Long-Term Sensitization of a Defensive Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia
Abstract
When a weak tactile stimulus is applied to the siphon of Aplysia californica, the animal withdraws the siphon between the parapodia. This defensive withdrawal reflex can be facilitated (sensitized) if the animal is previously given 4 days of training, consisting of four brief noxious stimuli each day. The sensitization of this reflex can last for up to 3 weeks after training and is mediated by the abdominal ganglion which also mediates long-term habituation. This preparation may provide a system for analyzing the neural mechanism of long-term behavioral modifications of complexity which is intermediate between habituation and associative learning.
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In vivo, four spaced electrical stimuli with 30-minute intervals yielded LTS lasting more than 24 hours, with weak residual LTS detectable at 4 days, and repetition once per day for 4 days yielded much stronger LTS lasting more than 1 week.
“In vivo, four spaced electrical stimuli (with 30 minutes intervals between the stimuli) yielded LTS that lasted for more than 24 hours, with weak residual LTS being detectable at 4 days post-training, and repetition of this spaced protocol once per day for 4 days yielded much stronger LTS that lasted for more than 1 week13,57,58.”
From The right time to learn: Mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning (2016) · cites this paper as [58]
LTF at Aplysia californica sensorimotor synapses is associated with long-term sensitization (LTS) of withdrawal reflexes.
“LTF at these sensorimotor synapses is associated with a simple form of learning, long-term sensitization (LTS) of withdrawal reflexes.”
From The right time to learn: Mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning (2016) · cites this paper as [58]
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- Authors
- Pinsker, H. M., Hening, W. A., Carew, T. J., & Kandel, E. R.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1973-12-07
- Volume
- 182
- Issue
- 4116
- Pages
- 1039-1042
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2020725767
- Cited by
- 606
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- Aplysia californica, sensitization, long-term sensitization, noxious stimuli, tactile stimulation, abdominal ganglion, habituation, associative learning
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Ganglia, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Mollusca, Physical Stimulation, Reflex, Startle
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