Nonconscious processes and health.

Sheeran, Paschal; Gollwitzer, Peter M.; Bargh, John A.

doi:10.1037/a0029203

Cited by 579Behavioral Health and InterventionsDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsMedia Influence and Health

Nonconscious processes and health.

Sheeran, Paschal, Gollwitzer, Peter M., Bargh, John A.·2013·Health Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0029203

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Health behavior theories focus on the role of conscious, reflective factors (e.g., behavioral intentions, risk perceptions) in predicting and changing behavior. Dual-process models, on the other hand, propose that health actions are guided not only by a conscious, reflective, rule-based system but also by a nonconscious, impulsive, associative system. This article argues that research on health decisions, actions, and outcomes will be enriched by greater consideration of nonconscious processes. METHODS: A narrative review is presented that delineates research on implicit cognition, implicit affect, and implicit motivation. In each case, we describe the key ideas, how they have been taken up in health psychology, and the possibilities for behavior change interventions, before outlining directions that might profitably be taken in future research. RESULTS: Correlational research on implicit cognitive and affective processes (attentional bias and implicit attitudes) has recently been supplemented by intervention studies using implementation intentions and practice-based training that show promising effects. Studies of implicit motivation (health goal priming) have also observed encouraging findings. There is considerable scope for further investigations of implicit affect control, unconscious thought, and the automatization of striving for health goals. CONCLUSION: Research on nonconscious processes holds significant potential that can and should be developed by health psychologists. Consideration of impulsive as well as reflective processes will engender new targets for intervention and should ultimately enhance the effectiveness of behavior change efforts.

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Research in unconscious processes has ranked habit as possibly the strongest unconscious determinant of behavior.
“By contrast, research in unconscious processes have ranked habit as possibly the strongest unconscious determinant of behavior (Sheeran et al., 2013).”
From Exercise habit formation in new gym members: a longitudinal study (2015) · cites this paper as Sheeran et al., 2013

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Authors: Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A.
Affiliations: University of Sheffield (GB)
New York University (US)
Yale University (US)
ORCID: Sheeran, Paschal
Gollwitzer, Peter M.
Bargh, John A.
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2013
Volume: 32
Issue: 5
Pages: 460-473
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/a0029203
OpenAlex: W1999699043
Semantic Scholar: 31774db28c959e2c4975408d52374c1bbd2d0abc
Cited by: 579
References: 171
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 40.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (000–22-0262 and 060–25-0044)
German Research Foundation
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
Keywords: unconscious processes, implicit cognition, implicit affect, implicit motivation, dual-process models, health behavior change, implementation intentions, practice-based training, attentional bias, implicit attitudes, unconscious thought, behaviour change interventions
MeSH terms: Affect, Cognition, Humans, Mental Processes, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Unconscious, Psychology, Health Behavior, Risk Assessment, Intention

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