The ability of psychological flexibility and job control to predict learning, job performance, and mental health
Abstract
Summary This longitudinal study tested the degree to which an individual characteristic, psychological flexibility, and a work organization variable, job control, predicted ability to learn new skills at work, job performance, and mental health, amongst call center workers in the United Kingdom (N = 448). As hypothesized, results indicated that job control, psychological flexibility, and the synergistic interaction between the two, predicted people's ability to learn a new computer software program, as well as their mental health and job performance, which was objectively measured. Discussion focuses on the implications of these, and previous findings, for organizational behavior.
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This is the first study to show a significant improvement in psychological distress of NHS staff through an improvement of values (specifically values obstruction facet).
“Although previous studies have found an indirect effect of mindfulness [29] or psychological flexibility [12, 75], to our knowledge, this is the first study to show a significant improvement in psychological distress of NHS staff through an improvement of values (specifically there was an influence on values obstruction facet).”
From A workplace Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention for improving healthcare staff psychological distress: A randomised controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
Psychological flexibility has been shown to be associated with higher life satisfaction, emotional well-being, job performance, and job satisfaction.
“Psychological flexibility has shown to be associated with higher life satisfaction, emotional well-being, job performance, and job satisfaction [28–31].”
ACT-based stress management interventions have a positive impact on employees' psychological health, well-being, and stress management skills.
“research suggests that stress management interventions based on the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) have a positive impact on employees’ psychological health, well-being, and stress management skills [12-19].”
From Feasibility of a personal health technology-based psychological intervention for men with stress and mood problems: Randomized controlled pilot trial (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
ACT-based interventions have been found effective in reducing work stress and increasing work performance and the ability to innovate.
“ACT-based interventions have been found effective in reducing work stress and increasing work performance and the ability to innovate [14-17].”
From Mobile Mental Wellness Training for Stress Management: Feasibility and Design Implications Based on a One-Month Field Study (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
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Added Value of Intangibles for Organizational Innovation
Luoma‐aho, V., Vos, M., Lappalainen, R. I., Lämsä, A., Uusitalo, O., Maaranen, P., & Koski, A. (2012) · Human Technology · doi:10.17011/ht/urn.201205141650 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Psychological flexibility is not a static state but it can be influenced and increased in organizational settings (e.g., Bond & Bunce, 2000, 2003; Bond & Flaxman, 2006; DonaldsonFeilder & Bond, 2004) through, for example, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Bond & Flaxman, 2006).”
BackgroundHoppe, A., Toker, S., Schachler, V., & Ziegler, M. D. (2016) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2151 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cymbal, D. J., Litvak, S. G., Wilder, D. A., & Burns, G. N. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1080/01608061.2021.1910099 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“It correlates with many positive social impacts (Hantula, 2015), and can be further elaborated and intervened upon in conceptually systematic ways (Bond & Flaxman, 2006; Stewart et al., 2006).”
BackgroundHailikari, T., Nieminen, J., & Asikainen, H. (2022) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2022.2059652 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“As previous research has shown, psychological flexibility is related to many positive attributes in the workforce (Bond & Flaxman, 2006; Hayes et al., 2006; Lloyd et al., 2013) and is a stable trait which is not easy to change (R€as€anen et al., 2016).”
de la Fuente, J., Justo, C. F., & Mañas, I. M. (2010) · Estudios sobre Educación · doi:10.15581/004.19.4579 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Newsome, W. D., & Alavosius, M. P. (2011) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.5210/bsi.v20i0.3234 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Similarly, Bond and Flaxman (2006) found greater psychological flexibility predicted worker job performance, mental health, and the ability to learn new skills at work.”
BackgroundWellness Skills for Medical Learners and Teachers: Perspective Taking and Cognitive Flexibility
Houser, M. M., Worzella, G., Burchsted, S., Marquez, C., Domack, T., & Acevedo, Y. (2018) · MedEdPORTAL · doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10674 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Linking job control to employee creativity: The roles of creative self‐efficacy and regulatory focus
Du, Y., Li, P., & Zhang, L. (2018) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12219 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…an employee believes he or she has the capability to produce creative outcomes (Tierney & Farmer, 2002), and job control refers to employees’ perceived ability to exert some influence over their work environment to make it more rewarding and less threatening (Bond & Flaxman, 2006; Ganster, 1989).”
BackgroundA Framework to Support Experiential Learning and Psychological Flexibility in Supervision: SHAPE
Morris, E. M. J., & Bilich‐eric, L. (2017) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12267 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Beyond clinical applications, psychological flexibility is associated with a range of positive workplace outcomes, including job satisfaction, productivity, performance, and general wellbeing (Bond & Bunce, 2000; Bond & Flaxman, 2006; Bond, Flaxman, & Bunce, 2008; Flaxman, Bond, & Livheim, 2013).”
BackgroundAssociations of Police Officer Health Behaviors and Subjective Well-Being
Baker, L. D., Berghoff, C. R., Kuo, J. L.-S., & Quevillon, R. P. (2020) · European Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1027/2512-8442/a000055 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kiuru, N., Puolakanaho, A., Lappalainen, P., Keinonen, K., Mauno, S., Muotka, J., & Lappalainen, R. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103578 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Work Stress and Job Performance in Malaysia Academic Sector: Role of Social Support as Moderator
Ling, S., & Bhatti, M. A. (2014) · British Journal of Economics Management & Trade · doi:10.9734/bjemt/2014/12098 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Besides, [22] conducted a study examined the relationship between job control increase learning and job performance among 448 employees from call center in United Kingdom.”
BackgroundClercq, D. D., Sun, W., & Belausteguigoitia, I. (2018) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2018.28 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chang, W. H., Chi, L., Lin, S.-H., & Ye, Y. (2015) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-015-9395-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“2012), and work satisfaction and work performance (Bond and Flaxman 2006).”
BackgroundImproving flexible parenting with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A case study
Flujas-Contreras, J. M., & Gómez, I. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.02.006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Parker, S. L., Laurie, K. R., Newton, C. J., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Moreover, workplace interventions that increase employee control only improvemental health and performance for those high on certain traits (e.g., psychological flexibility; Bond et al., 2008, 2009).”
BackgroundRuiz, F. J., & Luciano, C. (2012) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395813 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Psychological Flexibility and ACT at Work
Bond, F. W., Lloyd, J., Flaxman, P. E., & Archer, R. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118489857.ch22 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationWorkplace ostracism and organizational deviance: A self-regulatory perspective
Jahanzeb, S., Giles, J. P., & Mushtaq, R. (2023) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2023.2185499 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“For example, organizations offering cognitive-behavioral counseling through acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) (Bond & Flaxman, 2006) may help employees to flexibly adopt a precise approach matching their situational demands (Bonanno et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHow do workers benefit from skill utilisation and how can these benefits be enhanced?
Boxall, P., Huo, M., & Winterton, J. (2019) · Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.1177/0022185618819169 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The learning-related predictions of these theories have not frequently been tested, but have been confirmed in two longitudinal studies in call centres (Bond and Flaxman, 2006; Holman and Wall, 2002).”
ResultThe Spanish version of the Work-related Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (WAAQ)
Ruiz, F. J., & Odriozola-González, P. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.110 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…outcomes, including mental health, better job performance, increased capacity to learn skills at work, and absence rates (e.g., Bond & Bunce, 2003; Bond & Flaxman, 2006; Donaldson & Bond, 2004) even when controlling for negative affectivity and locus of control (Bond & Bunce, 2003), and emotional…”
HSE management standards indicator tool and positive work-related outcomes
Toderi, S., & Balducci, C. (2015) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-11-2013-0044 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lotfizadeh, A. D., Edwards, T. L., & Poling, A. D. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1080/01608061.2014.914010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Clearly, MO and related terms have entered the vernacular of JOBM authors, which suggests that Agnew (1997) and Olson et al. (2001) argued rightly in contending that the MO concept would prove useful in understanding and improving human behavior in organizational settings.”
InfluentialHavermans, B. M., Boot, C. R. L., Hoekstra, T., Houtman, I. L. D., Brouwers, E. P. M., Anema, J. R., & van der Beek, A. J. (2017) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1261-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This finding does not seem to fit numerous other studies, in which autonomy is positively associated with mental health (Bond and Flaxman 2006; Thompson and Prottas 2006).”
ResultWardley, M. N., Flaxman, P. E., Willig, C., & Gillanders, D. T. (2014) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105314557977 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“A contemporary cognitive and behavioural approach, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT said as a word rather than three letters), has a growing body of research indicating its effectiveness within the working population (Bond and Bunce, 2000; Bond and Flaxman, 2006; Flaxman and Bond, 2010b; Hayes et al., 2004).”
Positive Approaches to Leadership Development
MacKie, D. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118977620.ch17 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Work overload and leader–member exchange: The moderating role of psychological flexibility
Kopperud, K. H., Buch, R., & Skogen, C. (2021) · Journal of General Management · doi:10.1177/0306307020942905 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Psychological flexibility is an individual characteristic involving the ability to focus on the current situation and act according to personal goals and values, regardless of any joint experience of difficult or unwanted psychological events (Bond and Flaxman, 2006; Bond et al., 2008, 2013).”
BackgroundPaliliunas, D., Burke, R. V., Taylor, S., Frizell, C. B., Durbin, K. K., & Hutchings, D. L. (2022) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-022-00707-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Psychological flexibility refers to a person’s ability to persist with or change their behavior in accordance with values-based contingencies while contacting all public and private stimuli in the current environment (e.g., Bond & Flaxman, 2006).”
BackgroundKuo, C., Ye, Y., Chen, M., & Chen, L. H. (2017) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12111 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…psychological flexibility in facilitating work-related outcomes has been investigated in previous research via different research methods, including general assessment, work-specific assessment, and group intervention (Bond & Bunce, 2003; Bond & Flaxman, 2006; Bond et al., 2006, 2008, 2010, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodMingjie, Z. H. O. U., Fugui, L. I., Mu, W., Fan, W., ZHANG, J., & ZHANG, M. (2022) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2023.00390 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Xu, X., Liu, X., Ou, M., Xie, C., & Chen, Y. (2017) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.4103/apjon.apjon_62_17 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Higher levels of psychological flexibility correlate with better mental health, better job performance, and an increased capacity to learn skills at work.([28,50]) ACT interventions can improve employees’ mental health, increase innovation, and reduce the risk of burnout by increasing their psychological flexibility.”
BackgroundMojallal, M., Simons, R. M., Quevillon, R. P., & Hatwan, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23371 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Multilevel Framework for Compassionate Care in ABA: Approaches to Cultivate a Nurturing System
Denegri, S., Cymbal, D. J., & Catrone, R. G. (2023) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-023-00828-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Emotional schemas in relation to educators’ social and emotional competencies to promote student SEL
Jennings, P. A., Álamos, P., Baelen, R. N., Jeon, L., & Nicholas-Hoff, P. Y. (2024) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2024.100064 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Costantini, A., Sartori, R., & Ceschi, A. (2017) · Aligning perspectives on health, safety and well-being · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56333-6_9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Holmberg, J., Kemani, M. K., Holmström, L., Öst, L., & Wicksell, R. K. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.08.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
psychological flexibility training to enhance resilience in military personnel
Evans, W. R., Meyer, E. C., Moore, B. A., & Peterson, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Military Social Work and Behavioral Health Services · doi:10.1080/21635781.2023.2246900 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The burgeoning research on ACT training provides an early indication of the potential of ACT-based training for improving group functioning in the military workplace (e.g., Bond & Flaxman, 2006; Moran, 2015).”
Spiritual power: the internal, renewable social power source
Goltz, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.1080/14766086.2011.630171 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…thought to be due to the ability of people with increased flexibility not to be distracted by interfering thoughts such as frustration and to be able to more effectively experience the present moment fully, including assessing what the situation affords (Bond and Flaxman 2006; Bond et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialMindfulness and meditation in the workplace: An acceptance and commitment therapy approach
Bond, F. W., Flaxman, P. E., & Lloyd, J. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780199688906.003.0011 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDeval, C., Bernard-Curie, S., & Monestès, J. (2016) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2016.10.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Contextual behavioural coaching: An evidence-based model for supporting behaviour change
Hulbert‐Williams, L., Hochard, K. D., Hulbert-Williams, N., Archer, R., Nicholls, W., & Wilson, K. G. (2016) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2016.11.2.142 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In the work setting, psychological flexibility has been shown to be predictive of job performance (Bond & Flaxman, 2006), attitudes toward learning new skills (ibid.)”
Østergaard, T., Lundgren, T., Zettle, R., Jonassen, R., Harmer, C. J., Stiles, T. C., Landrø, N. I., & Haaland, V. Ø. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2515-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Psychological flexibility has shown to be associated with higher life satisfaction, emotional well-being, job performance, and job satisfaction [28 – 31].”
Malouf, P., Quinlan, E., & Mohi, S. R. (2023) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2163159 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Brassey, J., van Witteloostuijn, A. C., Huszka, C., Silberzahn, T., & van Dam, N. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237821 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Effectiveness was found in the financial sector amongst customer service center workers [16], and in samples from call center employees [19], a corporate call center [20], a media organization [15], and middle managers in medium and large-sized companies [28].”
BackgroundAcceptance & commitment therapy for school leaders’ well-being: an initial feasibility study
Gillard, D., Wright, D., McNally, A., Flaxman, P. E., McIntosh, R., & Honey, K. L. (2020) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2020.1855120 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, J. Y. S., Whittingham, K., & Mitchell, A. E. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104343 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Organizational change: insights from Buddhism and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT)
Goltz, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.1080/14766086.2018.1513857 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Psychological flexibility involves the ability to more consciously attend to the present situation and more consciously change behavior (see Bond and Bunce 2003; Bond and Flaxman 2006; Fletcher and Hayes 2005).”
BackgroundWang, J., & Fang, S. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100765 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bond, F. W., & Flaxman, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Organizational Behavior Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-11-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 113-130
- ISSN
- 0160-8061 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8604
- OpenAlex
- W2116261668
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- psychological flexibility, job control, employee performance, mental health, workplace learning, call center employees, software training, work organization, individual differences, interaction effects
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