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Cited by 1,655Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

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Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Crook, Harry, Raza, Sanara, Nowell, Joseph, Young, Megan, Edison, Paul·2021·BMJ
DOI 10.1136/bmj.n1648
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Abstract

Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.

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Metadata

Authors
Crook, H., Raza, S., Nowell, J., Young, M., & Edison, P.
Affiliations
Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Edison, Paul
ORCID
Edison, Paul
Venue
BMJ
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2021-07-26
Volume
374
Pages
n1648
ISSN
1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1136/bmj.n1648
OpenAlex
W3186314395
Cited by
1,655
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 85 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 508 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 60
FWCI
43.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2021-08-03)
Open access
closed
Licence
bmj.com/coronavirus/usage (tdm)
Locations
  • BMJ (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords
long COVID, SARS-CoV-2, persistent symptoms, fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac anomalies, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, myalgia, risk factors, treatment options
MeSH terms
Global Burden of Disease, COVID-19, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Clinical Trials as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Incidence, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Drug Repositioning

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