Cited by 1,655Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Crook, Harry, Raza, Sanara, Nowell, Joseph, Young, Megan, Edison, Paul·2021·BMJ

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.n1648

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

1 retracted

RETRACTED: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study
Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8 · Cited by 4,084
Retracted
The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378
Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., and the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775 · Cited by 9,254
Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19
Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T., Laenger, F., Vanstapel, A., Werlein, C., Stark, H., Tzankov, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2015432 · Cited by 5,613
Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c · Cited by 5,153
Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome
Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., McGroder, C., Stevens, J. S., Cook, J. R., Nordvig, A. S., Shalev, D., Sehrawat, T. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z · Cited by 4,862
Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19
Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603 · Cited by 4,561
Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
Shi, S., Qin, M., Shen, B., Cai, Y., Liu, T., Yang, F., Gong, W., Liu, X., Liang, J., Zhao, Q., et al. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950 · Cited by 4,349
COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system
Zheng, Y.-Y., Ma, Y.-T., Zhang, J.-Y., & Xie, X. (2020) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5 · Cited by 2,970

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 149

10.1136/bmj.m1091 · DOI · Paper page
Kim GU, Kim MJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild covid-19. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:948e1-3. · DOI
10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · DOI · Paper page
10.3389/fphar.2020.01169 · DOI
10.1002/path.1570 · DOI · Paper page
10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · DOI · Paper page
10.1186/s12913-020-06001-y · DOI
10.1001/jama.2020.22717 · DOI
10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100683 · DOI
10.1007/s00259-020-05084-3 · DOI
10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555 · DOI
10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620 · DOI · Paper page
10.1002/jmv.26368 · DOI · Paper page
10.1183/23120541.00542-2020 · DOI
10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1379 · DOI
10.1177/0194599820939538 · DOI
10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557 · DOI
10.3390/jcm9092946 · DOI
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 · DOI
D' Cruz, 2020, Chest radiography is a poor predictor of respiratory symptoms and functional impairment in survivors of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, ERJ Open Res, 7, 00655
10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106197 · DOI
10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.004 · DOI
10.1186/s12931-020-01429-6 · DOI
Savarraj JPJ, Burkett AB, Hinds SN, et al. Three-month outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv 2020 [preprint] 10.16.20211029. · DOI
10.1186/s12931-020-01546-2 · DOI · Paper page
Valiente-De S, Pérez-Camacho I, Sobrino B, et al. Clinical and immunoserological status 12 weeks after infection with COVID-19: prospective observational study. MedRxiv [preprint] 2020. 2020.10.06.20206060. · DOI
10.1017/S0022215120001826 · DOI
10.1002/jmv.26459 · DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037 · DOI · Paper page
10.1101/2020.09.25.20201343 · DOI
Fjaeldstad, 2020, Prolonged complaints of chemosensory loss after COVID-19, Dan Med J, 67
Eiros R, Barreiro-Perez M, Martin-Garcia A, et al. Pericarditis and myocarditis long after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional descriptive study in health-care workers. MedRxiv [preprint] 2020. 2020.07.12.20151316. · DOI
10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023 · DOI · Paper page
10.1007/s11606-020-06338-4 · DOI
10.1111/ijcp.13746 · DOI · Paper page
10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113604 · DOI
10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.014 · DOI
10.1080/00016489.2020.1811999 · DOI
10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100463 · DOI
10.1016/j.jns.2021.117486 · DOI
Davis HE Assaf GS McCorkell L . Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. MedRxiv 2020;12.24.20248802. · DOI
10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16307.1 · DOI
10.1001/archinte.167.12.1312 · DOI
10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227 · DOI
10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110469 · DOI
10.1007/s00259-020-04973-x · DOI
10.1177/0020764020941889 · DOI · Paper page
10.1152/japplphysiol.00321.2020 · DOI
10.3201/eid2607.200445 · DOI
10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.007 · DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15794-2 · DOI · Paper page
10.3390/medicina57050418 · DOI
10.1183/13993003.01217-2020 · DOI · Paper page
10.1177/1073858420941476 · DOI
10.3233/XST-200685 · DOI
10.3389/fmed.2021.636298 · DOI
10.1148/radiol.2021203153 · DOI
10.1164/rccm.202005-1583OC · DOI
10.1111/jth.14830 · DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 · DOI · Paper page
10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4916 · DOI
10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.01.009 · DOI · Paper page
10.19102/icrm.2020.111102 · DOI
10.1007/s10286-020-00727-9 · DOI
10.1007/s10286-020-00733-x · DOI
10.7861/clinmed.2020-0896 · DOI
10.1126/scitranslmed.abf7872 · DOI
10.1002/ejhf.1828 · DOI
10.1007/s10741-020-10037-x · DOI
10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.017 · DOI
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549 · DOI
10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001 · DOI
10.1016/j.clim.2020.108384 · DOI
10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.12.007 · DOI
10.1007/s12028-020-00978-4 · DOI
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30062-6 · DOI
10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · DOI · Paper page
10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055 · DOI
10.1002/mus.27024 · DOI
10.1192/bjo.2021.3 · DOI
10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4 · DOI · Paper page
10.1111/jocn.15290 · DOI · Paper page
10.1017/S1041610220004135 · DOI
10.1017/S1041610220001088 · DOI · Paper page
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579842 · DOI
10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113297 · DOI
10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e367 · DOI
10.3390/ijerph17103722 · DOI
10.1016/j.paid.2020.110371 · DOI
10.1007/s10072-020-04575-3 · DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027 · DOI · Paper page
10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937 · DOI
10.1177/1747493020943815 · DOI
10.1080/13854046.2020.1811894 · DOI
Milanetti M, Miotto M, Rienzo LD. Monti M, Gosti G, Ruocco G. In-silico evidence for two receptors based strategy of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [preprint] 2020:11107. · DOI
10.3390/nu11102280 · DOI
10.1007/s00221-005-2376-9 · DOI · Paper page
10.1681/ASN.2020030276 · DOI
10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.021 · DOI
10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.040 · DOI
10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200401-00278 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.078 · DOI
10.12890/2020_001747 · DOI
10.1007/s42000-020-00230-w · DOI
10.1097/MCC.0000000000000153 · DOI
10.1164/rccm.201602-0420CP · DOI
10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048 · DOI · Paper page
Zippi, 2020, Involvement of the exocrine pancreas during COVID-19 infection and possible pathogenetic hypothesis: a concise review, Infez Med, 28, 507
10.1371/journal.pntd.0008280 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 · DOI · Paper page
10.2174/1570162X18666200712175535 · DOI
10.7326/M20-3689 · DOI
10.1097/QAI.0000000000002424 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.026 · DOI
10.1002/rmv.2155 · DOI
10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004 · DOI
10.1186/s12916-021-01947-0 · DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD008250.pub2 · DOI
10.1136/thx.38.8.595 · DOI
10.1136/thorax.57.11.939 · DOI
10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104025 · DOI
10.1111/resp.13398 · DOI
10.21037/apm-20-753 · DOI
10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.013 · DOI
10.2741/4462 · DOI
10.1177/0141076820951545 · DOI
10.1177/2055102919840614 · DOI
10.1111/eip.13099 · DOI
10.3390/healthcare8040552 · DOI
Larun, 2017, Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4
10.1136/bmj.m2933 · DOI
10.1007/s00134-016-4321-8 · DOI · Paper page
10.1002/biof.1726 · DOI
10.1080/01616412.2017.1315864 · DOI
10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.009 · DOI
10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70106-6 · DOI
10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152174 · DOI
10.1080/13651501.2021.1887264 · DOI
10.2215/CJN.01880211 · DOI
10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173897 · DOI
10.1002/biof.1696 · DOI
Chenchula S, Ray A, Sadasivam B. Famotidine repurposing for novel corona virus disease of 2019: a systematic review. Drug Res 2021. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-1146573. · DOI
Ishola, 2021, Molecular basis for the repurposing of histamine H2-receptor antagonist to treat COVID-19, J Biomol Struct Dyn, Jan 25, 1
10.1007/s12035-017-0632-1 · DOI · Paper page
10.3390/nu13041154 · DOI
10.1080/15284336.2018.1452842 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.101 · DOI
10.1073/pnas.2005615117 · DOI
10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198108 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,000

The Incidence of Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases Following COVID-19: a Matched Cohort Study in UK Primary Care
Syed, U., Subramanian, A., Wraith, D., Lord, J., Mcgee, K. C., Ghokale, K., Nirantharakumar, K., & Haroon, S. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.22280775 · Cited by 13
Relation of Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Decline to HRCT and VQ SPECT/CT Findings at Early Follow-Up after COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study (The SECURe Study)
Katzenstein, T., Christensen, J., Lund, T., Kalhauge, A., Rönsholt, F., Podlekareva, D., Arndal, E., Berg, R., Helt, T., Lebech, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195687 · Cited by 13
Risk factors of long term symptoms and outcomes among patients discharged after covid-19: prospective, multicentre observational study
Legrand, M. M., Fong, N., Laouenan, C., Ghosn, J., Thill, B., Faure, K., Garot, D., Goujard, C., Curlier, E., Resche‐Rigon, M., et al. (2022) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2021-000093 · Cited by 14
“22 23 Notably, the cluster of patients with intermediate severity (with only a small number requiring admission to intensive care) but more comorbidities also had a high burden of long term, poor functional outcomes.”
Individuals with a COVID-19 history exhibit asymmetric gait patterns despite full recovery
Keklicek, H., Selçuk, H., Kurt, I., Ulukaya, S., & Öztürk, G. (2022) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111098 · Cited by 13
“The most commonly reported symptom of long COVID is fatigue followed by poor memory, concentration deficits, sleep disturbances, and ‘brain fog ’ (Crook et al., 2021).”
Occurrence of Relative Bradycardia and Relative Tachycardia in Individuals Diagnosed With COVID-19
Natarajan, A., Su, H.-W., & Heneghan, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.898251 · Cited by 12
Closing the Gap on COVID-19 Vaccinations in First Responders and Beyond: Increasing Trust
Gregory, M. E., MacEwan, S. R., Gaughan, A. A., Rush, L. J., Powell, J. R., Kurth, J. D., Kenah, E., Panchal, A. R., & McAlearney, A. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020644 · Cited by 16
Bariatric Surgery and COVID-19: What We Have Learned from the Pandemic in Iran: a Retrospective Observational Cohort Study
Moradpour, G., Amini, M., Moeinvaziri, N., Hosseini, S. V., Rajabi, S., Clark, C. C. T., Hosseini, B., Vafa, L., & Haghighat, N. (2021) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-021-05761-8 · Cited by 10
“Like acute COVID-19, long COVID can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems [10].”
Background
Living With Long COVID: Everyday Experiences, Health Information Barriers and Patients' Quality of Life
Ortega‐Martin, E., & Álvarez‐Gálvez, J. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70290 · Cited by 13
“The disease presents a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe cases requiring hospitalisation [4, 5].”
Long COVID after SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy in the United States
Zang, C., Guth, D. J., Bruno, A. M., Xu, Z., Li, H., Ammar, N., Chew, R., Güthe, N., Hadley, E., Kaushal, R., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57849-9 · Cited by 12
Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir in Protecting Long COVID for Outpatient Adult Patients – A Large-Scale Observational Cohort Study from the RECOVER Initiative
Wang, F., Zang, C.-X., Li, H.-Y., Khullar, D., Zhang, Y.-K., Strobel, S., Chen, Y., Sala, M., Patel, P., Comellas, A., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4536807/v1 · Cited by 12
Unsupervised machine learning to investigate trajectory patterns of COVID-19 symptoms and physical activity measured via the MyHeart Counts App and smart devices
Gupta, V., Kariotis, S., Rajab, M. A., Errington, N., Alhathli, E. M., Jammeh, E., Brook, M., Meardon, N., Collini, P., Cole, J., et al. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00974-w · Cited by 15
“Some patients recovering from COVID-19 of all severities are now well recognised to have long-lasting effects, including fatigue, dyspnea, and neuropsychological symptoms 1 – 3 .”
Background
A hybrid register and questionnaire study of Covid-19 and post-acute sick leave in Denmark
O’Regan, E., Svalgaard, I., Sørensen, A. I. V., Spiliopoulos, L., Bager, P., Nielsen, N., Hansen, J. V., Koch, A., Ethelberg, S., & Hviid, A. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42048-1 · Cited by 12
Clinical utilization of artificial intelligence-based COVID-19 pneumonia quantification using chest computed tomography – a multicenter retrospective cohort study in Japan
Tanaka, H., Maetani, T., Chubachi, S., Tanabe, N., Shiraishi, Y., Asakura, T., Namkoong, H., Shimada, T., Azekawa, S., Otake, S., et al. (2023) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-023-02530-2 · Cited by 11
Post-COVID symptoms are associated with endotypes reflecting poor inflammatory and hemostatic modulation
An, A. Y., Baghela, A., Zhang, P., Blimkie, T., Gauthier, J., Kaufmann, D., Acton, E., Lee, A. H., Lévesque, R., & Hancock, R. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243689 · Cited by 12
“Clinical Variables Resolved (12) Suppressive (7) Unresolved (5) P-value”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Identification of post-COVID-19 condition phenotypes, and differences in health-related quality of life and healthcare use: a cluster analysis
Gerritzen, I., Brus, I., Spronk, I., Biere-Rafi, S., Polinder, S., & Haagsma, J. (2023) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268823001139 · Cited by 12
“The acute and post-acute neuropsychiatric sequelae seen in patients with COVID-19 also profoundly impact mental well-being [18, 19].”
Background
Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters
Liao, X.-L., Wong, A., Wong, J., Jia, R., Chen, W., Wong, H. Y. M., Aljufairi, F., Lai, K., Hu, Z.-C., Wei, Y., et al. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13091524 · Cited by 12
“These symptoms can vary greatly and may include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, joint pain, cognitive difficulties, sleep disturbances, and depression [15].”
Background
Impact of Age and Sex Interaction on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: An Italian Cohort Study on Adults and Children
Puntoni, M., Esposito, S., Patrizi, L., Palo, C. M., Deolmi, M., Autore, G., Fainardi, V., & Caminiti, C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12082924 · Cited by 11
“In fact, increasing numbers of people report prolonged symptoms after recovery from COVID-19, a condition often called long COVID, post-COVID-19 condition, or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, (PASC) among other names [2,3].”
Background
Decreased Gas6 and sAxl Plasma Levels Are Associated with Hair Loss in COVID-19 Survivors
Apostolo, D., D’Onghia, D., Tonello, S., Minisini, R., Baricich, A., Gramaglia, C. M., Patrucco, F., Zeppegno, P., Acquaviva, A., Balbo, P. E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076257 · Cited by 13
Association between somatic symptom disorder and symptoms with daily life impairment after SARS-CoV-2 infection - results from a population-based cross-sectional study
Schneider, A., Huber, L., Lohse, J., Linde, K., Greißel, A., Sattel, H. C., Henningsen, P., & Hapfelmeier, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111230 · Cited by 19
“Although primarily a respiratory infection, COVID-19 appears to be a systemic disease in which almost all organ systems can be affected [1].”
Background
A two-gene marker for the two-tiered innate immune response in COVID-19 patients
Lei, H. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280392 · Cited by 13
“Since S100A12 activation may last for several months in certain patients with COVID-19, it warrants further investigation whether this sustained activation is associated with some of the lingering symptoms in long COVID [65].”
Background
The CSHQ-DE Questionnaire Uncovers Relevant Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Long COVID
Werner, S., Doerfel, C., Biedermann, R., Lorenz, M., Rasche, M., Proquitté, H., Newman, L., & Vilser, D. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9091419 · Cited by 14
“It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties [44,45] and thus can have a positive effect on the previously discussed mechanisms of long COVID [7,9,46].”
Background
Pathogenic Connections in Post-COVID Conditions: What Do We Know in the Large Unknown? A Narrative Review
Stafie, C. S., Solomon, S. M., Șufaru, I.-G., Manaila, M., Stafie, I. I., Melinte, G., Simionescu, B., & Leuștean, L. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14081686 · Cited by 14
“Unfortunately, these data cannot be fully corroborated; however, it was suggested that a substantial proportion of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection will develop long-COVID syndrome [8].”
Background
COVID‐19 and platelet traits: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Cheung, C., Ho, S., Krishnamoorthy, S., & Li, G. H. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27920 · Cited by 20
“However, it is recognized that symptoms can persist long after the acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which is also known as long covid.(2) It is important to understand the relationship between acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and general health.”
Background
Trigger point injections and dry needling can be effective in treating long COVID syndrome-related myalgia: a case report
Zha, M., Chaffee, K., & Alsarraj, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-021-03239-w · Cited by 12
“However, there is very little information on the treatment of LCSrelated myalgia in existing guidelines [10, 15, 16].”
Background
Long COVID in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Salvatori, S., Baldassarre, F., Mossa, M., & Monteleone, G. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10235575 · Cited by 12
“Manifestations of Long COVID are clinically diverse and supposed to be caused by multiple underlying mechanisms [9].”
BackgroundResult
MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
Pavăl, N.-E., Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Lobiuc, A., Dimian, M., Sîrbu, I. O., & Covașă, M. (2025) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-025-00810-0 · Cited by 12
“Similar to the acute phase, Long COVID involve multiple organs and systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems [48].”
Cognitive and mental health outcomes in long covid
Aretouli, E., Malik, M., Widmann, C., Parker, A. M., Oh, E. S., & Vannorsdall, T. D. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081349 · Cited by 21
Assessment of psychosocial aspects in adults in post-COVID-19 condition: the EURONET-SOMA recommendations on core outcome domains for clinical and research use
Salzmann, S., de Vroege, L., Engelmann, P., Fink, P., Fischer, S., Frisch, S., Gormsen, L. K., Hüfner, K., Kop, W. J., Köteles, F. G., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-03927-0 · Cited by 10
“Although post-COVID-19 condition can affect patients in the full range from a very mild acute disease to very severe forms [58], post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be more prevalent in those having experienced a severe acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU)…”
Gut microbiota in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: not the end of the story
An, Y., He, L., Xu, X. Y., Piao, M., Wang, B., Liu, T., & Cao, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1500890 · Cited by 12
“A clinical trial is underway to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotic and prebiotics supplements in normalizing the gut microbiota composition and immune function in long-COVID (NCT04813718) (Crook et al., 2021).”
Long-Term Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Outcomes of COVID-19
Kim, M. S., Lee, H., & Yon, D. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-24-01952 · Cited by 11
Cognitive profile in multiple sclerosis and post-COVID condition: a comparative study using a unified taxonomy
Delgado-Alonso, C., Delgado-Álvarez, A., Díez-Cirarda, M., Oliver-Mas, S., Cuevas, C., Montero-Escribano, P., Ramos-Leví, A., Gil-Moreno, M. J., López-Carbonero, J., Hermann, B. P., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60368-0 · Cited by 11
A ketogenic diet can mitigate SARS-CoV-2 induced systemic reprogramming and inflammation
Palermo, A., Li, S., ten Hoeve, J., Chellappa, A., Morris, A., Dillon, B. J., Ma, F., Wang, Y., Cao, E. Z., Shabane, B., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05478-7 · Cited by 9
“COVID-19 can lead to heterogeneous symptoms, which span from asymptomatic infections to respiratory failure with systemic toxicity and multi-organ dysfunction 2 – 4 .”
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Post-Acute Sequelae of Covid-19 Among United States Veterans
Stephens, M. D., Gazmararian, J. A., & Khakharia, A. (2023) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.11.006 · Cited by 12
Post-coronavirus disease 2019 functional impairments, limitations, and restrictions: A prospective cohort study based on the international classification of functioning, disability, and health
Monteiro, I. P., Appelt, P. A., Sisconetto, A. T., Sucupira, K. S. M. B., Bazán, R., Luvizutto, G. J., & de Souza, L. A. P. S. (2023) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/11795735231195759 · Cited by 14
Long COVID and its cardiovascular consequences: What is known?
Składanek, J. A., Leśkiewicz, M., Gumiężna, K., Baruś, P., Piasecki, A., Klimczak‐Tomaniak, D., Sygitowicz, G., Kochman, J., Grabowski, M., & Tomaniak, M. (2023) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.17219/acem/167482 · Cited by 11
Exploring risk factors for persistent neurocognitive sequelae after hospitalization for COVID‐19
Ch’en, P. Y., Gold, L., Lu, Q.-S., Ye, T., Andrews, J. S., & Patel, P. (2023) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51801 · Cited by 11
“A Switch Went off in my Whole Body”: Lived Experiences of Fatigue and Post-Exertional Malaise in Long Covid
Sas, C., Lotankar, Y., Adam, R., Bradbury, K., Cooper, J., Hill, D. L., Martinez, V., & Powell, D. (2023) · CHI Extended Abstracts · doi:10.1145/3544549.3585846 · Cited by 11
“These symptoms appear to be more prevalent among female [13] with preexisting conditions especially depression or anxiety [9] [23] [36] [54], and for some individuals they could worsen in time [9], while healthcare inequities impacting particularly on vulnerable people living with Long Covid [34].”
Influential
Trust in sources of information on COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic's first wave and incident persistent symptoms in the population-based CONSTANCES cohort: A prospective study
Matta, J., Wiernik, E., Robineau, O., Severi, G., Touvier, M., Gouraud, C., Vedrines, C. O., Pitron, V., Ranque, B., Hoertel, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111326 · Cited by 13
Age of First Overweight and Obesity, COVID-19 and Long COVID in Two British Birth Cohorts
Staatz, C. B., Bann, D., Ploubidis, G. B., Goodman, A. T., & Silverwood, R. J. (2023) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1007/s44197-023-00093-5 · Cited by 14
“There is emerging evidence that having a higher BMI may also be related to an increased risk of long COVID [5, 16, 17].”
Background
European Working Group on SARS-CoV-2: Current Understanding, Unknowns, and Recommendations on the Neurological Complications of COVID-19
Crook, H., Ramírez, A., Hosseini, A. A., Vavougios, G. D., Lehmann, C., Bruchfeld, J., Schneider, A., d’Avossa, G., Re, V. L., Salmoiraghi, A., et al. (2023) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2022.0058 · Cited by 12
“Patients with persisting symptoms after COVID-19 may present with a range of heterogeneous symptoms (Crook et al, 2021).”
Self-citation
A bibliometric analysis of inflammatory bowel disease and COVID-19 researches
Wang, F., Xie, J., Xiong, H., & Xie, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1039782 · Cited by 10
“This condition, defined as long COVID, is now recognized as a public health priority (75).”
Background
Direct impact of COVID-19 by estimating disability-adjusted life years at national level in France in 2020
Haneef, R., Fayad, M., Fouillet, A., Sommen, C., Bonaldi, C., Wyper, G. M. A., Pires, S. M., Devleesschauwer, B., Rachas, A., Constantinou, P., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280990 · Cited by 13
“Risk factors for severe COVID-19 and hospital admission, and death include older age, male sex, non-white ethnicity, being disabled, and pre-existing comorbidities (including obesity, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and hypertension) [37].”
Background
Prosociality and health: Identification with all humanity is a replicable predictor of prosocial motivation for health behaviors
Barragan, R. C., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052713 · Cited by 12
“Building on this idea, we speculate that people who reflect on their own susceptibility for COVID-19 and its possible lifelong complications (Crook et al., 2021) may have experiences, thoughts, and feelings that they generalize or extend to others using an implicit practical syllogism: “me = vulnerable,” “others are l…”
Background
Long COVID—Challenges in diagnosis and managing return‐to‐work
Tan, K. W. A., & Koh, D. (2023) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12401 · Cited by 11
Neuroinflammation in mild respiratory COVID-19: insights into cognitive impairment in milder cases
Li, Q., Dang, C., & Wang, L. (2022) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-022-00431-x · Cited by 15
“In addition to the direct neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 and nonimmune effects such as severe systemic hypoxemia and vascular thrombosis, the central mechanism by which SARSCoV-2 accelerates cognitive-related symptoms may be related to immune effects [2].”
Background
Allergic diseases and immunodeficiencies in children, lessons learnt from COVID ‐19 pandemic by 2022: A statement from the EAACI ‐section on pediatrics
Munblit, D., Greenhawt, M., Brough, H. A., Pushkareva, A., Karimova, D., Demidova, A., Warner, J. O., Kalaycı, Ö., Šedivá, A., Untersmayr, E., et al. (2022) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.13851 · Cited by 16
The Mito-Hormetic Mechanisms of Ozone in the Clearance of SARS-CoV2 and in the COVID-19 Therapy
Chirumbolo, S., Varesi, A., Franzini, M., Valdenassi, L., Pandolfi, S., Tirelli, U., Esposito, C., & Ricevuti, G. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10092258 · Cited by 13
Using an untargeted metabolomics approach to analyze serum metabolites in COVID-19 patients with nucleic acid turning negative
Chen, W., Yao, M., Chen, M., Zhao, O., Yang, Q., He, Y., Zhang, N., Deng, M., Wu, Y., Chen, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.964037 · Cited by 12
Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression symptoms in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia
Guillen-Burgos, H. F., Gomez-Ureche, J., Acosta, N., Acevedo-Vergara, K., Pérez-Florez, M., Villalba, E., Maloof, D., Dau, A., Salva, S., Mattar, S., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100293 · Cited by 14
Recommendations for Successful Implementation of the Use of Vocal Biomarkers for Remote Monitoring of COVID-19 and Long COVID in Clinical Practice and Research
Fischer, A., Elbéji, A., Aguayo, G., & Fagherazzi, G. (2022) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/40655 · Cited by 12
“Long COVID syndrome is defined as a set of symptoms persisting and fluctuating beyond 4 weeks after infection, leading to long-term support and care needs [4].”
HEART rate variability biofeedback for long COVID symptoms (HEARTLOC): protocol for a feasibility study
Corrado, J., Halpin, S. J., Preston, N., Whiteside, D., Tarrant, R., Davison, J., Simms, A. D., O’Connor, R. J., Casson, A. J., & Sivan, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066044 · Cited by 16
Social Media Mining of Long-COVID Self-Medication Reported by Reddit Users: Feasibility Study to Support Drug Repurposing
Koss, J., & Bohnet-Joschko, S. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/39582 · Cited by 13
New endemic and pandemic pathologies with interhuman airborne transmission through ear, nose and throat anatomical sites
Gennaro, F. D., & Petrosillo, N. (2022) · Acta otorhinolaryngologica italica · doi:10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-42-2022-01 · Cited by 11
Neuro-Ophthalmic Implications of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Related Infection and Vaccination
Petzold, A. (2022) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000519 · Cited by 13
“Hence, the other name used in the literature, Corona Virus Disease 2019 or otherwise commonly known as “COVID-19.””
BackgroundInfluential
Narrative review of the COVID-19, healthcare and healthcarers thematic series
Williams, R., & Kaufman, K. R. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1085 · Cited by 18
Assessment and Management of Long COVID
Rivas-Vazquez, R. A., Rey, G. J. F. D., Quintana, A., & Rivas-Vazquez, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/s42843-022-00055-8 · Cited by 23
Hypozincemia in COVID-19 Patients Correlates With Stronger Antibody Response
Xu, W., Liu, Y.-Z., Zou, X., Luo, H.-L., Wu, W.-H., Xia, J.-J., Chan, M. T., Fang, S., Shu, Y., Wu, W., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.785599 · Cited by 11
Blood Cytokine Analysis Suggests That SARS-CoV-2 Infection Results in a Sustained Tumour Promoting Environment in Cancer Patients
Winter, F. D., Hotterbeekx, A., Huizing, M. T., Konnova, A., Fransén, E., Jongers, B. ‘., Jairam, R. K., averbeke, V. V., Moons, P., Roelant, E., et al. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13225718 · Cited by 13
“Together these data prompt for an increased vigilance in clinical follow up for any sequelae of faster cancer progression after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with haematological malignancies, as has been speculated recently [48-50].”
Background
Update to post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Caring for the 'long-haulers'
Vehar, S. J., Boushra, M. N., Ntiamoah, P., & Biehl, M. (2021) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.88a.21010-up · Cited by 7
Post–COVID-19 Condition Fatigue Outcomes Among Danish Residents
O’Regan, E., Spiliopoulos, L., Svalgaard, I. B., Nielsen, N., Sørensen, A. I. V., Bager, P., Videbech, P., Ethelberg, S., Koch, A., & Hviid, A. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34863 · Cited by 10
A Pilot Study on the Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Performance, Quality of Life, and Immunologic Variables in Long COVID
Abbasi, A., Gattoni, C., Iacovino, M., Ferguson, C., Tosolini, J., Singh, A., Soe, K., Pórszász, J., Lanks, C., Rossiter, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13185590 · Cited by 10
“…related to almost every organ system can occur, including shortness of breath, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction (‘brain fog’), headaches, palpitations, muscle aches, transient rashes, joint pains, sleep disturbances, post-exertional malaise (PEM), clotting abnormalities, chest pains, etc. [2–4].”
Background
Mechanisms of Gut-Related Viral Persistence in Long COVID
McMillan, P., Turner, A. J., & Uhal, B. D. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16081266 · Cited by 15
Chronic Lung Disease as a Risk Factor for Long COVID in Patients Diagnosed With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Zhang, X., Anzalone, A. J., Dai, D., Cochran, G. L., Dai, R., Rupp, M. E., Collaborative, F. T. N. C. C. (., Wilcox, A. B., Lee, A. M., Graves, A., et al. (2024) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae424 · Cited by 10
“All of the covariates mentioned above are categorical variables and were selected based on a priori knowledge of risk factors for long COVID [5, 9–11, 20 –22”
Method
Persistence of COVID-19 Symptoms and Quality of Life at Three and Twelve Months after Hospital Discharge
Gutiérrez-Canales, L. G., Muñoz-Corona, C., Barrera-Chávez, I., Viloria-Álvarez, C., Macías, A. E., Martínez-Navarro, L. J., Alvarez, J. A., Scavo-Montes, D. A., & Guaní-Guerra, E. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60060944 · Cited by 10
“…major manifestation of long-COVID, where systemic inflammation; cell-mediated immune mechanisms; or even direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of the skeletal muscle resulting in damage, weakness, and inflammation to muscle fibers and neuromuscular junctions could be involved in the physiopathogenesis [21].”
Background
Musculoskeletal and Neuropathic Pain in COVID-19
Lam, C. M., Sanderson, M., Vu, D. T., Sayed, D., Latif, U., Chadwick, A. L., Staats, P. S., York, A., Smith, G. V., Velagapudi, V., et al. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14030332 · Cited by 11
“Some musculoskeletal manifestations of Long COVID include new-onset fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, chest pain, and idiopathic pain syndromes [69].”
Background
Sleep and memory complaints in long COVID: an insight into clustered psychological phenotypes
Titze‐de‐Almeida, R., Lacerda, P. H. A., de Oliveira, E. P., de Oliveira, M. E. F., Vianna, Y. S. S., Costa, A. M., dos Santos, E. P., Guerard, L. M. C., Ferreira, M. A. D. M., dos Santos, I. C. R., et al. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16669 · Cited by 10
“Long COVID may arise from a complex network of underlying mechanisms ( Crook et al., 2021 ; Davis et al., 2023 ).”
Background
Post COVID-19 condition among adults in Malaysia following the Omicron wave: A prospective cohort study
Tok, P. S. K., Kang, K., Ng, S. W., Rahman, N. A., Syahmi, M., Pathmanathan, M., Appannan, M. R., Peariasamy, K., & Sivasampu, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296488 · Cited by 10
Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: III. Persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its components
El‐Baky, N. A., Amara, A. A. A. F., Uversky, V. N., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2023) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.30514 · Cited by 11
“47,48 On the other hand, a third of long COVID cases have no diagnosed preexisting conditions.”
Background
The effect of the urban exposome on COVID-19 health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Houweling, L., der Zee, A. M.-V., Holtjer, J., Bazdar, S., Vermeulen, R., Downward, G., & Bloemsma, L. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117351 · Cited by 10
The effect of corticosteroids, antibiotics, and anticoagulants on the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome in COVID-19 hospitalized patients 6 months after discharge: a retrospective follow up study
Davelaar, J. F., Jessurun, N., Schaap, G., Bode, C., & Vonkeman, H. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Testo stampato) · doi:10.1007/s10238-023-01153-7 · Cited by 10
“This variation can be attributed to differences in follow-up length, the definition of the post COVID condition, and the population sample [15].”
Background
Assessment and Therapeutic Modulation of Heart Rate Variability: Potential Implications in Patients with COVID-19
Schnekenberg, L. G., Sedghi, A., Schoene, D., Pallesen, L., Barlinn, J., Woitek, F. J., Linke, A. H.-P., Puetz, V., Barlinn, K., Mangner, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10070297 · Cited by 11
Acupoint stimulation for long COVID: A promising intervention
Feng, B., & Rong, P. (2023) · 世界针灸杂志：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.wjam.2023.05.012 · Cited by 9
“[96] Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P.”
Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in Tunisian population
Chelly, S., Rouis, S., Ezzi, O., Ammar, A., Fitouri, S., Soua, A., Fathallah, I., Njah, M., & Mahjoub, M. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09463-y · Cited by 17
“A better understanding of the symptoms, risk factors, and treatment of long COVID is necessary to manage this disease more effectively within healthcare systems [7].”
Background
Evaluating vaccine allocation strategies using simulation-assisted causal modeling
Kekić, A., Dehning, J., Gresele, L., von Kügelgen, J., Priesemann, V., & Schölkopf, B. (2023) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2023.100739 · Cited by 7
“39 Differencesinlengthandintensityofsufferingcould also be captured by metrics such as quality-adjusted life years.”
Background
Physical activity levels respiratory and peripheral muscle strength and pulmonary function in young post-COVID-19 patients
Güneş, M., Yana, M., & Güçlü, M. (2023) · Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-023-02204-5 · Cited by 10
“It is thought that the long-term consequences of these pathologies will result in a decrease in respiratory muscle strength and a worsening of lung functions [2, 13].”
BackgroundInfluential
High Prevalence of Alternative Diagnoses in Children and Adolescents with Suspected Long COVID—A Single Center Cohort Study
Goretzki, S., Brasseler, M., Dogan, B., Hühne, T., Bernard, D., Schönecker, A., Steindor, M., Gangfuss, A., Marina, A. D., Felderhoff-Müser, U., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020579 · Cited by 10
Long-Term Symptoms after Mild Coronavirus Disease in Healthy Healthcare Professionals: A 12-Month Prospective Cohort Study
Silva, G. R. D. C. E., Moura, W. É. A., dos Santos, K. C., Gomes, D. O., Bandeira, G. N., Guimarães, R. A., Rosso, C. F. W., Bazílio, G. S., Leite, V. R. M. C., Caetano, K. A. A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021483 · Cited by 15
“A few previous studies [16,17] have reported female sex, the presence of more than five initial symptoms, and being a healthcare professional as risk factors for long-term COVID-19.”
Background
Cross-sectional analysis of clinical aspects in patients with long-COVID and post-COVID syndrome
Schulze, H., James, J. C., Trampe, N., Richter, D., Pakeerathan, T., Siems, N., Ayzenberg, I., Gold, R., & Faissner, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.979152 · Cited by 14
“microglia in the central nervous system, among others (8).”
Background
Late-Onset Hypogonadism in a Male Patient with Long COVID Diagnosed by Exclusion of ME/CFS
Soejima, Y., Otsuka, Y., Tokumasu, K., Nakano, Y., Harada, K., Nakamoto, K., Sunada, N., Sakurada, Y., Hasegawa, K., Hagiya, H., et al. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58040536 · Cited by 12
“SARS-CoV-2 is known to target and enter host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors [18], and Leydig cells in the testis are known to express ACE2 receptors abundantly [19].”
Background
Management of long COVID-19 in children and adolescents: from diagnosis to therapeutically approaches
Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Gheorghita, R. E., Lobiuc, A., Filip, R., Șoldănescu, I., Mangul, S., & Dimian, M. (2026) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2642510 · Cited by 11
“The diagnosis of cardiac symptoms in children with L-C19 can be made through clinical assessment, obtaining medical history, and performing diagnostic tests, such as the time when the symptoms appeared and whether there was any link with the original child’s COVID-19 infections [83,121–127].”
Influential
Long‐Term Impact of COVID‐19 on Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction: Incidence, Symptom Burden, and Psychological Comorbidities
Marasco, G., Hod, K., Colecchia, L., Cremon, C., Barbaro, M., Cacciari, G., Falangone, F., Kagramanova, A., Bordin, D., Drug, V., et al. (2025) · United European Gastroenterology journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.70005 · Cited by 9
“Research also highlights COVID‐19’s significant gastrointestinal (GI) impact [4, 5], with symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, appetite loss, abdominal pain and increased GI bleeding risk [3, 4].”
Post-COVID microvascular dysfunction in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors is associated with acute disease severity and persistent cognitive complaints.
van der Knaap, N., Klinkhammer, S., Postma, A. A., Visser-Meily, J., Horn, J., van Heugten, C. V., Voorter, P. H. M., van der Thiel, M. M., Drenthen, G. S., Backes, W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2025.123464 · Cited by 9
“These imaging findings may reflect neuropathophysiological processes that could explain long COVID symptoms [13].”
Objectifying persistent subjective cognitive impairment following COVID-19 infection: cross-sectional data from an outpatient memory-clinic in Germany
Tarantini, L., Möller, C., Schiestl, V., Sordon, S., Noll‐Hussong, M., Wittemann, M., Menzie, N., & Riemenschneider, M. J. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-01978-1 · Cited by 11
“With 71% female participants, a mean age of 47 years, and substantial subjective fatigue in 79% of the cases, the present study sample aligns with major epidemiological findings, which identify female sex and middle to higher age as risk factors for developing Post-COVID conditions [2, 21].”
A multidisciplinary review of long COVID to address the challenges in diagnosis and updated management guidelines
Abbas, A. H., Haji, M. R., Shimal, A. A., Kurmasha, Y. H., Al-Janabi, A. A. H., Azeez, Z. T., Al-Ali, A. R. S., Al-Najati, H. M. H., Al-waeli, A. R. A., Abdulhadi, N. A. S. A., et al. (2025) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000003066 · Cited by 12
“[ 20 ] Subramanian, et al have investigated, in a retrospective manner, the risk elements correlated with prolonged symptoms in non-hospitalized COVID patients.”
A Blood Supply Pathophysiological Microcirculatory Mechanism for Long COVID
Koutsiaris, A. G. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14091076 · Cited by 13
Long COVID impacts: the voices and views of diverse Black and Latinx residents in Massachusetts
Martinez, L. S. S., Sharma, N., John, J., Battaglia, T. A., Linas, B. P., Clark, C. R., Hudson, L. B., Lobb, R., Betz, G., O’Neill, S. O. O., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19567-7 · Cited by 9
“Consistent with the literature, these symptoms included: fatigue, brain fog as well as respiratory symptoms, chronic pain, mental health symptoms [4–6].”
Background
Prevalence and impact of persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey in the SIREN cohort.
Foulkes, S., Evans, J., Neill, C., Bishop, J., Khawam, J., Islam, J., Atti, A., Brown, C., Hopkins, S., Price, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106259 · Cited by 9
The use of acupuncture for addressing neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lam, W., Wei, D.-J., Li, H.-J., Yao, L., Zhang, S., Lai, M. X. Y., Zheng, Y., Yeung, J., Lau, A. Y. L., Lyu, A.-P., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1406475 · Cited by 9
Prevalence and Predictors of Long COVID-19 and the Average Time to Diagnosis in the General Population: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression
Muthuka, J., Nzioki, J. M., Kelly, J., Musangi, E. N., Chebungei, L., Nabaweesi, R., & Kiptoo, M. (2024) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid4070067 · Cited by 9
“Diagnosis is considered based on health history, including a diagnosis of COVID-19 either by a positive test, symptoms, or exposure, as well as undergoing a health examination [8–10].”
Method
Long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with cancer
Debie, Y., Palte, Z., Salman, H., Verbruggen, L., Vanhoutte, G., Chhajlani, S., Raats, S., Roelant, E., Vandamme, T., Peeters, M., et al. (2024) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-024-03726-9 · Cited by 9
“In line with the findings of Subramanian and Crook [ 35, 38], we observed that increased BMI (BMI > 25) might play a substantial role in the development of long COVID.”
Result
Medicinal plants for the management of post-COVID-19 fatigue: A literature review on the role and mechanisms
Chen, Y., Zhang, C., & Feng, Y. (2024) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2024.05.006 · Cited by 10
Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life in Working-Age COVID-19 Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Naik, H., Wilton, J., Tran, K. C., Janjua, N. Z., Levin, A., & Zhang, W. (2024) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.05.016 · Cited by 15
Social determinants of health predict readmission following COVID-19 hospitalization: a health information exchange-based retrospective cohort study
Sandoval, M. N., Mikhail, J., Fink, M. K., Tortolero, G. A., Cao, T., Ramphul, R., Husain, J., & Boerwinkle, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1352240 · Cited by 9
Current landscape of long COVID clinical trials
Bhattacharya, M., Chatterjee, S., Saxena, S., Nandi, S. S., Lee, S., & Chakraborty, C. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111930 · Cited by 10
Being fit in the COVID-19 era and future epidemics prevention: Importance of cardiopulmonary exercise test in fitness evaluation
de la Guía-Galipienso, F., Palau, P., Senén, A. B., Pérez-Quilis, C., Christle, J. W., MYERS, J. N., Haddad, F., Baggish, A. L., D’Ascenzi, F., Lavie, C. J., et al. (2024) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2024.03.001 · Cited by 9
Long Vax in the Eye: Long Post-COVID Vaccination Syndrome Presenting with Frosted Branch Angiitis
Kamoi, K., & Ohno-Matsui, K. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12020036 · Cited by 9
“The similarities between the manifestations of this syndrome and Long COVID underscore the complex and multifaceted nature of the body’s response to these vaccines [12,13].”
Background
Cross-protective HCoV immunity reduces symptom development during SARS-CoV-2 infection
Abela, I. A., Schwarzmüller, M., Ulytė, A., Radtke, T., Haile, S. R., Ammann, P., Raineri, A., Rueegg, S., Epp, S., Berger, C., et al. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02722-23 · Cited by 10
Preexisting Psychiatric Conditions as Risk Factors for Diagnosed Long COVID-19 Syndrome Within Aggregated Electronic Health Record Data
Bobak, L., Dorney, I., Kovacevich, A., Barnett, B. S., & Kaelber, D. C. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001280 · Cited by 19
Feasibility, safety and effectiveness of prednisolone and vitamin B1, B6, and B12 in patients with post-COVID-19-syndrome (PreVitaCOV) – protocol of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial in primary care (phase IIIb)
Tengelmann, C., Joos, S., Kaußner, Y., Malzahn, U., Lunden, L., Klug, A., Häusler, K., Escales, C., Maetzler, W., Hügen, K., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08925-2 · Cited by 9
Predictors of Dizziness and Hearing Disorders in People with Long COVID
Obeidat, F. S., Alghwiri, A. A., & Whitney, S. L. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59111901 · Cited by 9
“Common symptoms of long COVID include fatigue, respiratory disorders, cognitive disorders, depression, anxiety, dizziness, and hearing loss [10,11].”
Background

Authors: Crook, H., Raza, S., Nowell, J., Young, M., & Edison, P.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Edison, Paul
ORCID: Edison, Paul
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2021-07-26
Volume: 374
Pages: n1648
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1648
OpenAlex: W3186314395
Cited by: 1,655
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 508 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 60
FWCI: 43.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2021-08-03)
Open access: closed
Licence: bmj.com/coronavirus/usage (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords: long COVID, SARS-CoV-2, persistent symptoms, fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac anomalies, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, myalgia, risk factors, treatment options
MeSH terms: Global Burden of Disease, COVID-19, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Clinical Trials as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Incidence, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Drug Repositioning

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks