The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Motor skill learning requires active central myelination
Open accessAbstract
Myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs) are formed continuously in the healthy adult brain. In this work, we study the function of these late-forming cells and the myelin they produce. Learning a new motor skill (such as juggling) alters the structure of the brain’s white matter, which contains many OLs, suggesting that late-born OLs might contribute to motor learning. Consistent with this idea, we show that production of newly formed OLs is briefly accelerated in mice that learn a new skill (running on a “complex wheel” with irregularly spaced rungs). By genetically manipulating the transcription factor myelin regulatory factor in OL precursors, we blocked production of new OLs during adulthood without affecting preexisting OLs or myelin. This prevented the mice from mastering the complex wheel. Thus, generation of new OLs and myelin is important for learning motor skills.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the mouse, motor learning or motor behavioral improvements require proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the white matter and motor cortex (Gibson et al., 2014 ; McKenzie et al., 2014 ; Xiao et al., 2016 ).”
From Motor learning requires myelination to reduce asynchrony and spontaneity in neural activity (2020) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We focused on the primary motor cortex (M1), as the proliferation and differentiation of M1 OPCs is accelerated, and the activity of M1 cortical neurons dynamically changes during motor learning (Huber et al., 2012 ; Masamizu et al., 2014 ; McKenzie et al., 2014 ; Peters, Chen, & Komiyama, 2014 ; Xiao et al., 2016 ).”
From Motor learning requires myelination to reduce asynchrony and spontaneity in neural activity (2020) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In such a case, the synchronous input of myelinated long‐range axons connecting distant areas, and information processes with a high signal‐to‐noise ratio, may be important (Gibson et al., 2014 ; McKenzie et al., 2014 ; Xiao et al., 2016 ).”
From Motor learning requires myelination to reduce asynchrony and spontaneity in neural activity (2020) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These assessed motor learning ability using a running wheel with irregularly spaced rungs, in which the mice had to coordinate many parts of the body to avoid missing their step, even in the first session.”
From Motor learning requires myelination to reduce asynchrony and spontaneity in neural activity (2020) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“running on the wheel leads to an increase in the number of proliferating OPCs after 4 days, followed by an increase in oligodendrocytes after 8 days (20).”
From Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“increased motor skills were already apparent after 2 days in wild type mice, but not in mutant mice that were unable to synthesize new myelin (20)”
From Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the density of BCAS1+ oligodendrocytes in the cortex remains high throughout life—in stark contrast to the white matter—supporting a physiological role in neuronal function, e.g. as effectors of adaptive cortical myelination and circuit modulation.49,50”
From BCAS1-positive oligodendrocytes enable efficient cortical remyelination in multiple sclerosis (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is now known that task learning can alter dMRI attributes (Hofstetter et al., 2013; McKenzie et al., 2014; Sampaio-Baptista et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2016)”
From The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction (2018) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent evidence in animal models indicates that ongoing myelin remodeling throughout life may be important for learning, behavior, and cognition throughout adulthood (Liu et al., 2012; McKenzie et al., 2014).”
From Down Syndrome Developmental Brain Transcriptome Reveals Defective Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination (2016) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Genetic deletion of myelin regulatory factor causes deficient maturation of OPCs in mature mice, resulting in impaired motor learning (McKenzie et al., 2014 ; Xiao et al., 2016 ).”
From Motor learning requires myelination to reduce asynchrony and spontaneity in neural activity (2020) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast to our results, the effect of impaired myelin regulation was detected from the beginning of motor training in other studies (McKenzie et al., 2014 ; Xiao et al., 2016 ).”
From Motor learning requires myelination to reduce asynchrony and spontaneity in neural activity (2020) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a process that requires active myelination (20).”
From Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“suggesting that oligodendrocyte lineage cells contribute to learning already within the first 2 days.”
From Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the growing realisation that experience can alter white matter microstructure (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017; (McKenzie et al., 2014) Zatorre et al., 2012) highlights the problems of separating cause from effect.”
From The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction (2018) · cites this paper as McKenzie et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cre reporter strains produced by targeted insertion of EYFP and ECFP into the ROSA26 locus
Srinivas, S., Watanabe, T., Lin, C.-S., William, C. M., Tanabe, Y., Jessell, T. M., & Costantini, F. (2001) · BMC Developmental Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-213x-1-4 · Cited by 3,121
Training induces changes in white-matter architecture
Scholz, J., Klein, M. C., Behrens, T. E. J., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2412 · Cited by 1,508
Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain
Gibson, E. M., Purger, D., Mount, C. W., Goldstein, A. K., Lin, G. L., Wood, L. S., Inema, I., Miller, S. E., Bieri, G., Zuchero, J. B., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1252304 · Cited by 1,472
Cognitive Neuroscience and the Study of Memory
Milner, B. A., Squire, L. R., & Kandel, E. R. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80987-3 · Cited by 1,335
Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development
Bengtsson, S. L., Nagy, Z., Skare, S., Forsman, L., Forssberg, H., & Ullén, F. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1516 · Cited by 1,193
A Developmental Switch in the Response of DRG Neurons to ETS Transcription Factor Signaling
Hippenmeyer, S., Pecho‐Vrieseling, E., Sigrist, M., Portmann, T., Laengle, C., Ladle, D. R., & Arber, S. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030159 · Cited by 1,111
PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice
Rivers, L. E., Young, K. M., Rizzi, M., Jamen, F., Psachoulia, K., Wade, A., Kessaris, N., & Richardson, W. D. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2220 · Cited by 961
Self-citationA critical period for social experience-dependent oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination
Makinodan, M., Rosen, K. M., Ito, S., & Corfas, G. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1220845 · Cited by 922
Biological Pattern Generation: The Cellular and Computational Logic of Networks in Motion
Grillner, S. E. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.008 · Cited by 920
Oligodendrocyte Dynamics in the Healthy Adult CNS: Evidence for Myelin Remodeling
Young, K. M., Psachoulia, K., Tripathi, R. B., Dunn, S.-J., Cossell, L., Attwell, D., Tohyama, K., & Richardson, W. D. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.01.006 · Cited by 919
Self-citationIndra, A. K., Warot, X. M., Brocard, J., Bornert, J., Xiao, J. H., Chambon, P., & METZGER, D. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.22.4324 · Cited by 758
Proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells depends on electrical activity in axons
Barres, B. A., & Raff, M. C. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361258a0 · Cited by 673
Control of local protein synthesis and initial events in myelination by action potentials
Wake, H., Lee, P. R., & Fields, R. D. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206998 · Cited by 636
Distinct Profiles of Myelin Distribution Along Single Axons of Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex
Tomassy, G. S., Berger, D. R., Chen, H.-H., Kasthuri, N., Hayworth, K. J., Vercelli, A., Seung, H. S., Lichtman, J. W., & Arlotta, P. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1249766 · Cited by 600
Myelin gene regulatory factor is a critical transcriptional regulator required for CNS myelination
Emery, B., Agalliu, D., Cahoy, J. D., Watkins, T. A., Dugas, J. C., Mulinyawe, S. B., Ibrahim, A., Ligon, K. L., Rowitch, D. H., & Barres, B. A. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.031 · Cited by 559
Self-citationTraining of Working Memory Impacts Structural Connectivity
Takeuchi, H., Sekiguchi, A., Taki, Y., Yokoyama, S., Yomogida, Y., Komuro, N., Yamanouchi, T., Suzuki, S., & Kawashima, R. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4611-09.2010 · Cited by 531
Motor skill learning induces changes in white matter microstructure and myelination
Sampaio-Baptista, C., Khrapitchev, A. A., Foxley, S., Schlagheck, T., Scholz, J., Jbabdi, S., DeLuca, G. C., Miller, K. L., Taylor, A., Thomas, N., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3048-13.2013 · Cited by 417
Codon‐improved Cre recombinase (iCre) expression in the mouse
Shimshek, D. R., Kim, J., Hübner, M., Spergel, D. J., Buchholz, F., Casanova, E., Stewart, A. F., SEEBURG, P. H., & Sprengel, R. (2002) · genesis · doi:10.1002/gene.10023 · Cited by 398
White Matter Structure Changes as Adults Learn a Second Language
Schlegel, A. A., Rudelson, J. J., & Tse, P. U. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00240 · Cited by 330
Simon, C., Götz, M., & Dimou, L. (2011) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21156 · Cited by 313
NG2-glia as multipotent neural stem cells: fact or fantasy?
Richardson, W. D., Young, K. M., Tripathi, R. B., & McKenzie, I. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.013 · Cited by 300
Self-citationMYELINATION OF THE MOUSE CORPUS CALLOSUM
Sturrock, R. R. (1980) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00219.x · Cited by 289
The Quadrupedal Gaits of Vertebrates
Hildebrand, M. (1989) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1311182 · Cited by 282
Bujalka, H., Koenning, M., Jackson, S., Perreau, V. M., Pope, B., Hay, C. M., Mitew, S., Hill, A. F., Lu, Q. R., Wegner, M., et al. (2013) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001625 · Cited by 271
Self-citationKoenning, M., Jackson, S., Hay, C. M., Faux, C. H., Kilpatrick, T. J., Willingham, M. M., & Emery, B. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1069-12.2012 · Cited by 231
Self-citationNeuron-glia synapses in the brain
Bergles, D. E., Jabs, R., & Steinhäuser, C. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.12.003 · Cited by 207
Li, Q., Brus-Ramer, M., Martin, J. H., & McDonald, J. W. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.043 · Cited by 150
Experience-dependent regulation of NG2 progenitors in the developing barrel cortex
Mangin, J., Li, P., Scafidi, J., & Gallo, V. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3190 · Cited by 139
Enhanced white matter tracts integrity in children with abacus training
Hu, Y., Geng, F., Tao, L., Hu, N., Du, F., Fu, K., & Chen, F. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20996 · Cited by 128
Hibbits, N., Pannu, R., Wu, T. J., & Armstrong, R. C. (2009) · ASN Neuro · doi:10.1042/an20090032 · Cited by 111
Synapses on NG2‐expressing progenitors in the brain: multiple functions?
Gallo, V., Mangin, J., Kukley, M., & Dietrich, D. (2008) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.158436 · Cited by 104
Nonsynaptic and nonvesicular ATP release from neurons and relevance to neuron–glia signaling
Fields, R. D. (2011) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.02.009 · Cited by 103
Glutamatergic signaling in the brain's white matter
Bakiri, Y., Burzomato, V., Frugier, G., Hamilton, N. B., Káradóttir, R. T., & Attwell, D. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.015 · Cited by 84
Liebetanz, D., Baier, P. C., Paulus, W., Meuer, K., Bähr, M., & Weishaupt, J. H. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.030 · Cited by 53
Is neuronal communication with NG2 cells synaptic or extrasynaptic?
Maldonado, P. P., Vélez‐Fort, M., & Angulo, M. C. (2011) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01350.x · Cited by 43
Schalomon, P. M., & Wahlsten, D. (2002) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00633-5 · Cited by 42
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system
Marques, S., Zeisel, A., Codeluppi, S., van Bruggen, D., Mendanha Falcão, A., Xiao, L., Li, H., Häring, M., Hochgerner, H., Romanov, R. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf6463 · Cited by 1,132
“In this paradigm, running on the wheel leads to an increase in the number of proliferating OPCs after 4 days, followed by an increase in oligodendrocytes after 8 days (25).”
InfluentialSelf-citationA new mechanism of nervous system plasticity: activity-dependent myelination
Fields, R. D. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4023 · Cited by 794
The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction
Bubb, E. J., Metzler-Baddeley, C., & Aggleton, J. P. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.008 · Cited by 740
“It is now known that task learning can alter dMRI attributes (Hofstetter et al., 2013; McKenzie et al., 2014; Sampaio-Baptista et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2016), suggesting a more dynamic role for white matter.”
Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology
Stadelmann, C., Timmler, S., Barrantes‐Freer, A., & Simons, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2018 · Cited by 799
White matter changes in Alzheimer’s disease: A focus on myelin and oligodendrocytes
Nasrabady, S. E., Rizvi, B., Goldman, J. E., & Brickman, A. M. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-018-0515-3 · Cited by 723
Metadata
- Authors
- McKenzie, I. A., Ohayon, D., Li, H., Paes de Faria, J., Emery, B., Tohyama, K., & Richardson, W. D.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Iwate Medical University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- McKenzie, Ian A.
- Ohayon, David
- Richardson, William D.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-10-17
- Volume
- 346
- Issue
- 6207
- Pages
- 318-322
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC6324726
- OpenAlex
- W2085529478
- Cited by
- 1,177
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 28.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (100269, 100269/Z/12/Z, 066745)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/L003236/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24650181)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- motor skill learning, oligodendrocyte myelination, adult neurogenesis, white matter plasticity, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, juggling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Learning, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Motor Skills, Myelin Sheath, Synaptic Transmission, Oligodendroglia, Mental Recall, Transcription Factors, Gene Deletion, Cell Proliferation, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
