Distinct Profiles of Myelin Distribution Along Single Axons of Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex
Open accessAbstract
Patchy Insulation: Myelin insulates neuronal axons such that their electrical signals travel faster and more efficiently. However, not all axons are myelinated equally. Tomassy et al. (p. 319 ; see the Perspective by Fields ) obtained detailed images from two snippets of the adult mouse brain and generated three-dimensional reconstructions of individual neurons and their myelination patterns. The images show that some axons have long, unmyelinated stretches, which might offer sites for building new connections. Thus, myelination is not an all-or-none phenomenon but rather is a characteristic of what may be a specific dialogue between the neuron and the surrounding myelin-producing cells.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
17.1 ± 1.9% of BCAS1+ cells displayed myelin segments with a patchy arrangement along the axons resembling intermittent myelin.
“A total of 17.1 ± 1.9% of these BCAS1+ cells displayed myelin segments with a patchy arrangement along the axons resembling the previously reported “intermittent myelin” of cortical pyramidal neurons (fig. S3B) (27).”
From BCAS1 expression defines a population of early myelinating oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Shrestha, S., & Offer, S. M. (2016) · Medical Epigenetics · doi:10.1159/000444713 · Cited by 8,949 · see citing works
Biology of Oligodendrocyte and Myelin in the Mammalian Central Nervous System
Baumann, N., & Pham-Dinh, D. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.871 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
Molyneaux, B. J., Arlotta, P., Menezes, J. R. L., & Macklis, J. D. (2007) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2151 · Cited by 1,632 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuronal Subtype-Specific Genes that Control Corticospinal Motor Neuron Development In Vivo
Arlotta, P., Molyneaux, B. J., Chen, J., Inoue, J., Kominami, R., & Macklis, J. D. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.036 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Self-citationConnectomic reconstruction of the inner plexiform layer in the mouse retina
Helmstaedter, M., Briggman, K. L., Turaga, S. C., Jain, V., Seung, H. S., & Denk, W. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12346 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Self-citationTrakEM2 Software for Neural Circuit Reconstruction
Cardona, A., Saalfeld, S., Schindelin, J., Arganda‐Carreras, I., Preibisch, S., Longair, M., Tomančák, P., Hartenstein, V., & Douglas, R. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038011 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Axonal Neuregulin-1 Regulates Myelin Sheath Thickness
Michailov, G. V., Sereda, M. W., Brinkmann, B. G., Fischer, T. M., Haug, B., Birchmeier, C., Role, L. W., Lai, C., Schwab, M. H., & Nave, K. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1095862 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Silver Staining of Myelin by Means of Physical Development
Gallyas, F. (1979) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.1979.11739553 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Network anatomy and in vivo physiology of visual cortical neurons
Bock, D. D., Lee, W.-C. A., Kerlin, A., Andermann, M. L., Hood, G., Wetzel, A. W., Yurgenson, S., Soucy, E. R., Kim, H. S., & Reid, R. C. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09802 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Sox10, a Novel Transcriptional Modulator in Glial Cells
Kuhlbrodt, K., Herbarth, B., Sock, E., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., & Wegner, M. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-01-00237.1998 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Tissir, F., & Goffinet, A. M. (2003) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1113 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Neuronal position in the developing brain is regulated by mouse disabled-1
Howell, B. W., Hawkes, R., Soriano, P., & Cooper, J. A. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39607 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Control of local protein synthesis and initial events in myelination by action potentials
Wake, H., Lee, P. R., & Fields, R. D. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206998 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Histology Of The Nervous System
Cajal, S. R. Y., Azoulay, D. L., swanson, N., & Swanson, L. W. (1995) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195074017.001.0001 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Nieto, M., Monuki, E. S., Tang, H., Imitola, J., Haubst, N., Khoury, S. J., Cunningham, J., Götz, M., & Walsh, C. A. (2004) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20322 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
A new procedure for examining Golgi impregnated neurons by light and electron microscopy
Fair�n, A., Peters, A., & Saldanha, J. (1977) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1007/bf01175194 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
The Big and the Small: Challenges of Imaging the Brain’s Circuits
Lichtman, J. W., & Denk, W. T. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1209168 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationMyelinated nerve fibres in the CNS
Hildebrand, C., Remahl, S., Persson, H., & Bjartmar, C. (1993) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(93)90015-k · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Axonal Control of Oligodendrocyte Development
Barres, B. A., & Raff, M. C. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.147.6.1123 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Dare, R. K., Fry, A. M., Chittaganpitch, M., Sawanpanyalert, P., Olsen, S. J., & Erdman, D. D. (2007) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/521308 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
High-contrast en bloc staining of neuronal tissue for field emission scanning electron microscopy
Tapia, J. C., Kasthuri, N., Hayworth, K. J., Schalek, R., Lichtman, J. W., Smith, S. J., & Buchanan, J. (2012) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.439 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationMYELINATION OF THE MOUSE CORPUS CALLOSUM
Sturrock, R. R. (1980) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00219.x · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Signals to promote myelin formation and repair
Taveggia, C., Feltri, M. L., & Wrabetz, L. G. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.37 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Aberrant Splicing of a Mouse disabled Homolog, mdab1, in the scrambler Mouse
Ware, M. L., Fox, J. W., González, J. L., Davis, N. M., de Rouvroit, C. L., Russo, C. J., Chua, S. C., Goffinet, A. M., & Walsh, C. A. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80936-8 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Stacked Endoplasmic Reticulum Sheets Are Connected by Helicoidal Membrane Motifs
Terasaki, M., Shemesh, T., Kasthuri, N., Klemm, R. W., Schalek, R. L., Hayworth, K. J., Hand, A. R., Yankova, M. P., Huber, G., Lichtman, J. W., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.031 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationLodato, S., Rouaux, C., Quast, K. B., Jantrachotechatchawan, C., Studer, M., Hensch, T. K., & Arlotta, P. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.015 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel Subtype-Specific Genes Identify Distinct Subpopulations of Callosal Projection Neurons
Molyneaux, B. J., Arlotta, P., Fame, R. M., MacDonald, J. L., MacQuarrie, K. L., & Macklis, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6108-08.2009 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomating the Collection of Ultrathin Serial Sections for Large Volume TEM Reconstructions
Hayworth, K., Kasthuri, N., Schalek, R. L., et al. (2006) · Microscopy and Microanalysis · doi:10.1017/s1431927606066268 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationA Radial Glia-Specific Role of RhoA in Double Cortex Formation
Cappello, S., Böhringer, C., Bergami, M., Conzelmann, K., Ghanem, A., Tomassy, G. S., Arlotta, P., Mainardi, M., Allegra, M., Caleo, M., et al. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.030 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationScrambler, a new neurological mutation of the mouse with abnormalities of neuronal migration
Sweet, H. O., Bronson, R. T., Johnson, K. R., Cook, S. A., & Davisson, M. T. (1996) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003359900240 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Sloper, J. J., & Powell, T. P. S. (1979) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1979.0004 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The Diameter of Cortical Axons Depends Both on the Area of Origin and Target
Innocenti, G. M., Vercelli, A., & Caminiti, R. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht070 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationAdenomatous Polyposis Coli Regulates Oligodendroglial Development
Lang, J., Maeda, Y., Bannerman, P. G. C., Xu, J., Horiuchi, M., Pleasure, D., & Guo, F. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3467-12.2013 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Ultrastructural features of the sensori-motor cortex of the primate.
Sloper, J. J., & Powell, T. P. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ultrastructural features of the sensori-motor cortex of the primate
Daunt, J. G., & Mendelssohn, K. A. G. (1979) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1979.0002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [14]Sloper JJ Powell TP Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 285 124 1979 36637
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system
Marques, S., Zeisel, A., Codeluppi, S., van Bruggen, D., Mendanha Falcão, A., Xiao, L., Li, H., Häring, M., Hochgerner, H., Romanov, R. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf6463 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
“It is thus unclear whether oligodendrocytes constitute a homogeneous cell population that becomes morphologically diversified during maturation through interactions within the local environment, or whether there is intrinsic functional heterogeneity (3-5).”
Motor skill learning requires active central myelination
McKenzie, I. A., Ohayon, D., Li, H., Paes de Faria, J., Emery, B., Tohyama, K., & Richardson, W. D. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1254960 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Saturated Reconstruction of a Volume of Neocortex
Kasthuri, N., Hayworth, K. J., Berger, D. R., Schalek, R. L., Conchello, J. A., Knowles-Barley, S., Lee, D., Vázquez-Reina, A., Kaynig, V., Jones, T. R., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.054 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain energy rescue: an emerging therapeutic concept for neurodegenerative disorders of ageing
Cunnane, S. C., Trushina, E., Morland, C., Prigione, A., Casadesus, G., Andrews, Z. B., Beal, M. F., Bergersen, L. H., Brinton, R. D., de la Monte, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-020-0072-x · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Disruption of oligodendrogenesis impairs memory consolidation in adult mice
Steadman, P. E., Xia, F., Ahmed, M., Mocle, A. J., Penning, A. R. A., Geraghty, A. C., Steenland, H. W., Monje, M., Josselyn, S. A., & Frankland, P. W. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.013 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Generating Neuronal Diversity in the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex
Lodato, S., & Arlotta, P. (2015) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125353 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamics and Mechanisms of CNS Myelination
Bercury, K. K., & Macklin, W. B. (2015) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.016 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Myelin plasticity: sculpting circuits in learning and memory
Xin, W., & Chan, J. R. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-00379-8 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Liewald, D., Miller, R., Logothetis, N., Wagner, H.-J., & Schüz, A. (2014) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-014-0626-2 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Myelin plasticity and nervous system function
Monje, M. (2018) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061853 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Loss of adaptive myelination contributes to methotrexate chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment
Geraghty, A. C., Gibson, E. M., Ghanem, R. A., Greene, J. J., Ocampo, A., Goldstein, A. K., Ni, L., Yang, T., Marton, R. M., Paşca, S. P., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.032 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
White matter involvement after TBI: clues to axon and myelin repair capacity
Armstrong, R. C., Mierzwa, A. J., Marion, C. M., & Sullivan, G. M. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.011 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Fard, M. K., van der Meer, F., Sánchez, P., Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Mandad, S., Jäkel, S., Fornasiero, E. F., Schmitt, S., Ehrlich, M., Starost, L., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7816 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
On Myelinated Axon Plasticity and Neuronal Circuit Formation and Function
Almeida, R. G., & Lyons, D. A. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3185-16.2017 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Walhovd, K. B., Johansen-Berg, H., & Káradóttir, R. T. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.058 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Remyelination alters the pattern of myelin in the cerebral cortex
Orthmann-Murphy, J., Call, C. L., Molina-Castro, G. C., Hsieh, Y. C., Rasband, M. N., Calabresi, P. A., & Bergles, D. E. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.56621 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Axonal energy metabolism, and the effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases
Yang, S., Park, J. H., & Lu, H.-C. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00634-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Myelin replacement triggered by single-cell demyelination in mouse cortex
Snaidero, N., Schifferer, M., Mezydlo, A., Zalc, B., Kerschensteiner, M., & Misgeld, T. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18632-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The dendron and episodic neuropeptide release
Herbison, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13024 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
How to Use the Cuprizone Model to Study De- and Remyelination
Kipp, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031445 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…oligodendrocytes might principally originate from SVZ-derived NPCs or parenchymal OPCs (pOPCs), the latter being widely distributed in the white and grey matter parenchyma [96–99] and defined by the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFR α ) and NG2 proteoglycan.”
Zhang, Y., Cheng, Z., Huang, S., Sharma, T., Barbosa, D., Yu, G., & Sun, L. O. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116252 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tomassy, G. S., Berger, D. R., Chen, H.-H., Kasthuri, N., Hayworth, K. J., Vercelli, A., Seung, H. S., Lichtman, J. W., & Arlotta, P.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (IT)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arlotta, Paola
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-04-18
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 6181
- Pages
- 319-324
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC4122120
- OpenAlex
- W2091603506
- Cited by
- 600
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 25
- FWCI
- 23.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH094271)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS090449, R01NS062849, R01NS078164, NS078164, NS062849)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB016411)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- myelination, pyramidal neurons, neocortex, axons, neuronal identity, long-distance communication, axon ultrastructure, mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microscopy, Electron, Myelin Sheath, Oligodendroglia, Somatosensory Cortex, Visual Cortex, Pyramidal Cells, Neocortex, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
