Hariri, A. R., & Hyde, L. W. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw042 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“On the basis of prior work (Inoue et al., 2010; Furman et al., 2011; Malik et al., 2012; Dadds et al., 2014), we grouped genotypes as follows: rs1042778 T homozygotes (n¼ 49) vs G carriers (n¼ 308), rs2254298 G homozygotes (n¼ 277) vs T carriers (n¼ 81) and rs53576 G homozygotes (n¼ 163) vs A…”
BackgroundAebi, M., van Donkelaar, M. M. J., Poelmans, G., Buitelaar, J. K., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Stringaris, A. K., Faraone, S. V., Franke, B., Steinhausen, H., & van Hulzen, K. J. E. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32346 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Deregulation of oxytocin (OXT) signaling—for example, as a consequence of genetic variability— also predisposes an individual to antisocial and aggressive behaviors and disrupts prosocial behaviors [Malik et al., 2012].”
BackgroundInfluentialHovey, D., Lindstedt, M., Zettergren, A., Jönsson, L., Johansson, A., Melke, J., Kerekes, N., Anckarsäter, H. S., Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.144 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Davis, M. C., Horan, W. P., Nurmi, E. L., Rizzo, S., Li, W. W., Sugar, C. A., & Green, M. F. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Oligomerization of GPCRs involved in endocrine regulation
Kleinau, G., Müller, A., & Biebermann, H. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-16-0049 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Psychopathic traits in children and youth: The state-of-the-art after 30 years of research
da Silva, D. R., Rijo, D., & Salekin, R. T. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101454 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Aggressive Responding in Antisocial Personality Disorder
Alcorn, J. L., Rathnayaka, N. S., Swann, A. C., Moeller, F. G., & Lane, S. D. (2015) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-015-0139-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…individuals who met criteria for ASPD and past SUD, believing these individuals are a clinically relevant group and perhaps uniquely sensitive to OT effects, as previous studies have observed diminished OT function in this population (Lee, Ferris, Van de Kar, & Coccaro, 2009b; Malik et al., 2012).”
Connelly, J. J., Golding, J., Gregory, S., Ring, S. M., Davis, J. M., Smith, G. D., Harris, J. C., Carter, C. S., & Pembrey, M. E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090465 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However there are a number of difficulties in interpretation of the associations with the different SNPs in the OXTR gene: (a) few of the results compare data between men and women even though Tost and colleagues [18] have shown an intriguing relationship between rs53576 and neuroimaging results for males, but not fem…”
ResultGenetics of child aggression, a systematic review
Koyama, E., Kant, T., Takata, A., Kennedy, J. L., & Zai, C. C. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02870-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationNaumenko, V. S., Kozhemyakina, R. V., Plyusnina, I. F., Kulikov, A. V., & Popova, N. K. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.059 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tabak, B. A., McCullough, M. E., Carver, C. S., Pedersen, E. J., & Cuccaro, M. L. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst042 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kushner, S. C., Herzhoff, K., Vrshek‐Schallhorn, S., & Tackett, J. L. (2018) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21724 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Predicting risk of suicidal ideation in youth using a multigene panel for impulsive aggression
Koyama, E., Zai, C. C. H., Bryushkova, L., Kennedy, J. L., & Beitchman, J. H. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112726 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationCrespi, B. J., & Procyshyn, T. L. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“aggression (Lee et al., 2009; Beitchman et al., 2012; Malik et al., 2012) Higher prosociality in WS (e.”
Malik, A. I., Zai, C. C., Berall, L., Abu, Z., Din, F., Nowrouzi, B., Chen, S., & Beitchman, J. H. (2014) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000044 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Previously, we compared an overlapping sample of 160 aggressive child cases with 160 adult controls with no reported history of aggression on the basis of sex and ethnicity (Beitchman et al., 2012; Malik et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationVariation in the Oxytocin Receptor Gene Is Associated With Social Cognition and ADHD
Kalyoncu, T., Özbaran, B., Köse, S., & Önay, H. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717706757 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Common variant in OXTR predicts growth in positive emotions from loving-kindness training
Isgett, S. F., Algoe, S. B., Boulton, A. J., Way, B. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Berends, Y. R., Tulen, J. H. M., Wierdsma, A. I., PELT, J. V., Feldman, R., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., de Rijke, Y. B., Kushner, S. A., & Marle, H. J. C. V. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.027 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Evidence for Association Between OXTR Gene and ASD Clinical Phenotypes
Ribeiro, L. D. O. P., Vargas‐Pinilla, P., Kappel, D. B., Longo, D., Ranzan, J., Becker, M. M., Riesgo, R. D. S., Schüler‐Faccini, L., Roman, T., & Schuch, J. B. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1088-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Association of Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) Polymorphisms Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-analysis
Poore, H. E., & Waldman, I. D. (2020) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-020-09996-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gouveia, F. V., Germann, J., Elias, G. J. B., Boutet, A., Loh, A., Ríos, A. L. L., Torres, C. V., López, W. O. C., Martinez, R. C. R., Fonoff, E. T., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.84566 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Zhang, Y., Wu, C., Chang, H., Yan, Q., Wu, L., Yuan, S., Xiang, J., Hao, W., & Yu, Y. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.024 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Byrd, A. L., Tung, I., Manuck, S. D., Vine, V., Horner, M. S., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000462 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Frenssen, F., Croonenberghs, J., den Steene, H. V., & Maes, M. H. J. (2015) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yang, L., Wang, F., Wang, M., Han, M., Hu, L., Zheng, M., Ma, J., Kang, Y., Wang, P., Sun, H., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.066 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Levy, T., Apter, A., Djalovski, A., Peskin, M., Fennig, S., Gat‐Yablonski, G., Bar-Maisels, M., Borodkin, K., & Bloch, Y. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.028 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oxytocin receptor gene with persistent and pervasive childhood-onset aggressive behaviors (Malik et al., 2012) and with high levels of CU traits in youth with disruptive behavior disorder (Beitchman et al., 2012; Dadds et al., 2014b; Malik…”
BackgroundLoParo, D., Johansson, A., Walum, H., Westberg, L., Santtila, P. O., & Waldman, I. D. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32359 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Further, variation inOXTR (i.e., the ‘C’ allele of rs4564970, ‘C’ allele of rs1488467, ‘T’ allele of rs6770632, and ‘G’ allele of rs1042778) has been shown to be associated with increased aggression in humans [Johansson et al., 2012a,b; Malik et al., 2012], particularly in interaction with alcohol.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDaily oxytocin patterns in relation to psychopathy and childhood trauma in residential youth
Fragkaki, I., Verhagen, M., van Herwaarden, A. E., & Cima, M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.040 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cleveland, H. H., Griffin, A. M., Wolf, P. S. A., Wiebe, R. P., Schlomer, G. L., Feinberg, M. E., Greenberg, M. T., Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C. R., & Vandenbergh, D. J. (2017) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0749-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nawa, N., Nakamura, K., & Fujiwara, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00477 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“org 10 with child behavior problems (54, 55).”
BackgroundDing, L., Maloney, S. K., Wang, M., Rodger, J., Chen, L., & Blache, D. (2020) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12714 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Staes, N., Guevara, E. E., Helsen, P., Eens, M., & Stevens, J. M. G. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102949 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comes‐Fayos, J., Blanco-Gandía, M. C., Moreno, I. R., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., Lila, M., Sarrate‐Costa, C., Romero‐Martínez, Á., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105644 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“It has been hypothesized that reduced peripheral and central OXT levels (which may reflect a "hypooxytocinergic state") could be related to and even predict aggression due to difficulties in processing socio-affective information (Malik et al., 2012).”
BackgroundZarei, S. A., Sheibani, V., Tomaz, C. A. B., & Mansouri, F. A. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.050 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Genetic differences in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) have been linked to abnormal social behaviors such as aggressive behavior [7].”
Paradoxical Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Trust in Inpatient and Community Adolescents
Venta, A. C., Ha, C., Vanwoerden, S., Newlin, E., Strathearn, L., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1399401 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Giulio, P. (2020) · Archives of Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.17352/2455-5460.000043 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Other possible contraindications detected during an excessive presence of oxytocin in the organism concern: envious and rancorous behaviors, as shown by a research by the University of Haifa [51]; learning and memory defi cits [52]; immoral behavior and against social laws [53]; prejudicial conduct towards a subject o…”
BackgroundReview of eating disorders and oxytocin receptor polymorphisms
Burmester, V., Nicholls, D., Buckle, A., Stanojević, B., & Crous‐Bou, M. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00438-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Antisocial and Callous Behaviour in Children
Viding, E. M., Seara‐Cardoso, A., & McCrory, E. J. P. (2013) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2013_266 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“However, when the same group inspected different oxytocin and oxytocin receptor SNPs, no association with CU traits was found (Malik et al., 2012).”
Keijser, R., Åslund, C., Nilsson, K. W., & Olofsdotter, S. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114057 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The OXTR SNPs rs6770632, rs1488467, and rs4564970 have individually been linked to aggressive behaviour (Ebstein et al., 2012; Hovey et al., 2016; Malik et al., 2012).”
Developmental risk for psychopathy
Viding, E. M., & McCrory, E. J. P. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch68 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Stark, N., Bobadilla, L., Michael, P., Saturn, S. R., & Portner, M. (2023) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2023.101828 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pedersen, C. A. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.050 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Relationship between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Crime Type: A Controlled Study in Prisoners
Acar, H., & Ülgen, A. (2020) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2020/9172134 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“OXTR SNPs rs6770632 variants in girls and rs1042778 variants in boys were associated with excessive and persistent aggressive behaviour [2].”
Background7q11.23 Microduplication Syndrome: Clinical and Neurobehavioral Profiling
Dentici, M. L., Bergonzini, P., Scibelli, F., Caciolo, C., Rose, P. D., Cumbo, F., Alesi, V., Capolino, R., Zanni, G., Sinibaldi, L., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10110839 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Identification of Candidate Genes and Pathways Linked to the Temperament Trait in Sheep
Romaniuk, E., Vera, B., Peraza, P., Ciappesoni, G., Damián, J. P., & van Lier, E. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15020229 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Correction: Genetics of Callous-Unemotional Behavior in Children
Viding, E. M., Price, T. S., Jaffee, S. R., Trzaskowski, M., Davis, O. S. P., Meaburn, E. L., Haworth, C. M. A., & Plomin, R. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/0b16418f-ceb5-41b2-be2a-a20f0c56f9a6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
OXTR polymorphism in depression and completed suicide—A study on a large population sample
Wasilewska, K., Pawlak, A., Kostrzewa, G., Sobczyk‐Kopcioł, A., Kaczorowska, A., Badowski, J., Brzozowska, M., Drygas, W., Piwoński, J., Bielecki, W., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Vindication of Lamarck? Epigenetics at the Intersection of Law and Mental Health
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Ezpeleta, L., Penelo, E., de la Osa, N., Navarro, J. B., Fañanás, L., & Fatjó‐Vilas, M. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00548-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Adolescent-Onset Borderline Personality Disorder
Goodman, M. S., Pérez-Rodríguez, M. M., & Siever, L. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0591-1_9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Role of Oxytocin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Cera, N., Pinto, J., & Pignatelli, D. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46060313 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Specifically, a significant association between rs237902 and negative symptoms, such as blunted affect, alogia, avolition asociality, and anhedonia, in schizophrenic patients and an overrepresentation in male aggressive children were observed [99–101].”
BackgroundAggression and empathy as genetic differentiation factors of urban population
Атраментова, Л. А., & Luchko, E. (2016) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795416050021 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The relationship between different types of genetically defined aggressive behavior
Ilchibaeva, T. V., Tsybko, A. S., Kozhemyakina, R. V., Konoshenko, M. Y., Popova, N. K., & Naumenko, V. S. (2016) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-016-0493-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Infanticide and intermale aggression are closely related to antisocial and criminal violence in humans and, hence, are the subject of intensive investigation (Blanchard et al. 1999; Foster and Jones 2006; Kazdin et al. 2006; Malik et al. 2012).”
BackgroundBakoev, S., Korobeinikova, A. V., Mishina, A. I., Kabieva, S. S., Игоревич, М. С., Ивашечкин, А. А., Akinshina, A. I., Snigir, E. A., Yudin, S. M., Yudin, V. S., et al. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14112053 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“According to the results of our analysis, other positively selected variants of the OXTR gene are associated with aggressive behavior and depressive states [22,23,63], alcohol abuse and associated aggressive behavior [24,64], severe schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders [23,24,65].”
ResultOlazábal, D. E., Bertoni, B., Grandi, G., Musetti, D., Rey, G., Sandberg, N. Y., Fernández, L., Laporte, G., Medici, F., & Nicolaisen‐Sobesky, E. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22400 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Holmqvist-Jämsén, S., Johansson, A., Westberg, L., Santtila, P. O., von der Pahlen, B., & Simberg, S. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0059 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Genetic Contributions to the Development of Psychopathic Traits and Antisocial Behavior in Youths
Fontaine, N. M. G., McCrory, E. J. P., & Viding, E. M. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781118650868.ch18 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychopathy
Brito, S. A. D., & Mitchell, I. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781118650868.ch9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Uzar, M., Dmitrzak‐Węglarz, M., & Słopień, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252212046 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“There was also some evidence for associations between severe, persistent, and pervasive aggressive behaviors in a group of 6–16 year-olds and single nucleotide polymorphisms in OXTR rs1042778 and rs6770632 [106].”
Causal Factors in Aggression and Violence: Examining Social and Biological Theories
Frieze, I. H., Newhill, C. E., & Fusco, R. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42608-8_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Malik, A. I., Zai, C. C., Abu, Z., Nowrouzi, B., & Beitchman, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Beitchman, J. H.
- ORCID
- Zai, C. C.
- Venue
- Genes, Brain and Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-03-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 545-551
- ISSN
- 1601-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1601-1848
- OpenAlex
- W1964979302
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 23.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Genes Brain & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- oxytocin, oxytocin receptor, antisocial behavior, callous-unemotional traits, single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, sex differences, genetic susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Alleles, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Sex Characteristics, Case-Control Studies, Receptors, Oxytocin, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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