Sleep symptoms associated with intake of specific dietary nutrients
Open accessAbstract
Sleep symptoms are associated with weight gain and cardiometabolic disease. The potential role of diet has been largely unexplored. Data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used (n = 4552) to determine which nutrients were associated with sleep symptoms in a nationally representative sample. Survey items assessed difficulty falling asleep, sleep maintenance difficulties, non-restorative sleep and daytime sleepiness. Analyses were adjusted for energy intake, other dietary factors, exercise, body mass index (BMI) and sociodemographics. Population-weighted, logistic regression, with backwards-stepwise selection, examined which nutrients were associated with sleep symptoms. Odds ratios (ORs) reflect the difference in odds of sleep symptoms associated with a doubling in nutrient. Nutrients that were associated independently with difficulty falling asleep included (in order): alpha-carotene (OR = 0.96), selenium (OR = 0.80), dodecanoic acid (OR = 0.91), calcium (OR = 0.83) and hexadecanoic acid (OR = 1.10). Nutrients that were associated independently with sleep maintenance difficulties included: salt (OR = 1.19), butanoic acid (0.81), carbohydrate (OR = 0.71), dodecanoic acid (OR = 0.90), vitamin D (OR = 0.84), lycopene (OR = 0.98), hexanoic acid (OR = 1.25) and moisture (OR = 1.27). Nutrients that were associated independently with non-restorative sleep included butanoic acid (OR = 1.09), calcium (OR = 0.81), vitamin C (OR = 0.92), water (OR = 0.98), moisture (OR = 1.41) and cholesterol (OR = 1.10). Nutrients that were associated independently with sleepiness included: moisture (OR = 1.20), theobromine (OR = 1.04), potassium (OR = 0.70) and water (OR = 0.97). These results suggest novel associations between sleep symptoms and diet/metabolism, potentially explaining associations between sleep and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Among a large sample (n = 4452) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey, lower carbohydrate intake was significantly associated (OR 0.71; 0.55-0.92, p = 0.01) with insomnia symptoms (difficulty maintaining sleep).
“Among a large sample (n = 4452) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey lower carbohydrate intake (24–h recall and structured interview) has been significantly associated (OR 0.71; 0.55–0.92, p = 0.01) with insomnia symptoms (difficulty maintaining sleep) [46].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
Several studies found an association between optimal sleep (not short sleepers and/or better sleep quality) and healthier eating habits, such as eating breakfast, eating more regular meals, snacking less, eating at home more often, and a greater variety of foods in the diet.
“Several studies also found an association with optimal sleep (not short sleepers and/or better sleep quality) and healthier eating habits, such as eating breakfast, eating more regular meals, snacking less, eating at home more often and a greater variety of foods in the diet [156, 157, 162, 169–172].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [171]
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“01) with insomnia symptoms (difficulty maintaining sleep) [46].”
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- Authors
- Grandner, M. A., Jackson, N., Gerstner, J. R., & Knutson, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grandner, Michael A.
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-09-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-34
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- PMC
- PMC3866235
- OpenAlex
- W2115363008
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 20.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NHLBI (T32HL007713, K23HL110216, P30HL101859)
- AHA (12SDG9180007)
- NIEHS (R21ES022931)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep symptoms, dietary nutrients, difficulty falling asleep, sleep maintenance difficulty, non-restorative sleep, daytime sleepiness, alpha-carotene, selenium, calcium, salt intake, vitamin D, lycopene, saturated fatty acids, cardiometabolic disease, weight gain
- MeSH terms
- Lycopene, Adult, Calcium, Carotenoids, Cholesterol, Diet, Diet Surveys, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Humans, Lauric Acids, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Selenium, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Vitamin D, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Odds Ratio, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Palmitic Acid, Butyric Acid
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