DNA loop extrusion by human cohesin
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes are folded into loops and topologically associating domains, which contribute to chromatin structure, gene regulation, and gene recombination. These structures depend on cohesin, a ring-shaped DNA-entrapping adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) complex that has been proposed to form loops by extrusion. Such an activity has been observed for condensin, which forms loops in mitosis, but not for cohesin. Using biochemical reconstitution, we found that single human cohesin complexes form DNA loops symmetrically at rates up to 2.1 kilo-base pairs per second. Loop formation and maintenance depend on cohesin's ATPase activity and on NIPBL-MAU2, but not on topological entrapment of DNA by cohesin. During loop formation, cohesin and NIPBL-MAU2 reside at the base of loops, which indicates that they generate loops by extrusion. Our results show that cohesin and NIPBL-MAU2 form an active holoenzyme that interacts with DNA either pseudo-topologically or non-topologically to extrude genomic interphase DNA into loops.
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Loop extrusion was initially proposed theoretically based on molecular dynamics simulations and then validated in single-molecule assays.
“Loop extrusion was initially proposed theoretically based on molecular dynamics simulations [342, 435] and then validated in single-molecule assays [436, 437].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [436]
Loop extrusion mediated by cohesin and CTCF mediates the formation of chromatin loops and self-interacting TADs.
“loop extrusion mediated by cohesin and CTCF mediates the formation of chromatin loops and self-interacting Topologically Associating Domains (TADs)”
From Neuronal DNA double-strand breaks lead to genome structural variations and 3D genome disruption in neurodegeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
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BackgroundA Structure-Based Mechanism for DNA Entry into the Cohesin Ring
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BackgroundResultA hold-and-feed mechanism drives directional DNA loop extrusion by condensin
Shaltiel, I. A., Datta, S., Lecomte, L., Hassler, M., Kschonsak, M., Bravo, S., Stober, C., Ormanns, J., Eustermann, S., & Haering, C. H. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm4012 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Single-molecule experiments have demonstrated that both complexes can create and processively enlarge DNA loops over tens of kilo-base pairs (kbp) in vitro (6-9).”
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CTCF orchestrates long-range cohesin-driven V(D)J recombinational scanning
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Looping the Genome with SMC Complexes
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“5 kb/min (cohesin in HCT116 cells [26]); ~6-12 kb/min (condensin II in chicken cells [81]); ~54 kb/min (bacterial SMC complex [82]), and ~30-60 kb/min on naked DNA in vitro [21,23].”
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“The Cohesin complex is generally thought to entrap DNA in its ring-like structure (88), but loop extrusion can be driven by entrapment-incompetent Cohesin in vitro (91).”
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“Loop extrusion rates were determined using FIJI ImageJ software as described (Davidson et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDNA-loop-extruding SMC complexes can traverse one another in vivo
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Multiscale modeling of genome organization with maximum entropy optimization
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“Our finding that Scc3 is essential for S-K but not E-S/E-K entrapment reveals that Scc3 has a unique role in promoting entry of DNA inside the SMC-kleisin ring as well as being necessary for loop extrusion (Davidson et al., 2019).”
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Topology in soft and biological matter
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“…cohesin complexes slide along chromatin fibres in different directions to form loops, was proposed more than 20 years ago to play a role in chromatin condensation 93 , but was only recently tested in simulations 7,93–96 and eventually observed in vitro in single-molecule experiments 97,98 (Fig.”
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“Conclusions Altogether, we discovered that, when classified properly, CTCF site orientation forms a powerful grammar that is compliant with recently published loop extrusion models [36, 37].”
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“…somewhat lower than values that can be estimated by combining the loop extrusion speed and ATPase rates in previous in vitro studies on condensin and cohesin with ∼ 0.5–1 kb / s and 2 ATP / s (11,13,45), and of SMC-ScpAB from B. subtilis and C. crescentus with 300–800 bp / s and 1 ATP / s (46– 48).”
InfluentialThe role of 3D chromatin domains in gene regulation: a multi-facetted view on genome organization
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Jpx RNA regulates CTCF anchor site selection and formation of chromosome loops
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Architecture and Dynamics of Meiotic Chromosomes
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“Loop extrusion was initially proposed theoretically based on molecular dynamics simulations [342, 435] and then validated in single-molecule assays [436, 437].”
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“The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is known to play a key role in organizing chromatin into highly self-interacting topologically associated domains (TADs), by promoting the formation of cohesin-mediated loops and boundaries that are important for gene regulation [1-6].”
BackgroundMulti-contact 3C reveals that the human genome during interphase is largely not entangled
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“Scc2 is not merely a loading factor as it is also necessary for maintaining loop extrusion in vitro (Davidson et al., 2019) as well as cohesin’s association with chromatin in vivo during G1 phase (Srinivasan et al.”
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“pAG-Tn5 was ordered from EpiCypher (15-1017).”
- Authors
- Davidson, I. F., Bauer, B., Goetz, D., Tang, W., Wutz, G., & Peters, J.-M.
- Affiliations
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Peters, Jan-Michael
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2019-12-13
- Volume
- 366
- Issue
- 6471
- Pages
- 1338-1345
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2991248607
- Cited by
- 863
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 32.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- European Molecular Biology Organization (Long-term Fellowship)
- H2020 European Research Council (693949)
- Human Frontier Science Program (Long-term Fellowship)
- Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG-852936)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Keywords
- cohesin, DNA loop extrusion, topologically associating domains, chromatin folding, interphase chromatin, holoenzyme, condensin
- MeSH terms
- Cohesins, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, DNA, DNA-Binding Proteins, Proton-Translocating ATPases, HeLa Cells, Humans, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Cell Cycle Proteins, Holoenzymes
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