The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Observing Physical Education Teachers’ Need-Supportive Interactions in Classroom Settings
Abstract
According to self-determination theory, teachers can motivate students by supporting their psychological needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. The present study complements extant research (most of which relied on self-report measures) by relying on observations of need-supportive teaching in the domain of physical education (PE), which allows for the identification of concrete, real-life examples of how teacher need support manifests in the classroom. Seventy-four different PE lessons were coded for 5-min intervals to assess the occurrence of 21 need-supportive teaching behaviors. Factor analyses provided evidence for four interpretable factors, namely, relatedness support, autonomy support, and two components of structure (structure before and during the activity). Reasonable evidence was obtained for convergence between observed and student perceived need support. Yet, the low interrater reliability for two of the four scales indicates that these scales need further improvement.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Mirroring sparse prior research, eight studies in our sample found teacher autonomy support and provision of structure negatively correlated (e.g., Archambault et al., 2020;Domen et al., 2020;Haerens et al., 2013;Hornstra et al., 2020Hornstra et al., , 2021)).”
From Blending Teacher Autonomy Support and Provision of Structure in the Classroom for Optimal Motivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Haerens et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Similarly, what a PE teacher says and does to support students' autonomy (Haerens et al. 2013) may not be identical to what science teachers do (Patall et al. 2018).”
From Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions (2020) · cites this paper as Haerens et al. 2013
Citations
Cites
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68 · Cited by 54,599
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors
Cattell, R. B. (1966) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 · Cited by 13,554
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005) · University of Massachusetts Amherst · doi:10.7275/jyj1-4868 · Cited by 10,297
Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice,
(2002) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00362-4 · Cited by 9,494
Multilevel analysis techniques and applications
Hox, J. J., Moerbeek, M., & van de Schoot, R. (2002) · Cited by 6,006
Handbook of Self-Determination Research
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004) · Cited by 4,528
Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J. (1993) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.85.4.571 · Cited by 3,428 · cited 1×
“Competence refers to pupils’ experience of a sense of effectance and to the display of confidence to achieve desired outcomes (Skinner & Belmont, 1993; Sierens, Vansteenkiste, Goossens, Soenens, & Dochy, 2009).”
BackgroundA Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory
Bowlby, J. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,379
The support of autonomy and the control of behavior.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.6.1024 · Cited by 3,242
Facilitating Internalization: The Self‐Determination Theory Perspective
Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x · Cited by 2,627
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282485 · Cited by 2,454
Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic?
Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012840 · Cited by 2,037
Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school.
Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143 · Cited by 1,777
REEVE, J. (2009) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520903028990 · Cited by 1,728
Jang, H., Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019682 · Cited by 1,650 · cited 5×
“Similarly, the provision of help during activities (Jang et al., 2010) is critical to overcome problems, but does not guarantee that children will ultimately manage to effectively engage in the required activities.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUnderstanding and Using Factor Scores: Considerations for the Applied Researcher
DiStefano, C., Zhu, M., & Mîndrilă, D. (2020) · doi:10.7275/da8t-4g52 · Cited by 1,643
Enhancing Students' Engagement by Increasing Teachers' Autonomy Support
Reeve, J., Jang, H., Carrell, D., Jeon, S., & Barch, J. (2004) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/b:moem.0000032312.95499.6f · Cited by 1,594
What teachers say and do to support students' autonomy during a learning activity.
Reeve, J., & Jang, H. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.209 · Cited by 1,583
Advances in Motivation and Achievement
(2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0749-742320140000018017 · Cited by 1,545
A test of self‐determination theory in school physical education
Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2005) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709904x22359 · Cited by 1,205
Assor, A., Kaplan, H., & Roth, G. (2002) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709902158883 · Cited by 1,109
Patall, E. A., Cooper, H., & Robinson, J. C. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.270 · Cited by 1,101
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211413125 · Cited by 1,064
A self-determination approach to the understanding of motivation in physical education
Ntoumanis, N. (2001) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709901158497 · Cited by 1,031
Foundations of Clinical Research
Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (1993) · Cited by 979
Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C. P., & Soenens, B. (2010) · Advances in Motivation and Achievement · doi:10.1108/s0749-7423(2010)000016a007 · Cited by 864
Self-citationExperiences of Autonomy and Control Among Chinese Learners: Vitalizing or Immobilizing?
Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W., & Soenens, B. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.468 · Cited by 725
Self-citationJang, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., & Kim, A. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014241 · Cited by 713
Handbook of Classroom Management
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203874783 · Cited by 669
Sierens, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., & Dochy, F. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709908x304398 · Cited by 618 · cited 5×
“In line with previous studies (Koka & Hein, 2005; Mouratidis et al., 2008; Sierens et al., 2009), structure during the activity involved practices such as helping the pupils, giving advice and guidelines, providing positive feedback, and monitoring whether pupils live up to the instructions.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSoenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2005) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-8948-y · Cited by 609
Self-citationIssues and Challenges in Studying Parental Control: Toward a New Conceptualization
Grolnick, W. S., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2009) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x · Cited by 601 · cited 1×
“Structure then refers to those teaching behaviors that contribute to the development of competence among pupils (Grolnick & Pomerantz, 2009).”
BackgroundVansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., Dochy, F., Mouratidis, A., Aelterman, N., Haerens, L., & Beyers, W. (2012) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.04.002 · Cited by 542
Self-citationVallerand, R. J., & Reid, G. (1984) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.6.1.94 · Cited by 527
Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2006) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2006.10599336 · Cited by 468
Patrick, B. C., Hisley, J., & Kempler, T. M. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220970009600093 · Cited by 431
Tessier, D. P., Sarrazin, P. G., & Ntoumanis, N. (2010) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.05.005 · Cited by 399
Sheldon, K., & Filak, V. F. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x238797 · Cited by 397
Supporting students' motivation, engagement, and learning during an uninteresting activity.
Jang, H. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012841 · Cited by 387
Mouratidis, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Sideridis, G. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.2.240 · Cited by 382
Self-citationReeve, J., Jang, H., Hardre, P., & Omura, M. (2002) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1021711629417 · Cited by 342
Testing a self‐determination theory‐based teaching style intervention in the exercise domain
Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.463 · Cited by 336
Cox, A., & Williams, L. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.2.222 · Cited by 297
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Soenens, B., & Lens, W. (2004) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.26.2.232 · Cited by 239
Self-citationReeve, J., & Tseng, C.-M. (2011) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9204-2 · Cited by 223
Vansteenkiste, M., Williams, G. C., & Resnicow, K. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-23 · Cited by 198
Self-citationTaylor, I. M., & Lonsdale, C. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.5.655 · Cited by 194
Zhang, T., Solmon, M. A., Kosma, M., Carson, R. L., & Gu, X. (2011) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.30.1.51 · Cited by 184
Soenens, B., Duriez, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Goossens, L. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206296300 · Cited by 180
Self-citationExamining the components and concomitants of parental structure in the academic domain
Farkas, M. S., & Grolnick, W. S. (2010) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9176-7 · Cited by 176
Mouratidis, A. A., Vansteenkiste, M., Sideridis, G., & Lens, W. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022773 · Cited by 169
Self-citationTessier, D. P., Sarrazin, P. G., & Ntoumanis, N. (2008) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172998 · Cited by 152
The Effects of Choice on the Motivation of Adolescent Girls in Physical Education
Prusak, K. A., Treasure, D. C., Darst, P. W., & Pangrazi, R. P. (2004) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.23.1.19 · Cited by 141
Children's motivational experiences following autonomy-supportive games lessons
Mandigo, J., Holt, N. L., Anderson, A., & Sheppard, J. (2008) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x08095673 · Cited by 119
Effects of Choice on Student Motivation and Physical Activity Behavior in Physical Education
Ward, J., Wilkinson, C., Graser, S. V., & Prusak, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.27.3.385 · Cited by 118
Simons, J., Dewitte, S., & Lens, W. (2003) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.25.2.145 · Cited by 94
The effect of perceived teacher feedback on intrinsic motivation in physical education.
Koka, A., & Hein, V. (2005) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 79
Stornes, T., Bru, E., & Idsøe, T. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830802025124 · Cited by 71
Extrinsic Rewards and Inner Motivation
Reeve, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203874783-34 · Cited by 43
Lorenz, F. O., Melby, J. N., Conger, R. D., & Xu, X. (2007) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.498 · Cited by 38
Search for autonomy in motor task learning in physical education university students
Murcia, J. A. M., Lacárcel, J. A. V., & Álvarez, F. D. V. (2009) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-009-0008-7 · Cited by 27
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 65 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860 · Cited by 6,037
Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions
Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1 · Cited by 1,891
Self-citationAelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Haerens, L., Soenens, B., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Reeve, J. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000293 · Cited by 614
Self-citationTeixeira, P. J., Marques, M. M., Silva, M. N., Brunet, J., Duda, J. L., Haerens, L., La Guardia, J., Lindwall, M., Lonsdale, C., Markland, D., et al. (2020) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000172 · Cited by 528
Self-citationDoes observed controlling teaching behavior relate to students’ motivation in physical education?
De Meyer, J., Tallir, I. B., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., Van den Berghe, L., Speleers, L., & Haerens, L. (2014) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034399 · Cited by 261
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Haerens, L., Aelterman, N., Van den Berghe, L., De Meyer, J., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- 1Ghent University
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-17
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2120053023
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 21.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Education › Physical Education and Pedagogy
- Social Sciences › Education › Physical education and sports games research
- Keywords
- need-supportive teaching, self-determination theory, physical education teachers, relatedness support, autonomy support, classroom observation, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Faculty, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Physical Education and Training, Students, Teaching, Personal Autonomy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
