Brooding and reflection as subtypes of rumination: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis in nonclinical samples using the dutch ruminative response scale.
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The RRS has good validity and a stable structure supporting the multidimensional nature of rumination.
“This scale has a good validity and a stable structure to support the multidimensional nature of rumination (Treynor et al., 2003; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
From Coexistence and different determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Chinese survivors after earthquake: role of resilience and rumination (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs et al., 2010
Cites
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Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
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“Both the original WBSI and the Dutch version which we used in the present study (Muris et al. 1996) show good internal and temporal reliability as well as concurrent validity (Muris and Merckelbach 1997; Muris et al. 1996; Van den Hout et al. 1996; Wegner and Zanakos 1994 ).”
MethodSelf-citationTrapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284 · Cited by 1,646 · see citing works
Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
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The association between rumination and negative affect: A review
Kirkegaard Thomsen, D. (2006) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500473533 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Horselenberg, R. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00005-8 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
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McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Specificity of rumination in anxiety and depression: A multimodal meta‐analysis.
Olatunji, B. O., Naragon-Gainey, K., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1037/h0101719 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Zimmerman, M., & Mattia, J. I. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.787 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., Stroebe, W., Schut, H. A. W., Lancee, J., & Stroebe, M. S. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.05.007 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Research in nonclinical samples supported the Dutch RRS brooding and reflection subscales ’ reliability ( α = .75 – .78) and validity (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
Dampening of positive affect prospectively predicts depressive symptoms in non-clinical samples
Raes, F., Smets, J., Nelis, S., & Schoofs, H. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.555474 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“The Dutch version was used for which adequate psychometric properties are reported (Schoofs, Hermans, & Raes, 2010 ).”
MethodSelf-citationRumination and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta-analysis
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., & Lavender, J. M. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.004 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Debeer, E., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210903376243 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“The Dutch version by Raes, Hermans, and Eelen ( 2003b ) was used (see also Schoofs, Hermans, & Raes, 2009 ).”
MethodSelf-citationCladder-Micus, M. B., Speckens, A. E. M., Vrijsen, J. N., T. Donders, A. R., Becker, E. S., & Spijker, J. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22788 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Rumination Mediates the Prospective Effect of Low Self-Esteem on Depression
Kuster, F., Orth, U., & Meier, L. L. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212437250 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Cognitive inflexibility and suicidal ideation: Mediating role of brooding and hopelessness
Miranda, R., Valderrama, J., Tsypes, A., Gadol, E., & Gallagher, M. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.033 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“The Brooding subscale, consisting of five items, measures the degree to which individuals dwell on their negative moods, and is considered to be a maladaptive form of rumination (see Treynor et al., 2003; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAdaptive and maladaptive rumination after loss: A three‐wave longitudinal study
Eisma, M. C., Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M. S., Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & Stroebe, W. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12067 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Repetitive Thought and Self-Reported Sleep Disturbance
Takano, K., Iijima, Y., & Tanno, Y. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.04.002 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Turker Blues: Hidden Factors Behind Increased Depression Rates Among Amazon’s Mechanical Turkers
Ophir, Y., Sisso, I., Asterhan, C. S. C., Tikochinski, R., & Reichart, R. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619865973 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Dutch Version of the Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire
Raes, F., Daems, K., Feldman, G., Johnson, S. L., & Gucht, D. V. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-49-4-293 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationTopper, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Watkins, E., & Ehring, T. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12052 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“In this study, the Dutch translation of the RRS was used (Raes & Hermans, 2007) for which adequate reliability was reported (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodVelotti, P., Rogier, G., Beomonte Zobel, S., & Billieux, J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102037 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Vanderhasselt, M., Kühn, S., & Raedt, R. D. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0022-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Self-report measures of rumination and emotion regulation In order to assess the tendency for depressive brooding, we administered the Rumination Response Scale (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Treynor et al., 2003; Dutch translation by Raes & Hermans, 2007; RRS–NL; Schoofs, Hermans, & Raes 2011 ).”
MethodValidation of the Dutch Version of the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ-NL)
Ehring, T., Raes, F., Weidacker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2012) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000097 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationTanner, A. K., Voon, D., Hasking, P. A., & Martin, G. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9492-1 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“These findings were replicated in a Dutch sample of undergraduate students using confirmatory factor analysis (Schoofs et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe roles of emotion regulation and ruminative thoughts in non‐suicidal self‐injury
Voon, D., Hasking, P. A., & Martin, G. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12030 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Gotink, R. A., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Geschwind, N., De Nooij, R., De Groot, W. T., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0550-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The brooding subscale of the 22-item Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) (Schoofs, Hermans, and Raes 2010) was used to assess rumination.”
MethodBoelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., & Smid, G. E. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rosenkranz, T., Takano, K., Watkins, E., & Ehring, T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231783 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“78 for reflection and brooding, respectively [28].”
BackgroundRumination following bereavement: an overview
Eisma, M. C., & Stroebe, M. S. (2017) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2017.1349291 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Madrid, H. M., Senra, C., & Ferreiro, F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156169 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Finally, it should also be noted that reflection-rumination does not appear to play any significant mediating role in any case, in accordance with previous results [18,51,52].”
ResultParola, N., Zendjidjian, X. Y., Alessandrini, M., Baumstarck, K., Loundou, A., Fond, G. B., Berna, F. S., Lançon, C., Auquier, P., & Boyer, L. (2017) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s125730 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Rumination is a well-established risk factor for the onset and maintenance of major depression and anxiety symptomatology, 15,22,55 and is described as a major vulnerability factor for depression in young individuals.”
InfluentialTRANSLATION AND INITIAL VALIDATION OF THE JAPANESE VERSION OF THE RUMINATIVE RESPONSES SCALE1
Hasegawa, A. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.08.pr0.112.3.716-726 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Wu, K., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, P., & Wei, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01043 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“So 318 participants were included in the final analysis.”
BackgroundTechnostress in students and quality of online learning: role of instructor and university support
Saleem, F., Chikhaoui, E., & Malik, M. I. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1309642 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Reexamining trait rumination as a system of repetitive negative thoughts: A network analysis
Bernstein, E. E., Heeren, A., & McNally, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.005 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Aging faster: worry and rumination in late life are associated with greater brain age
Karim, H., Ly, M., Yu, G. Z., Krafty, R., Tudorascu, D., Aizenstein, H., & Andreescu, C. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The neural basis of unwanted thoughts during resting state.
Kühn, S., Vanderhasselt, M., de Raedt, R., & Gallinat, J. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst117 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In order to assess trait-based tendencies to ruminate we administered the Rumination Response Scale (RRS, Treynor et al., 2003, in the Dutch translation used by Schoofs et al., 2010) with the subscales reflection and brooding.”
MethodBrooding Rumination and Risk for Depressive Disorders in Children of Depressed Mothers
Gibb, B. E., Grassia, M., Stone, L. B., Uhrlass, D. J., & McGeary, J. E. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9554-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“There is growing evidence that brooding and reflective rumination are distinct constructs and that brooding represents a more maladaptive form of rumination than reflection, with stronger links to depression and suicide attempts (e.g., Armey et al. 2009; Grassia and Gibb 2008, 2009; Schoofs et al. 2010; Treynor et al.…”
Are Rumination and Worry Two Sides of the Same Coin? A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Topper, M., Molenaar, D., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Ehring, T. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.038813 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Burger, A., van der Does, W., Brosschot, J., & Verkuil, B. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107863 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
When Thinking Impairs Sleep: Trait, Daytime and Nighttime Repetitive Thinking in Insomnia
Lancee, J., Eisma, M. C., van Zanten, K. B., & Topper, M. (2015) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2015.1083022 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Shigemoto, Y., Low, B. E., Borowa, D., & Robitschek, C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22423 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Burger, A., van der Does, W., Thayer, J. F., Brosschot, J., & Verkuil, B. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
How thinking hurts: Rumination, worry, and avoidance processes in adjustment to bereavement
Eisma, M. C., de Lang, T. A., & Boelen, P. A. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2440 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
del Palacio‐González, A., Clark, D. A., & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2016) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2738 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Rumination subtypes in relation to problematic substance use in adolescence
Willem, L., Bijttebier, P., Claes, L., & Raes, F. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.020 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Previous studies have supported the reliability and the validity of the RRS (Schoofs et al., 2010; Treynor et al., 2003).”
ResultSelf-citationThe relationship between rumination and NSSI: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Coleman, S. E., Dunlop, B., Hartley, S., & Taylor, P. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12350 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Die Ruminationsfacetten Brooding und Reflection
Huffziger, S., & Kühner, C. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000118 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Woody, M. L., McGeary, J., & Gibb, B. E. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035450 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Espinosa, F., Romero, N., & Sánchez-López, Á. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00133-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“, 2003), has been identified as a particularly maladaptive form of RNT, and it has been largely associated with the onset of depressive symptoms (Nolen‐Hoeksema et al., 2008; Treynor et al. 2003; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
BackgroundEffect of regulating anger and sadness on decision-making
Szasz, P. L., Hofmann, S., Heilman, R., & Curtiss, J. E. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1203354 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Raes, F., Hoes, D., Gucht, D. V., Kanter, J. W., & Hermans, D. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationHow do Rumination and Social Problem Solving Intensify Depression? A Longitudinal Study
Hasegawa, A., Kunisato, Y., Morimoto, H., Nishimura, H., & Matsuda, Y. (2017) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-017-0272-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…to 1 year later, whereas reflection was associated with less depression or showed no such association, indicating that brooding may represent a more maladaptive aspect of rumination than reflection (Treynor et al. 2003; Pearson et al. 2010; Schoofs et al. 2010; but see Hasegawa et al. 2015a).”
BackgroundMethodHow brooding minds inhibit negative material: an event-related fMRI study.
Vanderhasselt, M., Baeken, C., Schuerbeek, P. V., Luypaert, R., de Mey, J., & de Raedt, R. (2013) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.01.007 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Moreover, the mean brooding and reflection scores of this sample are within the range of one standard deviation from the mean scores of brooding and reflection of a study using two large samples (N > 400) of nonclinical volunteers (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
Raes, F., Schoofs, H., Griffith, J., & Hermans, D. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.03.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationKatz, B. A., Lustig, N., Assis, Y., & Yovel, I. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000420 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Attentional control, rumination and recurrence of depression.
Figueroa, C., DeJong, H., Mocking, R., Fox, E., Rive, M., Schene, A., Stein, A., & Ruhé, H. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.072 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mocking, R. J. T., Figueroa, C. A., Rive, M. M., Geugies, H., Servaas, M. N., Assies, J., Koeter, M. W. J., Vaz, F. M., Wichers, M., van Straalen, J. P., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009510 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Brooding and reflecting in an interpersonal context
Bastin, M., Bijttebier, P., Raes, F., & Vasey, M. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.062 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpretation bias characterizes trait rumination.
Mor, N., Hertel, P. T., Ngo, T., Shachar, T., & Redak, S. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.08.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Watson-Singleton, N. N., Mekawi, Y., Wilkins, K. V., & Jatta, I. (2020) · Journal of counseling and psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000436 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
He, J., Liu, Y., Chang, C., Fang, S., Wang, X., & Yao, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626859 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“76) and good validity in the USA (13, 14), Japan (8), Korea (15), Dutch (16), Brazil (17), France (18), and Spain (19), and in clinical and non-clinical samples (20).”
BackgroundRumination and self-reflection in stress narratives and relations to psychological functioning
Marin, K. A., & Rotondo, E. K. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1124122 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…Introduction, the coding scheme was adapted from existing theory on rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008; O’Connor & Noyce, 2008; Schoofs et al., 2010; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999; Treynor et al., 2003) and narrative meaning making (Greenhoot & McLean, 2013; McLean, 2005).”
MethodPsychometric properties of the 10-item ruminative response scale in Chinese university students
Lei, X., Zhong, M., Liu, Y., Xi, C., Ling, Y., Zhu, X.-Z., Yao, S., & Yi, J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1318-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rumination and Performance in Dynamic, Team Sport
Roy, M. M., Memmert, D., Frees, A., Radzevick, J. R., Pretz, J., & Noël, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02016 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Reflective rumination involves repeatedly thinking about a negative situation in a manner that is more contemplative and active in an attempt to assess and solve the problem (Roberts et al., 1998; Treynor et al., 2003; Burwell and Shirk, 2007; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGrant, D., Judah, M. R., Mills, A. C., Lechner, W. V., Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9399-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“discriminant validity of its subscales (Schoofs et al. 2010).”
Body image and depression in endometriosis: Examining self-esteem and rumination as mediators.
Pehlivan, M. J., Sherman, K., Wuthrich, V., Horn, M., Basson, M., & Duckworth, T. (2022) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Golan, O., Haruvi-Lamdan, N., Laor, N., & Horesh, D. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211035240 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This is in line with other studies, which have failed to find an association between reflection and psychopathology (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
ResultThe form and function of depressive rumination
Bartošková, M., Ševčíková, M., Durisko, Z., Maslej, M. M., Barbic, S., Preiss, M., & Andrews, P. W. (2018) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.01.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bugay-Sökmez, A., Manuoğlu, E., Coşkun, M., & Sümer, N. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01799-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bastin, M., Vanhalst, J., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0746-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Brooding has consistently been found to be maladaptive, being associated with higher depressive symptoms (e.g., Burwell and Shirk 2007; Schoofs et al. 2010), whereas reflection has been found to be rather benign or even adaptive in the context of depressive symptoms (e.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDampening and brooding jointly link temperament with depressive symptoms: A prospective study
Hudson, M. R., Harding, K., & Mezulis, A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.025 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Geuens, N., Verheyen, H., Vlerick, P., Bogaert, P. V., & Franck, E. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230883 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“However, reflection is also not entirely harmless [29].”
BackgroundHuang, V., Yu, M., Carleton, R. N., & Beshai, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224865 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The available results suggest that brooding and reflection may exert differential effects on depression, wherein brooding is more related to the negative outcomes of rumination and the risk of the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms [22].”
BackgroundMogoașe, C., Brailean, A., & David, D. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9514-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Previous research has reported adequate psychometric properties for this instrument (e.g., Schoofs et al. 2010).”
MethodFactor structure of the Ruminative Responses Scale: A community-sample study
Griffith, J., & Raes, F. (2015) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000231 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“75 for brooding and reflection, respectively (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
MethodSelf-citationMcMahon, G. E., Douglas, A., Casey, K., & Ahern, E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.142 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Anderson, N. L., & Lavender, J. M. (2019) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.01.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cladder-Micus, M. B., Becker, E. S., Spijker, J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-09997-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ruminative Inertia and Its Association With Current Severity and Lifetime Course of Depression
Bean, C., Heggeness, L. F., Kalmbach, D. A., & Ciesla, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620949174 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hasegawa, A., Koda, M., Kondo, T., Hattori, Y., & Kawaguchi, J. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.15.pr0.113x24z5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Schut, D. M., & Boelen, P. A. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The Dutch 10-item version of the RRS was used for which adequate psychometric properties have been reported (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
MethodGroup metacognitive therapy for adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders: A pilot study
Thorslund, J., McEvoy, P. M., & Anderson, R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22914 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sun, J.-W., Lin, P., Zhang, H., Li, J.-H., & Cao, F. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1385740 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“that supports the multidimensional nature of rumination (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
BackgroundExamining cognitive performance: Do perfectionism and rumination matter?
Desnoyers, A., & Arpin-Cribbie, C. A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.050 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Takano, K., Grieken, J. V., & Raes, F. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.02.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSmets, J., Griffith, J. W., Wessel, I., Walschaerts, D., & Raes, F. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.756039 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“, happy, social, friendly; see Schoofs et al., 2012, for a detailed description). These positive words were used because they resemble characteristics of the ideal self (Schoofs et al., 2012). In this way our induction combined with the content of the AMT would enhance selfdiscrepancies. The cues were read aloud one b…”
MethodSelf-citationExperiential acceptance and trait‐mindfulness as predictors of analogue post‐traumatic stress.
Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2018) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12138 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Latent class analysis of indicators of intolerance of uncertainty
Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12440 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A multi factorial model of self-harm behaviors in Anorexia-nervosa and Bulimia-nervosa.
Sagiv, E., & Gvion, Y. (2019) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152142 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness for relatives of missing persons: a pilot study
Lenferink, L., de Keijser, J., Wessel, I., & Boelen, P. (2019) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-019-0472-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Perry, Y., Calear, A. L., Mackinnon, A. J., Batterham, P. J., Licinio, J., KING, C. A., Thomsen, N., Scott, J. L., Donker, T., Merry, S., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0929-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The scale has good construct validity [79] and convergent and discriminant validity [80].”
BackgroundRakhimov, A., Realo, A., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2093731 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The Brooding subscale showed good convergent and discriminant validity (Schoofs et al., 2010).”
MethodCladder-Micus, M. B., Vrijsen, J., Becker, E., Donders, R., Spijker, J., & Speckens, A. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0647-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“brooding) [33].”
Effect of self-discrepancy on specificity of autobiographical memory retrieval
Schoofs, H., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.637934 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The Dutch version by Raes, Schoofs, and colleagues (2009) was used, for which adequate reliability and validity is reported (Schoofs, Hermans, & Raes, 2010 ).”
MethodSelf-citationDoes Rumination Mediate the Unique Effects of Shame and Guilt on Procrastination?
Oflazian, J. S., & Borders, A. (2022) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00466-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“These subscales show good convergent and discriminant validity (Schoofs et al., 2010; Treynor et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-Focused Attention and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Burns, A., Irvine, M., & Woodcock, K. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3732-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kocsel, N., Köteles, F. G., Szemenyei, E., Szabó, E., Galambos, A., & Kökönyei, G. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Consequences of Choking in Sport: A Constructive or Destructive Experience?
Hill, D. M., Cheesbrough, M., Gorczynski, P., & Matthews, N. L. (2019) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2018-0070 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Measurement Invariance of the Ruminative Responses Scale Across Gender
Whisman, M. A., Miranda, R., Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Jeglic, E. L., & Weinstock, L. M. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118774131 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Relatively poor fit for the two-factor model of the Dutch version of the 10-item RRS was found in a Dutch-speaking, Belgian undergraduate sample (Schoofs et al., 2010) and community sample (Griffith & Raes, 2014).”
MethodResultdel Palacio-Gonzalez, A., & Berntsen, D. (2017) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.11.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
den Broeck, K. V., Claes, L., Pieters, G., & Raes, F. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationJoubert, A., Grierson, A., Li, I., Sharrock, M., Moulds, M. L., Werner-Seidler, A., Stech, E., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Newby, J. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104378 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Heissel, A., Pietrek, A., Kangas, M., van der Kaap-Deeder, J., & Rapp, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020395 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“This leads previous studies to conclude that brooding, relative to reflection, represents the particularly maladaptive component of rumination [33,41], whereas the reflection component correlates with basic need frustration, but does not predict depressive symptoms.”
Backgroundde Klerk-Sluis, J. M., Huijbers, M., Löcke, S., Spijker, J., Spinhoven, P., Speckens, A., & Ruhé, H. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23220 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schoofs, H., Hermans, D., & Raes, F.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Schoofs, Hanne
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2010-03-02
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 609-617
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2028185525
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 17.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- rumination, brooding, reflection, depressive rumination, Ruminative Response Scale, psychometric properties, factor structure, depressive symptoms, non-clinical sample
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