Cited by 1,655Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Crook, Harry, Raza, Sanara, Nowell, Joseph, Young, Megan, Edison, Paul·2021·BMJ

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Abstract

Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.

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“Female sex and 40–50 years of age are considered risk factors for long COVID, suggesting a possible sex hormone link at the time of perimenopause or long COVID and menopause symptom overlap [48,49].”
Long COVID for the Rheumatologist: Current Understanding and Approach to Management.
Calabrese, L., & Calabrese, C. (2024) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2024.08.004 · Cited by 4
Assessment of the therapeutic potential of salubrinal for ME/CFS and long-COVID.
Warrayat, A. M., Ali, A., Waked, J., Tocci, D., & Speth, R. C. (2024) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2024.10.001 · Cited by 4
Use of complementary medicine among US adults with post-COVID-19: Results from the 2022 National Health Interview Survey.
Bîlc, M. I., & Cramer, H. (2024) · American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.09.023 · Cited by 4
Interaction between economic status and healthy lifestyle in long COVID among Chinese older population: a cross-sectional study
Wang, Y., Li, M., Zhang, B., Feng, Y., Yu, Y.-H., Guo, L., Du, M., Yan, W.-X., Liu, Q., Qin, C., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082314 · Cited by 4
Respiratory conditions.
Cheng, S., & Elkins, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2024.08.004 · Cited by 4
Comparative analysis of financial toxicity between SARS-CoV-2 infection and common comorbidities
Su, H., Thompson, H. J., Figuracion, K. C., Patel, M. B., & Needham, D. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309116 · Cited by 3
Socio-economic conditions affect health-related quality of life, during recovery from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection
Benatti, S. V., Venturelli, S., Buzzetti, R., Binda, F., Belotti, L., Soavi, L., Biffi, A. M., Spada, M. S., Casati, M., Rizzi, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09502-x · Cited by 4
The association of non-severe COVID-19 infection and progression to frailty among robust older veterans
Resendes, N., Bradley, J., Tang, F., Hammel, I., & Ruiz, J. G. (2024) · The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100296 · Cited by 4
Effects of Pycnogenol® in people with post-COVID-19 condition (PYCNOVID): study protocol for a single-center, placebo controlled, quadruple-blind, randomized trial
Radtke, T., Künzi, L., Kopp, J., Rasi, M., Braun, J., Zens, K. D., Winter, B. L., Anagnostopoulos, A., Puhan, M. A., & Fehr, J. S. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08187-6 · Cited by 6
“…unclear, some potential mechanisms include virus-specific pathophysiologic changes, ongoing immune stimulation from viral reservoirs in various tissues, persistent endotheliopathy, autoimmunity, hypercoagulation, and microthrombi as a result of an excessive inflammatory response [13, 14, 17].”
Background
Hemoglobin and Its Relationship with Fatigue in Long-COVID Patients Three to Six Months after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Bazdar, S., Bloemsma, L. D., Baalbaki, N., Blankestijn, J. M., Cornelissen, M. E. B., Beijers, R. J. H. C. G., Sondermeijer, B. M., van Wijck, Y., Downward, G. S., & der Zee, A. H. M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061234 · Cited by 5
“The term “Long-COVID” refers to the condition in which patients experience a variety of persisting symptoms long after the acute phase of the infection has resolved but often typified by fatigue, dyspnea, brain fog, sleep problems, muscle stiffness, and mental problems [1,5,6].”
Background
Ventilatory efficiency in long-term dyspnoeic patients following COVID-19 pneumonia.
Piamonti, D., Panza, L., Flore, R., Baccolini, V., Pellegrino, D., Sanna, A., Lecci, A., Muzio, G. L., Angelone, D., Mirabelli, F., et al. (2024) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2024.104285 · Cited by 4
“…history, the physiopathology and the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection still need to be fully understood; many patients manifest persistency or development of a wide range of symptoms after the acute infection, affecting functional performance and quality of life (Crook et al., 2021).”
Efficacy and Safety of Lianhua Qingke Tablets in the Treatment of Long Coronavirus Disease (COVID) Cough: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Study
Xu, X.-L., Ying, J.-Y., Tian, T., Liu, T., Chi, C.-H., Gong, Z., Gao, J.-P., Qian, M.-L., Tan, W., Cao, R., et al. (2024) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.013 · Cited by 4
Voice handicap and voice-related quality of life in COVID-19 patients
Bueno, L. M., Ramos, H., Costa, C. C., Alves, W., Velasco, L., & de Biase, N. D. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2024.101437 · Cited by 4
Alum/CpG adjuvant promotes immunogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron vaccine through enhanced humoral and cellular immunity
Zheng, X., Yang, R., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Yuan, G., Li, W., Xiao, Z., Dong, X., Ma, M., Guo, Y., et al. (2024) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2024.110050 · Cited by 4
Persistent immune abnormalities discriminate post-COVID syndrome from convalescence
Sbierski-Kind, J., Schlickeiser, S., Feldmann, S., Ober, V., Grüner, E., Pleimelding, C., Gilberg, L., Brand, I., Weigl, N., Ahmed, M. I. M., et al. (2024) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-023-02164-y · Cited by 4
“The estimated prevalence of PCS ranges from 5 to 50% [6], thus presenting an enormous global health burden, and can affect both patients with mild or severe forms of acute COVID-19 disease [7].”
Relevant factors associated with the development of chronic cough after recovery from COVID-19.
Kanemitsu, Y., Fukumitsu, K., & Niimi, A. (2024) · Respiratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2024.01.003 · Cited by 4
In Vitro Antiviral Activity of a New Indol-3-carboxylic Acid Derivative Against SARS-CoV-2
Narovlyansky, A. N., Filimonova, M. V., Tsyshkova, N. G., Pronin, A. V., Grebennikova, T., Karamov, E. V., Larichev, V. F., Kornilayeva, G. V., Fedyakina, I., Dolzhikova, I., et al. (2024) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/actanaturae.26623 · Cited by 4
Post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric manifestations: a suggested therapeutic approach to ‘long COVID’ with azithromycin
Schwartz, R. A., & Suskind, R. (2023) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268823001966 · Cited by 4
“…whether empiric COVID-19 therapies are associated with differences in the prevalence and outcome of severe neurological complications of COVID-19 [4, 9], and the new NIH initiative proclaimed by NIH Director Francis S. Collins to study long COVID, noting the $1.15 billion Congressional…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Impact of frailty on long-term survival in patients discharged alive from hospital after an ICU admission with COVID-19
Subramaniam, A., Ling, R., & Pilcher, D. (2023) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.ccrj.2023.11.001 · Cited by 4
“11,12 Although vaccination has minimized the impact of the severity and mortality of COVID-19, people can have symptoms that persist in the longer term ( ‘ long-COVID ’ ) 13 and potentially affect many organ systems.”
Background
Drug-drug interactions between COVID-19 drug therapies and antidepressants
Davoutis, E., Panou, C., Stachika, N., Dalla, C., & Kokras, N. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2023.2280750 · Cited by 4
“A further complication is that COVID-19 survivors, with and without long COVID [132], describe significant physical and psychological distress.”
Background
Functional Impairment in Small Airways Associated With the Breathlessness Symptoms in Long–Coronavirus Disease
Kim, M., Hwang, J., Grist, J. T., Eid, G. A., Yoon, S. H., Grau, V., Fraser, E., & Gleeson, F. V. (2023) · Journal of Thoracic Imaging · doi:10.1097/rti.0000000000000748 · Cited by 5
ASPECTS OF QUALITY OF LIFE IMPACTED ON PATIENTS WITH PROLONGED COVID-19 SYMPTOMS (LONG COVID)
Puspita, N., & Mcgiani, H. Q. D. Q. (2023) · Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi · doi:10.20473/jbe.v11i32023.249-257 · Cited by 4
Symptoms, care consumption, and healthcare costs in hospitalized patients during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Kröönström, L. A., Lundgren‐Nilsson, Å., Kjellby-Wendt, G., & Sunnerhagen, K. S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291548 · Cited by 5
“COVID-19 can impact many organs and cause a wide array of symptoms in both the acute phase of infection, as well as the post-acute phase [1,2].”
BackgroundResult
Persistent Cognitive Dysfunction in a Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Long-Hauler Patient Responding to Cognitive Rehabilitation and Citicoline Treatment
Monastero, R., & Baschi, R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13091275 · Cited by 4
“The main symptoms affect the respiratory system, leading to severe respiratory failure [1].”
BackgroundInfluential
Safety and efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid phosphate/iron in mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019: A randomized exploratory phase II trial
Tanaka, T., Tashiro, M., Ota, K., Fujita, A., Sawai, T., Kadota, J., Fukuda, Y., Sumiyoshi, M., Ide, S., Tachikawa, N., et al. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034858 · Cited by 5
“[39] Experiencing such symptoms for several months and the associated disease burden can exert stress on social activities of affected patients and the healthcare system.[39,40] Based on the potential merit of 5-ALA/SFC in COVID-19 treatment, further Table 3”
Background
Long COVID in a highly vaccinated population infected during a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron wave – Australia, 2022Preprint
Woldegiorgis, M. A., Cadby, G., Ngeh, S., Korda, R., Armstrong, P., Maticevic, J., Knight, P., Jardine, A., Bloomfield, L., & Effler, P. V. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.23293706 · Cited by 4
“While the most severe symptoms of COVID-19 tend to occur during the acute phase of infection, numerous studies have shown that a substantial proportion of patients continue to experience persistent symptoms for several weeks or months following the acute illness, a condition commonly referred to as “Long COVID” or “po…”
BackgroundInfluential
A Review: The Potential Involvement of Growth Arrest-Specific 6 and Its Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Lung Damage and in Coronavirus Disease 2019
Apostolo, D., Ferreira, L. L., Tizio, A. D., Ruaro, B., Patrucco, F., & Bellan, M. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11082038 · Cited by 5
Persistent clinical symptoms and their association with CM syndromes in post-COVID-19 rehabilitation patients in Hong Kong
Zhong, L. L. D., Tian, L., Ng, C. Y. J., Leung, C., Yang, X., Ching, L., Chen, H., Wong, R., Ng, B. F., Lin, Z. X., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19410 · Cited by 4
Long COVID as a never-ending puzzle: the experience of primary care physicians. A qualitative interview study
Pavlič, D. R., Maksuti, A., Mihevc, M., Munda, A., Medija, K., & Strauch, V. (2023) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0074 · Cited by 7
“2,3 On the other hand, physicians cope differently in every country, because healthcare systems differ at a national level.”
Background
Long COVID sexual dysfunction among both genders: evaluation of a cohort of COVID-19 recoverees.
Yelin, D., Daitch, V., Kalfon, T., Mor, M., Buchrits, S., Shafir, Y., Awwad, M., Ghantous, N., Shapira-Lichter, I., Leibovici, L., et al. (2023) · Infectious Diseases Now · doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104750 · Cited by 4
Exhaled Breath Condensate and Respiratory Sequelae in Children Post-COVID-19
Fireman-Klein, E., Yaacoby-Bianu, K., Orlin, I., Zetser, A., Purits, N., & Livnat, G. (2023) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000530971 · Cited by 4
CovC-ReDRNet: A Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Classification
Zhu, H.-R., Zhu, Z.-Q., Wang, S.-H., & Zhang, Y.-D. (2023) · Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction · doi:10.3390/make5030037 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, long-term consequences occur in post-COVID-19, such as weakness, general malaise, fatigue, cognitive impairment, etc. [7,8].”
Background
The effectiveness of COVID deaths to COVID policies: A robust conditional approach
Gearhart, R. S., Michieka, N. M., & Anders, A. I. M. A. (2023) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2023.06.026 · Cited by 5
“So called ‘‘long COVID’’, which is the persistence (or emergence) of symptoms at least 3 months after COVID infection, irrespective of viral status, is a growing public health threat (Crook et al., 2021; Raveendran et al., 2021).”
Data sharing: A Long COVID perspective, challenges, and road map for the future
Oladejo, S. O., Watson, L. R., Watson, B. W., Rajaratnam, K., Kotze, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2023) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2023/14719 · Cited by 6
“25 Open big data sets are required by governments, healthcare institutions and policymakers across the world in designing capable healthcare systems to address the looming Long COVID crisis.”
Background
The relationship between micronutrient status, frailty, systemic inflammation, and clinical outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19
McGovern, J., Wadsworth, J. M., Catchpole, A., Richards, C., McMillan, D. C., Kelliher, T., Goodall, E., Murray, E., Melaugh, T., McPhillips, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04138-y · Cited by 4
“Secondly, given the similarities in symptoms of thiamine deficiency [39, 40], depletion of vitamin B1 stores may explain the basis of the relationship between a high magnitude of SIR during COVID-19 infection with the development of long COVID [34, 35].”
Background
Comparative cohort study of post-acute COVID-19 infection with a nested, randomized controlled trial of ivabradine for those with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (the COVIVA study)Preprint
Saunders, D., Arnold, T. B., Lavender, J. M., Bi, D., Alcover, K., Hellwig, L., Leazer, S. T., Mohammed, R., Markos, B., Perera, K. U., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.23289110 · Cited by 4
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces burst activities in neurons measured by micro-electrode arrays
Salvador, M., Tseng, N., Park, C., Williams, G., Vethan, A., Thomas, G., Baker, J., Hemry, J., Hammond, E., Freeburg, P., et al. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000950 · Cited by 7
“Chronic post-COVID is seen to be prevalent in patients who have been infected by the COVID-19 virus; patients may still develop chronic postCOVID regardless of the seriousness of the infection or the degree of treatment received([30]).”
Background
Seminal fluid changes in the COVID-19 era: During infection and Post-vaccination
Nori, W., & Salman, D. A. (2023) · Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.gocm.2023.04.001 · Cited by 6
Case report: Dysphagia after COVID-19 infection in a stroke patient—Is neurostimulation a potential management?
Lin, T.-Y., Shen, P., Lee, S.-A., Yeh, S.-M., Chang, K.-V., & Wang, T.-G. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1126390 · Cited by 4
“An observational cohort study by Archer et al. (21) found that in 70.7% of patients referred for post-COVID-19-associated swallowing problems, the swallowing problems fully resolved on discharge.”
Influential
Living with pulmonary sequelae of COVID‐19 and the implications for clinical nursing practice: A qualitative systematised review
Albright, C., Limoges, J., & Rempel, G. R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16664 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 in older adult residents in nursing homes: factors associated with mortality and impact on functional capacity
Frigotto, M. F., Rodrigues, R., Rabello, R., & Dias, C. P. (2023) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-022-01040-w · Cited by 4
“The mechanisms are related to physical inactivity during isolation plus COVID-19 infection, that causes a chronic low-grade inflammation that acts on the brain, neuromuscular junctions and musculoskeletal system, causing atrophy of muscle fibers [19].”
Background
Comparison of Symptom Duration Between Children With SARS-CoV-2 and Peers With Other Viral Illnesses During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hicks, S. (2023) · La Clinica pediatrica · doi:10.1177/00099228231152840 · Cited by 4
“6 (4) Female sex, n (%) 183 (49) 49 (49) 134 (49) White race, n (%) 277 (74) 73 (73) 204 (75) Non-Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) 308 (82) 87 (87) 221 (81) Asthma, n (%) 31 (8) 9 (9) 22 (8) Anxiety, n (%) 30 (8) 9 (9) 21 (7) Depression, n (%) 10 (2) 4 (4) 6 (2) Marital status, n (%) Married 241 (64) 67 (67) 174 (63) Divorce…”
Symptoms of Long-COVID 1-Year after a COVID-19 outbreak among sailors on a French aircraft carrier
Perisse, A., Cacqueray, F. D., Delarbre, D., Marsaa, H., Bergmann, C., Silva, V. D., Bronstein, A., Paleiron, N., Menoud, N., Cobola, J., et al. (2023) · Infectious Diseases Now · doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104673 · Cited by 4
Mental and physical health should be evaluated in children and adolescents with long COVID
Chrapkowska, C. (2022) · Acta paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16604 · Cited by 4
APPLICATION OF DATA MINING FOR PREDICTION OF LONG COVID ON COVID-19 SURVIVAL WITH FEATURE SELECTION AND NAÏVE BAYES METHOD
Rokhmah, S., & Rais, N. A. R. (2022) · Jurnal Teknik Informatika (Jutif) · doi:10.20884/1.jutif.2022.3.5.561 · Cited by 4
“Pasien covid-19 yang mendapat perawatan intensif di ICU menunjukkan lebih berpotensi mengalami Long covid [7].”
Background
Distinguer la narcolepsie de type 2, l’hypersomnie idiopathique, la dépression et la somnolence dans le syndrome post-COVID-19
Massicotte, M., Moderie, C., Mombelli, S., Deshaies-Rugama, A.-S., Thompson, C., Nigam, M., Desautels, A., Montplaisir, J., & Gosselin, N. (2022) · Médecine du Sommeil · doi:10.1016/j.msom.2022.09.001 · Cited by 4
The heart and SARS-CoV-2
Calle, D. G., Eirós, R., & Sanchez, P. L. (2022) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2022.10.001 · Cited by 3
Post-COVID-Syndrom (PCS)
Bundesärztekam, M., & Bekanntmachungen, E. R. (2022) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt Online · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2022.stellungnahme_pcs · Cited by 4
Did COVID-19 Policies Have the Same Effect on COVID-19 Incidence Among Women and Men? Evidence From Spain and Switzerland
Fruchtman, C. S., Fischer, F., Llamas, L. M., Tavakkoli, M., Muñoz, D. C., & Antillón, M. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604994 · Cited by 4
“The COVID-19 burden goes beyond mortality and short-term illness [36].”
Background
A seven point plan to suppress covid infections and reduce disruptions
Sage, I. (2022) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.o1793 · Cited by 4
Covid-19, Long Covid, and Psychosomatic Manifestations: A Possible Burden on Existing Rheumatology Facilities
Siddiq, M. A. B., & Rasker, J. J. (2022) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_63_21 · Cited by 4
Machine Learning for Identifying Data-Driven Subphenotypes of Incident Post-Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Conditions with Large Scale Electronic Health Records: Findings from the RECOVER InitiativePreprint
Zhang, H., Zang, C.-X., Xu, Z.-X., Zhang, Y.-K., Xu, J., Bian, J., Morozyuk, D., Khullar, D., Zhang, Y., Nordvig, A., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.22275412 · Cited by 4
Post COVID-19 Condition in South Africa: 3-month follow-up after hospitalisation with SARS-CoV-2
Dryden, M., Mudara, C., Vika, C., Blumberg, L., Mayet, N., Cohen, C., Tempia, S., Parker, A., Nel, J., Perumal, R., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.22270594 · Cited by 4
“Males have higher risk of mortality during acute COVID-19 (33) but male sex has not been found to be a significant factor associated with PCC, (27) suggesting that females, typically of younger age, are more likely to survive acute disease, but subsequently experience worse long-term outcomes (32).”
Background
Imaging Findings in Pediatric COVID-19: A Review of Current Literature
Fick, T. A., Cua, C. L., & Lee, S. (2022) · Cardiology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40119-022-00256-8 · Cited by 4
“The mechanistic explanations for continued symptomatology have included postinflammatory lymphatic drainage alterations, post-infectious fibrotic changes to different organ systems, cytokine profile maladaptation or direct viral cellular injury as described by Crook and colleagues [71].”
Background
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 and adverse psychiatric outcomes: an etiology and risk systematic review protocol
Effiong, A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.22270646 · Cited by 4
COVID‐19 hospitalization is associated with pulmonary/diffusion abnormalities but not post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19 severity
Lam, G. Y., Befus, D., Damant, R. W., Ferrara, G., Fuhr, D. P., Laratta, C., Lau, A., Stickland, M. K., Varughese, R., Wong, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13427 · Cited by 4
Trends in COVID-19 Health Disparities in North Carolina: Preparing the Field for Long-Haul Patients
Holanda, T. M., Alberico, C. O., Ríos-Colón, L., Arthur, E., & Kumar, D. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9121704 · Cited by 5
PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS, SELF-REPORTED HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF COVID-19 SURVIVORS: A COHORT STUDY*
Kmita, L. C., Corleto, L. V., Tiba, M. N., Ruggieri, K. C. R., Bernardelli, R., Réa-Neto, Á., & Moser, A. D. D. L. (2023) · Cogitare Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/ce.v28i0.90063 · Cited by 4
“Skeletal muscle tissue exhibits a lot of ACE2, making it susceptible to the COVID-19 infection.”
BackgroundInfluential
Physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic: A 5-year retrospect
Woods, J. A., Hutchinson, N. T., Powers, S. K., Gómez‐Cabrera, M. C., Radak, Z. O., Leeuwenburgh, C., Cacciatore, S., Marzetti, E., Zhang, T., Garza, R., et al. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.11.001 · Cited by 3
Patient and Professional Perspectives on Long COVID: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Synthesis
Sui, S. X., & Yu, L. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22111620 · Cited by 5
“Studies highlight persistent inflammation, multi-organ sequelae, and cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological dysregulation [3–5].”
Following the Pandemic: Exploring Long COVID’s impact on Global Health through the World Heart Federation Global COVID-19 Study
Santo, K., Favaro, L., & Martins, E. (2025) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.1468 · Cited by 3
“However, infection by new strains of SARS-CoV-2 is an ongoing reality and its potential long-term consequences (also known as ‘Long COVID’) continue to raise interest in the scientific community (1, 2).”
Impact of nutrition on long COVID
Thangaleela, S., & Wang, C. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.09.002 · Cited by 3
“108 During PASC, these redox regulators LF, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), erythropoietin (EPO) and hepcidin (HEP) acts as barriers and protect the host from free radical damage and hyper immune responses.”
Long COVID-19 alters muscle architecture and muscle-tendon force transmission: a one-year longitudinal study
Ferreira, L. G. D. J., Almeida, I. D. S., Costa, R. R., Roriz, G. V., Geremia, J. M., Durigan, J. L. Q., & Marqueti, R. D. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1641046 · Cited by 4
The short-, medium- and long-term risk and the multi-organ involvement of clinical sequelae after COVID-19 infection: a multinational network cohort study
Lam, I. C. H., Chai, Y., Man, K. K. C., Lau, W. C. Y., Luo, H., Lin, X., Yin, C., Chui, C. S. L., Li, X., Zhang, Q., et al. (2025) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/01410768251352666 · Cited by 2
“1,3,4,16 For each outcome, individuals with a history of the condition examined before the index date were excluded from the analysis.”
Relationship Between Fatigue, Perceived Social Support and Symptomatology of Long‐ COVID Patients in Spain
Madrigal, M., Velasco, V., Jiménez‐Navascués, L., Cárdaba‐García, R. M., Durantez‐Fernández, C., Ruiz, E. B., Pérez, L., Olea, E., & Caz, A. M.-D. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.70078 · Cited by 3
Determinants of work ability among health and social services workers with work-related COVID-19 infection in Germany
Hassanin, R. M., Peters, C., Nienhaus, A., & Koch, P. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12938-9 · Cited by 4
“It may also harm multiple organs and systems in the same manner that COVID-19 does [25].”
Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19 in an Open Population: A Prospective Pilot Study
Rosas, Z. G., Martínez, H. C., Arroyo-Landín, M., Fragoso, G., Chávez‐Canales, M., Hernández, M., Rosetti, M., López-Alvarenga, J. C., Sciutto, E., & Cárdenas, G. (2025) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20240040 · Cited by 3
Treatment of Long Coronavirus Disease in Japan: A Nationwide Study of Symptom-Associated Drug Prescriptions
Kogure, Y., Ando, W., Sakamaki, K., & Sugawara, M. (2025) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.b24-00762 · Cited by 2
Underestimated virus impaired cognition-more evidence and more work to do
Awan, M. U. N., Mahmood, F., Peng, X.-B., Zheng, F., & Xu, J. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1550179 · Cited by 3
“A number of pathways have been suggested, which are not mutually exclusive, while research to identify the exact mechanism(s) by which SARS-CoV-2 attacks the neurological system, both acutely and chronically, is underway (132, 133).”

Authors: Crook, H., Raza, S., Nowell, J., Young, M., & Edison, P.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Edison, Paul
ORCID: Edison, Paul
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2021-07-26
Volume: 374
Pages: n1648
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1648
OpenAlex: W3186314395
Cited by: 1,655
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 508 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 60
FWCI: 43.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2021-08-03)
Open access: closed
Licence: bmj.com/coronavirus/usage (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords: long COVID, SARS-CoV-2, persistent symptoms, fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac anomalies, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, myalgia, risk factors, treatment options
MeSH terms: Global Burden of Disease, COVID-19, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Clinical Trials as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Incidence, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Drug Repositioning

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Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

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