Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following September 11, 2001
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study endeavored to evaluate the use of virtual reality (VR) enhanced exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consequent to the World Trade Center attacks of September 11, 2001. METHOD: Participants were assigned to a VR treatment (N = 13) or a waitlist control (N = 8) group and were mostly middle-aged, male disaster workers. All participants were diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). The study was conducted between February 2002 and August 2005 in offices located in outpatient buildings of a hospital campus. RESULTS: Analysis of variance showed a significant interaction of time by group (p < .01) on CAPS scores, with a between-groups posttreatment effect size of 1.54. The VR group showed a significant decline in CAPS scores compared with the waitlist group (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that VR is an effective treatment tool for enhancing exposure therapy for both civilians and disaster workers with PTSD and may be especially useful for those patients who cannot engage in imaginal exposure therapy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Our previous studies have documented the efficacy of VRE therapy for the treatment of WTC-related PTSD.
“Our previous studies have documented the efficacy of VRE therapy for the treatment of WTC-related PTSD (Difede et al, 2007).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Difede et al, 2007
Both groups received an active psychotherapy with documented efficacy for the treatment of terrorist-related chronic PTSD.
“This is especially impressive given that both groups received an active psychotherapy with documented efficacy for the treatment of terrorist-related chronic PTSD (Difede et al, 2007; Parsons and Rizzo, 2008).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Difede et al, 2007
Our data are consistent with earlier reports that VRE therapy is an effective treatment for WTC-related PTSD.
“Our data are consistent with earlier reports suggesting that VRE therapy is an effective treatment for WTC-related PTSD (Difede et al, 2007).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Difede et al, 2007
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 23,433 · see citing works
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,252 · see citing works
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396 · see citing works
The practice of behavior therapy
Wolpe, J. (1969) · Cited by 2,343 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD
Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214 · Cited by 1,938 · see citing works
Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Bucuvalas, M. J., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa013404 · Cited by 1,905 · see citing works
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society.
Kessler, R. C. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.4.867 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.4.867 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study
van Der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080402 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks
Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Batts, K. R., WILSON, D. H., Thalji, L., Dennis, J., Fairbank, J. A., & Kulka, R. A. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.5.581 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD. The CAPS-1
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L., Kaloupek, D. G., Klauminzer, G. W., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1990) · Behavior Therapy · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
Foa, E. B., Dancu, C. V., Hembree, E. A., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., & Street, G. P. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.2.194 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.626 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans
Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., & Zimering, R. T. (1989) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80072-3 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Vietnam Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Ready, D. J., Graap, K. M., & Alarcón, R. D. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n0808 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD.
Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., & Morral, A. R. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.185 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Davis, M. S. (2002) · The Concise Dictionary of Crime and Justice · doi:10.4135/9781452229300.n390 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD
Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., & Morral, A. R. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.1.185 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying.
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Smith, S., Lee, J. H., & Price, L. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1020 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study
Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00023-7 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Ursano, R. J. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1805-a · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Tarrier, N., Pilgrim, H., Sommerfield, C., Faragher, B. E., Reynolds, M., Graham, E., & Barrowclough, C. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.1.13 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Foa, E. B., Hearst‐Ikeda, D., & Perry, K. J. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.63.6.948 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Foa, E. B., Hearst-Ikeda, D., & Perry, K. J. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.63.6.948 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Virtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia: a case report
Carlin, A. S., Hoffman, H. G., & Weghorst, S. J. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00085-x · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Characteristics and content of intrusive memories in PTSD and their changes with treatment
Hackmann, A., Ehlers, A., Speckens, A., & Clark, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000029266.88369.fd · Cited by 407 · see citing works
The expert consensus guideline series : treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Davidson, J. R. T., FRANCES, A. J., Culpepper, L., ROSS, R. W., & Ross, D. F. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Alarcon, R., Ready, D., Shahar, F., Graap, K., Pair, J., Hebert, P., Gotz, D., Wills, B., et al. (1999) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024772308758 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Difede, J., & Hoffman, H. G. (2002) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493102321018169 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationBlanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Devineni, T., Veazey, C. H., Galovski, T. E., Mundy, E., Malta, L. S., & Buckley, T. C. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00131-0 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Imaginal flooding as a supplementary treatment for PTSD in combat veterans: A controlled study
Cooper, N. A., & Clum, G. A. (1989) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80057-7 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Virtual reality graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia: A case report
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Rob Kooper, A., Opdyke, D., Williford, J. S., & North, M. M. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80100-5 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Boudewyns, P. A., & Hyer, L. A. (1990) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80189-3 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Predicting response to exposure treatment in PTSD: The role of mental defeat and alienation
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Dunmore, E., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., & Foa, E. B. (1998) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024448511504 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Virtual reality treatment of claustrophobia: a case report
Botella, C., Baños, R. M., Perpiñá, C., Villa, H., Alcañiz, M., & Rey, A. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10006-7 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Rothbaum, B. O., Anderson, P., Zimand, E., Hodges, L., Lang, D., & Wilson, J. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying: a case report
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Watson, B. A., Kessler, G. D., & Opdyke, D. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00007-1 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Glynn, S. M., Eth, S., Randolph, E. T., Foy, D. W., Urbaitis, M., Boxer, L., Paz, G. G., Leong, G. B., Firman, G., Salk, J. D., et al. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.2.243 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Use of Virtual Reality Exposure in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Hodges, L. F. (1999) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445599234001 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Altman, B., Longpre, R. E., Poiré, R. E., Macklin, M. L., Michaels, M. J., & Steketee, G. S. (1996) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90024-3 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
From Imagination to Virtual Reality: The Future of Clinical Psychology
Vincelli, F. (1999) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1999.2.241 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Social anxiety, depression, and PTSD in Vietnam veterans
Hofmann, S. G., Litz, B. T., & Weathers, F. W. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00227-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Frueh, B. C., Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Mirabella, R. F., & Jones, W. J. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00020-4 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
BASIC ISSUES IN THE USE OF VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR MENTAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS
Rizzo, A., Mark, W., & Galen, B. J. (1998) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-902-8-21 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
9/11: Mental Health in the Wake of Terrorist Attacks
Raphael, B. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544132 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Design of Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study No. 420
Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Lavori, P. W., & Hsieh, F. Y. (2001) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(00)00118-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hickling, E. J., & Blanchard, E. B. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00090-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
One- and two-year prospective follow-up of cognitive behavior therapy or supportive psychotherapy
Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Malta, L. S., Freidenberg, B. M., Canna, M. A., Kuhn, E. R., Sykes, M. A., & Galovski, T. E. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00201-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
An open trial of exposure therapy based on deconditioning for post‐traumatic stress disorder
Thompson, J. A., Charlton, P. F. C., Kerry, R., Lee, D., & Turner, S. W. (1995) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01475.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Difede, J., Roberts, J., Jayasinghe, N., & Leck, P. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544132.022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenczweig, C. (2002) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/aemj.9.5.502-a · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Virtual Reality in the Assessment, Understanding, and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders
Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700040x · Cited by 1,428 · see citing works
Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy
Bohil, C. J., Alicea, B., & Biocca, F. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3122 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis
Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders
Maples-Keller, J. L., Bunnell, B. E., Kim, S.-J., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000138 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
“16,57,58 A preliminary study comparing VR based exposure therapy for PTSD following the World Trade Center Attacks (n=13) with a waitlist control (n=8) found that the VR group demonstrated a significant decline in PTSD scores compared to the waitlist group and that this improvement was maintained…”
BackgroundVirtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis
Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20910 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and anxiety disorders
VanElzakker, M. B., Kathryn Dahlgren, M., Caroline Davis, F., Dubois, S., & Shin, L. M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.014 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Park, M. J., Kim, D. J., Lee, U., Na, E. J., & Jeon, H. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00505 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Olin, I. W., Sands, L. A., Karapanou, I., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.013 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Birckhead, B., Khalil, C., Liu, X., Conovitz, S., Rizzo, A., Danovitch, I., Bullock, K., & Spiegel, B. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11973 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Is clinical virtual reality ready for primetime?
Rizzo, A. “., & Koenig, S. T. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000405 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Framework of Affordances for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
Steffen, J. H., Gaskin, J. E., Meservy, T. O., Jenkins, J. L., & Wolman, I. (2019) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2019.1628877 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20734 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD: A Systematic Review
Gonçalves, R., Pedrozo, A. L., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I. L. D. V., & Ventura, P. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048469 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a meta-analysis
Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Kafka, J. X., Van Eickels, R. L., Plener, P. L., & Felnhofer, A. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1654782 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20536 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Clinical Virtual Reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD
Rizzo, A. ‘., & Shilling, R. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1414560 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Cukor, J., Spitalnick, J. S., Difede, J., Rizzo, A., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.001 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationBotella, C., Serrano, B., baños, R., & García-Palacios, A. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s89542 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders: A systematic review
Wiebe, A., Kannen, K., Selaskowski, B., Mehren, A., Thöne, A.-K., Pramme, L., Blumenthal, N., Li, M., Asché, L., Jonas, S., et al. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102213 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in first responders: a systematic review
Haugen, P. T., Evces, M., & Weiss, D. S. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.04.001 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Reger, G. M., Koenen-Woods, P., Zetocha, K., Smolenski, D. J., Holloway, K. M., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J., Rizzo, A. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Skopp, N. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000134 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationDifede, J., Cukor, J., Wyka, K., Olden, M., Hoffman, H., Lee, F. S., & Altemus, M. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.317 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLay, R. N., Wood, D. P., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Spira, J. L., Wiederhold, M. D., Pyne, J. M., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2011) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0003 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Distractibility in Attention/Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Virtual Reality Classroom
Adams, R., Finn, P., Moes, E. J., Flannery, K. A., & Rizzo, A. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802169077 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Fernández-Aranda, F., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Santamaría, J. J., Gunnard, K., Soto, A., Kalapanidas, E., Bults, R. G. A., Davarakis, C., Ganchev, T., Granero, R., et al. (2012) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2012.664302 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Deng, W., Hu, D., Xu, S., Liu, X., Zhao, J., Chen, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Jiang, W., Ma, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.086 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Virtual Reality-Enhanced Extinction of Phobias and Post-Traumatic Stress
Maples‐Keller, J. L., Yasinski, C. W., Manjin, N., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2017) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0534-y · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Rizzo, A. “., Difede, J., Rothbaum, B. O., Reger, G., Spitalnick, J., Cukor, J., & Mclay, R. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05755.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationEffective psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review and critique.
Cloître, M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Goes to War: A Brief Review of the Future of Military Behavioral Healthcare
Rizzo, A., Parsons, T. D., Lange, B. S., Kenny, P. G., Buckwalter, J. G., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Difede, J., Frazier, J. R., Newman, B., Williams, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9247-2 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationEshuis, L. V., van Gelderen, M. J., van Zuiden, M., Nijdam, M. J., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Olff, M., & Bakker, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.030 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders
Gerardi, M., Cukor, J., Difede, J., Rizzo, A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0128-4 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationReger, G. M., Holloway, K. M., Candy, C., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J., Rizzo, A. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20574 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual Reality Aided Therapy towards Health 4.0: A Two-Decade Bibliometric Analysis
Liu, Z., Ren, L., Xiao, C., Zhang, K., & Demian, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031525 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Overview: Virtual Reality in Medicine
Pensieri, C., & Pennacchini, M. (2014) · Journal of Virtual Worlds Research · doi:10.4101/jvwr.v7i1.6364 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
McCann, R. A., Armstrong, C. M., Skopp, N. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Smolenski, D. J., June, J. D., Metzger-Abamukong, M., & Reger, G. M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.010 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Review of virtual reality treatment in psychiatry: evidence versus current diffusion and use
Mishkind, M. C., Norr, A. M., Katz, A. C., & Reger, G. M. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0836-0 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD
Rizzo, A., Reger, G., Gahm, G., Difede, J., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-329-9_18 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationPostdisaster psychological intervention since 9/11.
Watson, P., Brymer, M. J., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0024806 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for active duty soldiers
Reger, G. M., & Gahm, G. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20512 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Rizzo, A., & Difede, J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05691.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual Reality and Interactive Digital Game Technology: New Tools to Address Obesity and Diabetes
Rizzo, A., Lange, B. S., Suma, E. A., & Bolas, M. T. (2011) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681100500209 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2010) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy1024 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Evidence‐based treatments for PTSD, new directions, and special challenges
Cukor, J., Olden, M., Lee, F. L. F., & Difede, J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05793.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationLoucks, L. A., Yasinski, C. W., Norrholm, S. D., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Post, L. M., Zwiebach, L. C., Fiorillo, D., Goodlin, M., Jovanović, T., Rizzo, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.004 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Pavlou, M., Kanegaonkar, R. G., Swapp, D., Bamiou, D., Slater, M., & LUXON, L. M. (2012) · Journal of Vestibular Research · doi:10.3233/ves-120462 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Embodied cognition and body psychotherapy: The construction of new therapeutic environments
Röhricht, F., Gallagher, S., Geuter, U., & Hutto, D. D. (2014) · Sensoria A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture · doi:10.7790/sa.v10i1.389 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Benedek, D. M., Friedman, M. J., Zatzick, D., & Ursano, R. J. (2009) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.7.2.foc204 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Schmertz, S. K., & Gerardi, M. A. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118528563.wbcbt43 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Norrholm, S. D., Jovanović, T., Gerardi, M. A., Breazeale, K. G., Price, M., Davis, M., Duncan, E., Ressler, K. J., Bradley, B., Rizzo, A., et al. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Improvement in cerebral function with treatment of posttraumatic stress disordera
Roy, M. J., Francis, J., Friedlander, J. N., Williams, L. B., Lande, R. G., Taylor, P., Blair, J., McLellan, J., Law, W. A., Tarpley, V., et al. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05689.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationThe challenger app for social anxiety disorder: New advances in mobile psychological treatment
Miloff, A., Marklund, A., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.08.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Rizzo, A., Hartholt, A., Grimani, M., Leeds, A., & Liewer, M. (2014) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2014.199 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Fear Processing, Psychophysiology, and PTSD
Norrholm, S. D., & Jovanović, T. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000189 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Navara, K. J. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-010-0483-9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Deterioration rates in Virtual Reality Therapy: An individual patient data level meta-analysis
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Colombo, D., Riva, G., Anderson, P. L., Baños, R. M., Benbow, A. A., Bouchard, S., Bretón-López, J. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.005 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationHøeg, E. R., Povlsen, T. M., Bruun‐Pedersen, J. R., Lange, B. S., Nilsson, N. C., Haugaard, K. B., Faber, S. M., Hansen, S. W., Kimby, C. K., & Serafin, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.647993 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure for PTSD Due to Military Combat and Terrorist Attacks
Rizzo, A., Cukor, J., Gerardi, M., Alley, S., Reist, C., Roy, M., Rothbaum, B. O., & Difede, J. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-015-9306-3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationMotraghi, T. E., Seim, R. W., Meyer, E. C., & Morissette, S. B. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22051 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Computer‐Assisted Psychotherapy
Wright, J. H., Katz, M., & Tamas, R. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0211 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Difede, J., Olden, M., & Cukor, J. (2014) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-051812-145438 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual Reality as a Tool for Delivering PTSD Exposure Therapy and Stress Resilience Training
Rizzo, A., John, B., Newman, B., Williams, J., Hartholt, A., Lethin, C., & Buckwalter, J. G. (2012) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2012.721064 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Vlake, J. H., van Genderen, M. E., Schut, A. F., Verkade, M. A., Wils, E., Gommers, D. A. M. P. J., & van Bommel, J. (2020) · Journal of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s40560-019-0422-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bordnick, P. S., Carter, B. L., & Traylor, A. C. (2011) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681100500210 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Gallagher, S. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198873068.001.0001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Flores, A., Linehan, M. M., Todd, S. R., & Hoffman, H. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00531 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
McLay, R. N., Graap, K. M., Spira, J. L., Perlman, K., Johnston, S. L., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Difede, J., Deal, W. P., Oliver, D., Baird, A., et al. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00221 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationVR PTSD Exposure Therapy Results with Active Duty OIF/OEF Combatants
Rizzo, A., JoAnn, D., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Johnston, S. L., McLay, R. N., Reger, G. M., Gahm, G., Parsons, T. D., Graap, K. M., & Pair, J. (2009) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-58603-964-6-277 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Raber, J., Arzy, S., Bertolus, J. B., Depue, B., Haas, H. E., Hofmann, S. G., Kangas, M., Kensinger, E., Lowry, C. A., Marusak, H. A., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The impact of immersion on the perception of pornography: A virtual reality study
Simon, S. C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.018 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Virtual Realities in the Treatment of Mental Disorders: A Review of the Current State of Research
Eichenberg, C., & Wolters, C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/50094 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Saredakis, D., Keage, H. A., Corlis, M., Ghezzi, E. S., Loffler, H., & Loetscher, T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29210 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Focusing on trauma-focused psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Schnurr, P. P. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.11.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Heo, S., & Park, J.-H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315911 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Virtual reality: Feasibility of implementation in a regional burn center
Markus, L., Willems, K. E., Maruna, C. C., Schmitz, C. L., Pellino, T., Wish, J. R., Faucher, L. D., & Schurr, M. J. (2009) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2009.01.013 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Imperatori, C., Dakanalis, A., Farina, B., Pallavicini, F., Colmegna, F., Mantovani, F., & Clerici, M. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0339 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
From virtual reality to interreality in the treatment of anxiety disorders
Repetto, C., & Riva, G. (2011) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.11.5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
McLay, R. N., Baird, A., Webb-Murphy, J., Deal, W., Tran, L., Anson, H., Klam, W., & Johnston, S. (2017) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0554 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The use of virtual reality in assessment and treatment of anxiety and related disorders
Meyerbröker, K., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2623 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Reger, G. M., Smolenski, D. J., Norr, A. M., Katz, A. C., Buck, B., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Tailoring therapeutic strategies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters
Norrholm, S., & Jovanovic, T. (2010) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s10951 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Presence-Inducing Media for Mental Health Applications
Riva, G., Botella, C., Baños, R., Mantovani, F., García-Palacios, A., Quero, S., Serino, S., Triberti, S., Repetto, C., Dakanalis, A., et al. (2015) · Immersed in Media · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10190-3_12 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Virtual Reality as a Tool for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review
Scozzari, S., & Gamberini, L. (2011) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17824-5_5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Depressive Symptom Outcomes in Randomized, Controlled Trials for PTSD
Ronconi, J. M., Shiner, B. R., & Watts, B. V. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000322 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Soldier Evaluation of the Virtual Reality Iraq
Reger, G. M., Gahm, G. A., Rizzo, A., Swanson, R. D., & Duma, S. J. (2009) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2008.0050 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Memory Manipulations in Extended Reality
Bonnail, E., Tseng, W.-J., Mcgill, M., Lecolinet, E., Huron, S., & Gugenheimer, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580988 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sharifpour, S., Manshaee, G., & Sajjadian, I. (2020) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12311 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ershow, A. G., Peterson, C. M., Riley, W. T., Rizzo, A., & Wansink, B. C. (2011) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681100500202 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Affective Recognition in Dynamic and Interactive Virtual Environments
Moghimi, M., Stone, R. J., & Rotshtein, P. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2017.2764896 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
World Trade Center Health Program: First Decade of Research
Santiago‐Colón, A., Daniels, R. D., Reissman, D. B., Anderson, K. R., Calvert, G. M., Caplan, A., Carreón, T., Katruska, A., Kubale, T. L., Liu, R., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197290 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Andonova, V., Reinoso‐Carvalho, F., Ramírez, M. A. J., & Carrasquilla, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176697 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pharmacological Enhancement of Behavioral Therapy: Focus on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Choi, D. C., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Gerardi, M. A., & Ressler, K. J. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_10 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Costanzo, M. E., Leaman, S., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D., Rizzo, A. A., Taylor, P., & Roy, M. J. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000109 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Biological and clinical framework for posttraumatic stress disorder
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Lanius, R. A. (2012) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00018-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Applications to Address the Wounds of War
Rizzo, A., Buckwalter, J. G., Forbell, E., Reist, C., Difede, J., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Lange, B. S., Koenig, S. T., & Talbot, T. B. (2013) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20130306-08 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationPlayMancer: A Serious Gaming 3D Environment
Conconi, A., Ganchev, T. D., Kocsis, O., Papadopoulos, G. A., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Jiménez‐Múrcia, S. (2008) · International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution · doi:10.1109/axmedis.2008.29 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ayash, S., Schmitt, U., & Müller, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Rizzo, A., Galen, B. J., John, B., Newman, B., Parsons, T. D., Kenny, P. G., & Josh, W. (2012) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-022-2-379 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Difede, J., & Cukor, J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- ORCID
- Difede, JoAnn
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2007-11-15
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1682-1689
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2146491372
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 24.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH6216S)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, September 11 attacks, disaster workers, World Trade Center, PTSD treatment, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, User-Computer Interface, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, September 11 Terrorist Attacks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
