Cohesin is positioned in mammalian genomes by transcription, CTCF and Wapl
Open accessAbstract
Mammalian genomes are spatially organized by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin into chromatin loops and topologically associated domains, which have important roles in gene regulation and recombination. By binding to specific sequences, CTCF defines contact points for cohesin-mediated long-range chromosomal cis-interactions. Cohesin is also present at these sites, but has been proposed to be loaded onto DNA elsewhere and to extrude chromatin loops until it encounters CTCF bound to DNA. How cohesin is recruited to CTCF sites, according to this or other models, is unknown. Here we show that the distribution of cohesin in the mouse genome depends on transcription, CTCF and the cohesin release factor Wings apart-like (Wapl). In CTCF-depleted fibroblasts, cohesin cannot be properly recruited to CTCF sites but instead accumulates at transcription start sites of active genes, where the cohesin-loading complex is located. In the absence of both CTCF and Wapl, cohesin accumulates in up to 70 kilobase-long regions at 3'-ends of active genes, in particular if these converge on each other. Changing gene expression modulates the position of these 'cohesin islands'. These findings indicate that transcription can relocate mammalian cohesin over long distances on DNA, as previously reported for yeast cohesin, that this translocation contributes to positioning cohesin at CTCF sites, and that active genes can be freed from cohesin either by transcription-mediated translocation or by Wapl-mediated release.
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Cohesin can remain topologically engaged and slide on both naked DNA and chromatin.
“Since cohesin can remain topologically engaged and slide on both naked DNA42–44 and chromatin,45,46”
From Recent evidence that TADs and chromatin loops are dynamic structures (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
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ResultMolecular basis of CTCF binding polarity in genome folding
Nora, E. P., Caccianini, L., Fudenberg, G., So, K., Kameswaran, V., Nagle, A., Uebersohn, A., Hajj, B., Saux, A. L., Coulon, A., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19283-x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
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“To determine how cohesin affects the distribution of TOP2 lesions, we examined mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in which SMC3, a cohesin subunit, was depleted by CRE-mediated recombination, resulting in the disruption of nuclear architecture (Busslinger et al., 2017) (Smc3+CRE; Figures 1A–1D).”
InfluentialSelf-citationCTCF is a DNA-tension-dependent barrier to cohesin-mediated loop extrusion
Davidson, I. F., Barth, R., Zaczek, M., van der Torre, J., Tang, W., Nagasaka, K., Janissen, R., Kerssemakers, J. W. J., Wutz, G., Dekker, C., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05961-5 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationScc2 Is a Potent Activator of Cohesin’s ATPase that Promotes Loading by Binding Scc1 without Pds5
Petela, N. J., Gligoris, T. G., Metson, J., Lee, B., Voulgaris, M., Hu, B., Kikuchi, S., Chapard, C., Chen, W., Rajendra, E., et al. (2018) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.022 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Chromatin alternates between A and B compartments at kilobase scale for subgenic organization
Harris, H. L., Gu, H., Olshansky, M., Wang, A., Farabella, I., Eliaz, Y., Kalluchi, A., Krishna, A., Jacobs, M., Cauer, G., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38429-1 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“In vitro studies have found that large chromatin complexes can impede looping factors 61,62 , and cohesin was shown to build up near transcriptionally active regions 63 .”
BackgroundA Muscle-Specific Enhancer RNA Mediates Cohesin Recruitment and Regulates Transcription In trans
Tsai, P.-F., Dell’Orso, S., Rodriguez, J., Vivanco, K. O., Ko, K.-D., Jiang, K., Juan, A. H., Sarshad, A. A., Vian, L., Tran, M. D., et al. (2018) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.008 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
ESCO1 and CTCF enable formation of long chromatin loops by protecting cohesinSTAG1 from WAPL
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“as we had previously observed in primary Ctcf “knockout” MEFs arrested in G0 (Busslinger et al., 2017).”
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Self-citationEnhancer–promoter contact formation requires RNAPII and antagonizes loop extrusion
Zhang, S., Übelmesser, N., Barbieri, M., & Papantonis, A. (2023) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01364-4 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“In addition, based on the documented co-association of cohesin subunits and RNAPII (Busslinger et al, 2017; Zhang et al., 2021), we introduced a weak interaction potential between cohesins and polymerases.”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, Q., Sun, Q., Czajkowsky, D. M., & Shao, Z. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02526-9 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
WAPL maintains a cohesin loading cycle to preserve cell-type-specific distal gene regulation
Liu, N. Q., Maresca, M., van den Brand, T., Braccioli, L., Schijns, M. M. G. A., Teunissen, H., Bruneau, B. G., Nora, E. P., & de Wit, E. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-00744-4 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
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Towards a unified Model of SMC Complex Function
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Loop extrusion: theory meets single-molecule experiments
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MCM complexes are barriers that restrict cohesin-mediated loop extrusion
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Chromosome organization by one-sided and two-sided loop extrusion
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“Although current experimental evidence does not support preferential loading of cohesin at CTCF sites in mammals (Busslinger et al., 2017; Fudenberg et al., 2017; Nora et al., 2019, 2017; Parelho et al., 2008; Wendt et al., 2008) , such a mechanism of TAD, stripe, and dot formation is feasible and may be operational i…”
BackgroundInfluentialGuided nuclear exploration increases CTCF target search efficiency
Hansen, A. S., Amitai, A., Cattoglio, C., Tjian, R., & Darzacq, X. (2019) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-019-0422-3 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“The similar diffusion mechanisms are especially interesting in light of the fact that how and where cohesin is loaded onto the genome remains poorly understood (Busslinger et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRNA polymerases as moving barriers to condensin loop extrusion
Brandão, H. B., Paul, P., van den Berg, A. A., Rudner, D. Z., Wang, X., & Mirny, L. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1907009116 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“This idea emerged from the observation that cohesin SMCs are enriched at sites of convergent transcription in yeast (50, 51) and in mammalian cells (35); this is further supported by other experiments demonstrating localization of cohesin mediated by transcription in cells (32) and in vitro (52).”
Developing in 3D: the role of CTCF in cell differentiation
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“For example, inactivation of the Ctcf gene in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in the mis-regulation of 698 genes (Busslinger et al., 2017), whereas similar experiments in post-mitotic embryonic and postnatal neurons results in changes in the expression of about 400 and 800 genes, respectively (Hirayama et…”
BackgroundThree-dimensional chromatin packing and positioning of plant genomes
Doğan, E. S., & Liu, C. (2018) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0199-5 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Genome-wide analyses of chromatin interactions after the loss of Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III
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“On the other hand, many studies have shown that transcription inhibition affects 3D genome structures and Cohesin [15, 16], which seems to conflict with our conclusion.”
SMC Complexes Can Traverse Physical Roadblocks Bigger Than Their Ring Size
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Self-citationPrinciples of meiotic chromosome assembly revealed in S. cerevisiae
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Nonequilibrium Chromosome Looping via Molecular Slip Links
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“Experiments show that cohesin topologically links to DNA (with binding mediated by “loader proteins” [11, 16]), can slide along DNA or chromatin diffusively, and remains bound for τ ∼ 20 minutes before dissociating (a process mediated by “unloader proteins”) [16–21].”
BackgroundInfluentialAttenuated chromatin compartmentalization in meiosis and its maturation in sperm development
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The three-dimensional genome: regulating gene expression during pluripotency and development
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“Moreover, two studies have shown that transcription can relocate cohesin over long distances and that its chromatin loading/ unloading rate controls the extension of chromatin loops (Busslinger et al., 2017; Haarhuis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCTCF shapes chromatin structure and gene expression in health and disease
Dehingia, B., Milewska, M., Janowski, M., & Pękowska, A. (2022) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202255146 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“In the absence of CTCF, cohesins accumulate at sites of convergent transcription which might in principle lead to enhanced contact insulation and boundary formation (Busslinger et al , 2017).”
Single-Cell Heterogeneity Analysis and CRISPR Screen Identify Key β-Cell-Specific Disease Genes
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“In the mammalian genome, Nipbl mainly binds to promoters and enhancers, while the strongest peaks of cohesin are at intergenic CTCF sites (Busslinger et al., 2017; Kagey et al., 2010; Zuin et al., 2014).”
The chromosome folding problem and how cells solve it
Dekker, J., & Mirny, L. A. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.026 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Mediator complex regulates enhancer-promoter interactions
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MyoD is a 3D genome structure organizer for muscle cell identity
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“However, since our experimental perturbations did not fully eliminate transcription, it is plausible that the remaining transcriptional activity promotes proper chromatin organization, in agreement with its previously instructive role in genome folding (Busslinger et al., 2017; Heinz et al., 2018; Hsieh et al., 2020;…”
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CTCF orchestrates long-range cohesin-driven V(D)J recombinational scanning
Ba, Z., Lou, J., Ye, A. Y., Dai, H., Dring, E. W., Lin, S. G., Jain, S., Kyritsis, N., Kieffer-Kwon, K.-R., Casellas, R. C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2578-0 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Organization of DNA in Mammalian Mitochondria
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“This structure folds into a chromatin fiber, which is further organized into chromatin loops by proteins such as cohesin and the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) [27].”
BackgroundLooping the Genome with SMC Complexes
Kim, E., Barth, R., & Dekker, C. (2023) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-032620-110506 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“In particular, the notion that cohesin is found in islands be-tween two convergently oriented genes led to the idea that active transcription can push intragenic cohesin toward transcription termination sites ( Figure 6 d ) (126, 166).”
Absolute quantification of cohesin, CTCF and their regulators in human cells
Holzmann, J., Politi, A. Z., Nagasaka, K., Hantsche-Grininger, M., Walther, N., Koch, B., Fuchs, J., Dürnberger, G., Tang, W., Ladurner, R., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.46269 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“, 2016) and ChIP-seq studies in bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells have all revealed that cohesin/SMC enrichment sites can vary in their positions (Lengronne et al., 2004; Hu et al., 2015; Ocampo-Hafalla et al., 2016; Busslinger et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Petela et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCTCF and R-loops are boundaries of cohesin-mediated DNA looping
Zhang, H., Shi, Z., Banigan, E. J., Kim, Y., Yu, H., Bai, X., & Finkelstein, I. J. (2023) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2023.07.006 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Emerging themes in cohesin cancer biology
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RNA polymerase II is required for spatial chromatin reorganization following exit from mitosis
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Mechanisms of Chromosome Folding and Nuclear Organization: Their Interplay and Open QuestionsPreprint
Mirny, L. A., & Dekker, J. (2021) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a040147 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Transcription-mediated supercoiling regulates genome folding and loop formation
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Transcription-factor-mediated supervision of global genome architecture maintains B cell identity
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CTCF as a boundary factor for cohesin-mediated loop extrusion: evidence for a multi-step mechanism
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“Consistent with this model, RNAi-mediated depletion of ESCO1 and CTCF both decreased cohesin’s residence time [38] and SMC3 acetylation [38,76].”
BackgroundRibosomal DNA and the nucleolus in the context of genome organization
Potapova, T., & Gerton, J. L. (2019) · Chromosome Research · doi:10.1007/s10577-018-9600-5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Scc2/Nipbl hops between chromosomal cohesin rings after loading
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Loop extrusion mediates physiological Igh locus contraction for RAG scanning
Dai, H., Hu, H., Lou, J., Ye, A. Y., Ba, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L., Yoon, H. S., Chapdelaine-Williams, A. M., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03121-7 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Regulation of Cohesin-Mediated Chromosome Folding by Eco1 and Other Partners
Dauban, L., Montagne, R., Thierry, A., Lazar‐Stefanita, L., Bastié, N., Gadal, O., Cournac, A., Koszul, R., & Beckouët, F. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.01.019 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
CTCF: a Swiss-army knife for genome organization and transcription regulation
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A Brownian ratchet model for DNA loop extrusion by the cohesin complex
Higashi, T. L., Tang, M., Pobegalov, G. E., Uhlmann, F., & Molodtsov, M. I. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.67530 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“plexes as they move along chromosomes during gene transcription (Lengronne et al., 2004; Davidson et al., 2016; Ocampo-Hafalla et al., 2016; Busslinger et al., 2017).”
BackgroundWang, X., Cui, W., & Peng, C. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx735 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“However, recent research showed that transcription could contribute to the formation of chromatin domains by helping position another key architectural protein complex, cohesion (47).”
BackgroundKhoury, A., Achinger-Kawecka, J., Bert, S. A., Smith, G. C., French, H. J., Luu, P., Peters, T. J., Du, Q., Parry, A., Valdés‐Mora, F., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13753-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
New insights into genome folding by loop extrusion from inducible degron technologies
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SMC Complexes: Universal DNA Looping Machines with Distinct Regulators
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The Birth of the 3D Genome during Early Embryonic Development
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LINE-1 transcription activates long-range gene expression
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The expanding phenotypes of cohesinopathies: one ring to rule them all!
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Interacting Genomic Landscapes of REC8-Cohesin, Chromatin, and Meiotic Recombination in Arabidopsis
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A Role for Chromatin Remodeling in Cohesin Loading onto Chromosomes
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“Along human chromosomes, the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) forms alternative cohesin retention sites (Busslinger et al., 2017; Davidson et al., 2016; Ocampo-Hafalla et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSpatial patterns of CTCF sites define the anatomy of TADs and their boundaries
Nanni, L., Ceri, S., & Logie, C. (2020) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02108-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In human cells, Cohesin complexes only accumulate at RNA polymerase II polyadenylation sites when CTCF is absent [48].”
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Establishing and dissolving cohesion during the vertebrate cell cycle
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“CTCF mediates specific directional loop formation through asymmetric anchoring of the ring-shaped cohesin complex, which slides along chromatin fibers to actively extrude loops [3, 12, 18, 19, 33, 51] .”
BackgroundStructural basis for Scc3-dependent cohesin recruitment to chromatin
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“Whereas the essential role of cohesin in modulating genome architecture, gene expression and DNA damage repair is increasingly well established, comparatively little information is available concerning the molecular determinants of its association with chromatin (Busslinger et al., 2017; Haarhuis et al., 2017; Schwarz…”
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Forces driving the three‐dimensional folding of eukaryotic genomes
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“This possibility would also be in agreement with cohesin positioning being regulated by the very act of transcription (Busslinger et al , 2017) and its ensuing supercoiling (Racko et al , 2018), as well as by the increased mobility of genes and enhancers once they transition from an inactive to an…”
- Authors
- Busslinger, G. A., Stocsits, R. R., van der Lelij, P., Axelsson, E., Tedeschi, A., Galjart, N., & Peters, J.-M.
- Affiliations
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (AT)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Peters, Jan-Michael
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 544
- Issue
- 7651
- Pages
- 503-507
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC6080695
- OpenAlex
- W2607008467
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 35
- FWCI
- 23.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Keywords
- cohesin, CTCF, WAPL, transcription, cohesin loading, chromatin looping, topologically associating domains, 3D genome organization, transcription start sites, mouse genome, cis-interactions, gene expression regulation, recombination, mouse fibroblasts
- MeSH terms
- CCCTC-Binding Factor, Cohesins, Animals, Binding Sites, Cells, Cultured, Chromatin, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, DNA, Female, Fibroblasts, Male, Proteins, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, Repressor Proteins, Transcription, Genetic, Genome, Cell Cycle Proteins, Protein Transport, Transcription Initiation Site, Chromosomes, Mammalian, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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