Cited by 1,655Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Crook, Harry, Raza, Sanara, Nowell, Joseph, Young, Megan, Edison, Paul·2021·BMJ

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.n1648

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

1 retracted

RETRACTED: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study
Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8 · Cited by 4,084
Retracted
The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378
Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., and the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775 · Cited by 9,254
Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19
Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T., Laenger, F., Vanstapel, A., Werlein, C., Stark, H., Tzankov, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2015432 · Cited by 5,613
Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c · Cited by 5,153
Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome
Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., McGroder, C., Stevens, J. S., Cook, J. R., Nordvig, A. S., Shalev, D., Sehrawat, T. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z · Cited by 4,862
Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19
Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603 · Cited by 4,561
Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
Shi, S., Qin, M., Shen, B., Cai, Y., Liu, T., Yang, F., Gong, W., Liu, X., Liang, J., Zhao, Q., et al. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950 · Cited by 4,349
COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system
Zheng, Y.-Y., Ma, Y.-T., Zhang, J.-Y., & Xie, X. (2020) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5 · Cited by 2,970

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 149

10.1136/bmj.m1091 · DOI · Paper page
Kim GU, Kim MJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild covid-19. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:948e1-3. · DOI
10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · DOI · Paper page
10.3389/fphar.2020.01169 · DOI
10.1002/path.1570 · DOI · Paper page
10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · DOI · Paper page
10.1186/s12913-020-06001-y · DOI
10.1001/jama.2020.22717 · DOI
10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100683 · DOI
10.1007/s00259-020-05084-3 · DOI
10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555 · DOI
10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620 · DOI · Paper page
10.1002/jmv.26368 · DOI · Paper page
10.1183/23120541.00542-2020 · DOI
10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1379 · DOI
10.1177/0194599820939538 · DOI
10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557 · DOI
10.3390/jcm9092946 · DOI
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 · DOI
D' Cruz, 2020, Chest radiography is a poor predictor of respiratory symptoms and functional impairment in survivors of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, ERJ Open Res, 7, 00655
10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106197 · DOI
10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.004 · DOI
10.1186/s12931-020-01429-6 · DOI
Savarraj JPJ, Burkett AB, Hinds SN, et al. Three-month outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv 2020 [preprint] 10.16.20211029. · DOI
10.1186/s12931-020-01546-2 · DOI · Paper page
Valiente-De S, Pérez-Camacho I, Sobrino B, et al. Clinical and immunoserological status 12 weeks after infection with COVID-19: prospective observational study. MedRxiv [preprint] 2020. 2020.10.06.20206060. · DOI
10.1017/S0022215120001826 · DOI
10.1002/jmv.26459 · DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037 · DOI · Paper page
10.1101/2020.09.25.20201343 · DOI
Fjaeldstad, 2020, Prolonged complaints of chemosensory loss after COVID-19, Dan Med J, 67
Eiros R, Barreiro-Perez M, Martin-Garcia A, et al. Pericarditis and myocarditis long after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional descriptive study in health-care workers. MedRxiv [preprint] 2020. 2020.07.12.20151316. · DOI
10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023 · DOI · Paper page
10.1007/s11606-020-06338-4 · DOI
10.1111/ijcp.13746 · DOI · Paper page
10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113604 · DOI
10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.014 · DOI
10.1080/00016489.2020.1811999 · DOI
10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100463 · DOI
10.1016/j.jns.2021.117486 · DOI
Davis HE Assaf GS McCorkell L . Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. MedRxiv 2020;12.24.20248802. · DOI
10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16307.1 · DOI
10.1001/archinte.167.12.1312 · DOI
10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227 · DOI
10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110469 · DOI
10.1007/s00259-020-04973-x · DOI
10.1177/0020764020941889 · DOI · Paper page
10.1152/japplphysiol.00321.2020 · DOI
10.3201/eid2607.200445 · DOI
10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.007 · DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15794-2 · DOI · Paper page
10.3390/medicina57050418 · DOI
10.1183/13993003.01217-2020 · DOI · Paper page
10.1177/1073858420941476 · DOI
10.3233/XST-200685 · DOI
10.3389/fmed.2021.636298 · DOI
10.1148/radiol.2021203153 · DOI
10.1164/rccm.202005-1583OC · DOI
10.1111/jth.14830 · DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 · DOI · Paper page
10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4916 · DOI
10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.01.009 · DOI · Paper page
10.19102/icrm.2020.111102 · DOI
10.1007/s10286-020-00727-9 · DOI
10.1007/s10286-020-00733-x · DOI
10.7861/clinmed.2020-0896 · DOI
10.1126/scitranslmed.abf7872 · DOI
10.1002/ejhf.1828 · DOI
10.1007/s10741-020-10037-x · DOI
10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.017 · DOI
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549 · DOI
10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001 · DOI
10.1016/j.clim.2020.108384 · DOI
10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.12.007 · DOI
10.1007/s12028-020-00978-4 · DOI
10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30062-6 · DOI
10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · DOI · Paper page
10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055 · DOI
10.1002/mus.27024 · DOI
10.1192/bjo.2021.3 · DOI
10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4 · DOI · Paper page
10.1111/jocn.15290 · DOI · Paper page
10.1017/S1041610220004135 · DOI
10.1017/S1041610220001088 · DOI · Paper page
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579842 · DOI
10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113297 · DOI
10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e367 · DOI
10.3390/ijerph17103722 · DOI
10.1016/j.paid.2020.110371 · DOI
10.1007/s10072-020-04575-3 · DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027 · DOI · Paper page
10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937 · DOI
10.1177/1747493020943815 · DOI
10.1080/13854046.2020.1811894 · DOI
Milanetti M, Miotto M, Rienzo LD. Monti M, Gosti G, Ruocco G. In-silico evidence for two receptors based strategy of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [preprint] 2020:11107. · DOI
10.3390/nu11102280 · DOI
10.1007/s00221-005-2376-9 · DOI · Paper page
10.1681/ASN.2020030276 · DOI
10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.021 · DOI
10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.040 · DOI
10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200401-00278 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.078 · DOI
10.12890/2020_001747 · DOI
10.1007/s42000-020-00230-w · DOI
10.1097/MCC.0000000000000153 · DOI
10.1164/rccm.201602-0420CP · DOI
10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048 · DOI · Paper page
Zippi, 2020, Involvement of the exocrine pancreas during COVID-19 infection and possible pathogenetic hypothesis: a concise review, Infez Med, 28, 507
10.1371/journal.pntd.0008280 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 · DOI · Paper page
10.2174/1570162X18666200712175535 · DOI
10.7326/M20-3689 · DOI
10.1097/QAI.0000000000002424 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.026 · DOI
10.1002/rmv.2155 · DOI
10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004 · DOI
10.1186/s12916-021-01947-0 · DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD008250.pub2 · DOI
10.1136/thx.38.8.595 · DOI
10.1136/thorax.57.11.939 · DOI
10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104025 · DOI
10.1111/resp.13398 · DOI
10.21037/apm-20-753 · DOI
10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.013 · DOI
10.2741/4462 · DOI
10.1177/0141076820951545 · DOI
10.1177/2055102919840614 · DOI
10.1111/eip.13099 · DOI
10.3390/healthcare8040552 · DOI
Larun, 2017, Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4
10.1136/bmj.m2933 · DOI
10.1007/s00134-016-4321-8 · DOI · Paper page
10.1002/biof.1726 · DOI
10.1080/01616412.2017.1315864 · DOI
10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.009 · DOI
10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70106-6 · DOI
10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152174 · DOI
10.1080/13651501.2021.1887264 · DOI
10.2215/CJN.01880211 · DOI
10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173897 · DOI
10.1002/biof.1696 · DOI
Chenchula S, Ray A, Sadasivam B. Famotidine repurposing for novel corona virus disease of 2019: a systematic review. Drug Res 2021. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-1146573. · DOI
Ishola, 2021, Molecular basis for the repurposing of histamine H2-receptor antagonist to treat COVID-19, J Biomol Struct Dyn, Jan 25, 1
10.1007/s12035-017-0632-1 · DOI · Paper page
10.3390/nu13041154 · DOI
10.1080/15284336.2018.1452842 · DOI
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.101 · DOI
10.1073/pnas.2005615117 · DOI
10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198108 · DOI

Sorted by citations

2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)
Mancia, G., Kreutz, R., Brunström, M., Burnier, M., Grassi, G., Januszewicz, A., Muiesan, M. L., Tsioufis, K., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Algharably, E. A. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480 · Cited by 3,473
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021
Collaborators, G. B. O. D. L. C., Hanson, S. W., Abbafati, C., Aerts, J. G. J. V., Al‐Aly, Z., Ashbaugh, C., Ballouz, T., Blyuss, O. B., Bobkova, P., Bonsel, G. J., et al. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.18931 · Cited by 1,015
Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: A meta-analysis
Premraj, L., Kannapadi, N. V., Briggs, J., Seal, S. M., Battaglini, D., Fanning, J. P., Suen, J. Y., Robba, C., Fraser, J. F., & Cho, S. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120162 · Cited by 817
SARS-CoV-2 cellular tropism
Stein, S. R., Ramelli, S., Grazioli, A., Chung, J.-Y., Singh, M., Yinda, C., Winkler, C. W., Sun, J.-F., Dickey, J. M., Ylaya, K., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30008-2 · Cited by 652
Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes
Choutka, J., Jansari, V., Hornig, M., & Iwasaki, A. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01810-6 · Cited by 604
Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study
Ballering, A., van Zon, S. K. R., Hartman, T. O., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01214-4 · Cited by 833
Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned
Li, G., Hilgenfeld, R., Whitley, R. J., & Clercq, E. D. (2023) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-023-00672-y · Cited by 714
Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus
Raman, B., Bluemke, D. A., Lüscher, T. F., & Neubauer, S. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031 · Cited by 717
“(ii) elucidating causal mechanisms including the role of immune system, obesity, endotheliopathy, and genetic predispositions; (iii) developing an understanding of CV symptom burden (as part of the long COVID spectrum) and its association with pathology; (iv) developing and refining scalable diagnostic methods with hi…”
The multifaceted nature of IL-10: regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions
Carlini, V., Noonan, D. M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, L., & Albini, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161067 · Cited by 590
Long-term neurologic outcomes of COVID-19
Xu, E., Xie, Y., & Al-Aly, Z. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02001-z · Cited by 530
Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study
Huang, L., Li, X., Gu, X., Zhang, H., Ren, X., Guo, L., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Cui, D., Wang, Y., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00126-6 · Cited by 613
Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a comprehensive review
Castanares‐Zapatero, D., Chalon, P. X., Kohn, L., Dauvrin, M., Detollenaere, J., de Noordhout, C. M., Jong, C. P.-D., Cleemput, I., & den Heede, K. V. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2076901 · Cited by 626
“Despite the possible overlap between both conditions [107,112], notable differences exist.”
Background
How COVID-19 shaped mental health: from infection to pandemic effects
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Benros, M. E., Klein, R. S., & Vinkers, C. H. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02028-2 · Cited by 480
Associations of Depression, Anxiety, Worry, Perceived Stress, and Loneliness Prior to Infection With Risk of Post–COVID-19 Conditions
Wang, S., Quan, L., Chavarro, J. E., Slopen, N. B., Kubzansky, L. D., Koenen, K. C., Kang, J. H., Weisskopf, M. G., Branch‐Elliman, W., & Roberts, A. L. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2640 · Cited by 408
Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Watanabe, A., Iwagami, M., Yasuhara, J., Takagi, H., & Kuno, T. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.008 · Cited by 304
“In this study, we defined long COVID as a condition where patients have persistent or new-onset symptoms and/or conditions four weeks after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection [3].”
Influential
Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study
Mizrahi, B., Sudry, T., Flaks‐Manov, N., Yehezkelli, Y., Kalkstein, N., Akiva, P., Ekka-Zohar, A., David, S. S. B., Lerner, U., Bivas‐Benita, M., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072529 · Cited by 345
Biomarkers of aging
Bao, H., Cao, J., Chen, M., Min, C., Chen, W., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., et al. (2023) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-023-2305-0 · Cited by 402
Association of Self-reported COVID-19 Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Serology Test Results With Persistent Physical Symptoms Among French Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Matta, J., Wiernik, E., Robineau, O., Carrat, F., Touvier, M., Severi, G., de Lamballerie, X., Blanché, H., Deleuze, J.-F., Gouraud, C., et al. (2022) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6454 · Cited by 266
Long COVID and its Management
Koc, H. C., Xiao, J., Liu, W., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.75056 · Cited by 310
An update on drugs with therapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) treatment
Drożdżal, S., Rosik, J., Lechowicz, K., Machaj, F., Szostak, B., Przybyciński, J., Lorzadeh, S., Kotfis, K., Ghavami, S., & Łoś, M. (2021) · Drug Resistance Updates · doi:10.1016/j.drup.2021.100794 · Cited by 301
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: understanding and addressing the burden of multisystem manifestations
Parotto, M., Gyöngyösi, M., Howe, K. L., Myatra, S. N., Ranzani, O., Shankar‐Hari, M., & Herridge, M. S. (2023) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00239-4 · Cited by 282
Neurological manifestations of long-COVID syndrome: a narrative review
Stefanou, M., Palaiodimou, L., Bakola, E., Smyrnis, N., Papadopoulou, Μ., Paraskevas, G. P., Rizos, E., Boutati, E. I., Grigoriadis, N., Krogias, C., et al. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/20406223221076890 · Cited by 267
Age, Sex and Previous Comorbidities as Risk Factors Not Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection for Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Notarte, K. I., de Oliveira, M. H. S., Peligro, P. J., Velasco, J. V., Macaranas, I., Ver, A. T., Pangilinan, F. C., Pastrana, A., Goldrich, N., Kavteladze, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11247314 · Cited by 209
Accelerating antiviral drug discovery: lessons from COVID-19
von Delft, A., Hall, M. D., Kwong, A. D., Purcell, L. A., Saikatendu, K. S., Schmitz, U., Tallarico, J. A., & Lee, A. A. (2023) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-023-00692-8 · Cited by 230
A multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat
Lazarus, J. V., Romero, D., Kopka, C. J., Karim, S. A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Almeida, G., Baptista-Leite, R., Barocas, J. A., Barreto, M. L., Bar-Yam, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05398-2 · Cited by 226
Long-COVID Symptoms in Individuals Infected with Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Notarte, K. I., Peligro, P. J., Velasco, J. V., Ocampo, M. J., Henry, B. M., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Torres-Macho, J., & Plaza-Manzano, G. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14122629 · Cited by 184
Recovery and symptom trajectories up to two years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: population based, longitudinal cohort study
Ballouz, T., Menges, D., Anagnostopoulos, A., Domenghino, A., Aschmann, H. E., Frei, A. L., Fehr, J. S., & Puhan, M. A. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074425 · Cited by 203
“42 Based on propensity scores, we calculated inverse probability weights, which we subsequently used for estimating average treatment effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on symptoms and health outcomes in the whole population (supplementary table 5).”
Data-driven identification of post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection subphenotypes
Zhang, H., Zang, C., Xu, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Bian, J., Morozyuk, D., Khullar, D., Zhang, Y., Nordvig, A. S., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02116-3 · Cited by 187
SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice
Fontes-Dantas, F. L., Fernandes, G. G., Gutman, E. G., de Lima, E. V., Antonio, L. S., Hämmerle, M. B., Mota-Araujo, H. P., Colodeti, L. C., Araújo, S. M. B., Froz, G. M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112189 · Cited by 185
“Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with unpredictable and variable outcomes, and while most patients show a positive recovery after the acute stages,(2) others experience a myriad of acute(2) and long-term dysfunctions.(3,4) Cognitive impairment is a well-characterized feature of post-COVID-19 syndrome,…”
Background
NETosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19: Immunothrombosis and Beyond
Zhu, Y., Chen, X., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.838011 · Cited by 180
Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID-19: potential mechanisms and therapeutic interventions
Wang, B., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Dai, T., Qin, Z., Zhou, F., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00986-0 · Cited by 187
Prognostic Factors for Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Maglietta, G., Diodati, F., Puntoni, M., Lazzarelli, S., Marcomini, B., Patrizi, L., & Caminiti, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11061541 · Cited by 198
Generalisable long COVID subtypes: findings from the NIH N3C and RECOVER programmes
Reese, J., Blau, H., Casiraghi, E., Bergquist, T., Loomba, J. J., Callahan, T. J., Laraway, B. J., Antonescu, C., Coleman, B., Gargano, M. A., et al. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104413 · Cited by 190
Proposed subtypes of post‐COVID‐19 syndrome (or long‐COVID) and their respective potential therapies
Yong, S. J., & Liu, S. (2021) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2315 · Cited by 173
“The specifics of these multi‐organ pathological mechanisms leading to PCS are beyond the scope of this review and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere.(8,65,66) F I GUR E 2 Symptoms of the post‐COVID‐19 syndrome (PCS).”
Background
Home-based respiratory muscle training on quality of life and exercise tolerance in long-term post-COVID-19: Randomized controlled trial
del Corral, T., Fabero‐Garrido, R., Plaza‐Manzano, G., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Navarro‐Santana, M. J., & López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva, I. (2022) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101709 · Cited by 148
“Hence, our sample reinforces findings that middle-aged women have a higher risk of long-term postCOVID-19 symptoms [29].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Long covid—an update for primary care
Greenhalgh, T., Sivan, M., Delaney, B. C., Evans, R. A., & Milne, R. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072117 · Cited by 185
Psychiatric and neurological complications of long COVID
Zawilska, J. B., & Kuczyńska, K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.045 · Cited by 153
Long-term gastrointestinal outcomes of COVID-19
Xu, E., Xie, Y., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36223-7 · Cited by 141
Long COVID and the cardiovascular system—elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms in order to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases
Gyöngyösi, M., Alcaide, P., Asselbergs, F. W., Brundel, B. J. J. M., Camici, G. G., Martins, P. A. D. C., Ferdinandy, P., Fontana, M., Girão, H., Gnecchi, M., et al. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac115 · Cited by 175
Oxidative Stress and Hyper-Inflammation as Major Drivers of Severe COVID-19 and Long COVID: Implications for the Benefit of High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C
Vollbracht, C., & Kraft, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.899198 · Cited by 152
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves neurocognitive functions and symptoms of post-COVID condition: randomized controlled trial
Zilberman-Itskovich, S., Catalogna, M., Sasson, E., Elman-Shina, K., Hadanny, A., Lang, E., Finci, S., Polak, N., Fishlev, G., Korin, C., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15565-0 · Cited by 159
COVID-19 in dialysis: clinical impact, immune response, prevention, and treatment
Karoui, K. E., & Vriese, A. S. D. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.01.022 · Cited by 150
Risk Factors Associated with Long COVID Syndrome: A Retrospective Study.
Asadi‐Pooya, A. A., Akbari, A., Emami, A., Lotfi, M., Rostamihosseinkhani, M., Nemati, H., Barzegar, Z., Kabiri, M., Zeraatpisheh, Z., Kouhanjani, M. F., et al. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.30476/ijms.2021.92080.2326 · Cited by 142
Post-COVID syndrome prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Razak, R. S. A., Ismail, A., Aziz, A. F. A., Suddin, L. S., Azzeri, A. B., & Sha’ari, N. I. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19264-5 · Cited by 141
“Regular disease surveillance and monitoring, implementation of related health promotion strategies, plus continuous efforts in researching for the best vaccines and treatment options may help in lowering the prevalence of PCS [17, 18].”
Background
COVID-19 vaccination for the prevention and treatment of long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ceban, F., Kulzhabayeva, D., Rodrigues, N. B., Vincenzo, J. D. D., Gill, H., Subramaniapillai, M., Lui, L. M. W., Cao, B., Mansur, R. B., Ho, R., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.022 · Cited by 137
“(Crook et al., 2021) In keeping with the foregoing paradigm, vaccination may decrease the intensity of the acute phase immune response and enable faster clearance of SARS-CoV-2, preventing or lessening the extent of organ damage, immune dysfunction, and exacerbation of pre-existing disease, as well as enabling the cle…”
Background
Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection, EBV, HHV-6 and Other Factors May Contribute to Inflammation and Autoimmunity in Long COVID
Vojdani, A., Vojdani, E., Saidara, E., & Maes, M. H. J. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020400 · Cited by 138
Prevalence and risk factors for persistent symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Luo, D., Mei, B., Wang, P., Li, X., Chen, X., Wei, G., Kuang, F., Ли, Б., & Su, S. (2023) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2023.10.016 · Cited by 149
The long-term health outcomes, pathophysiological mechanisms and multidisciplinary management of long COVID
Li, J., Zhou, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, Q., Shao, J., Liang, S., Yu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, C. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01640-z · Cited by 150
Post–COVID-19 Symptoms 2 Years After SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Hospitalized vs Nonhospitalized Patients
Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Rodríguez-Jiménez, J., Cancela-Cilleruelo, I., Guerrero-Peral, Á., Martín-Guerrero, J., García-Azorín, D., Cornejo-Mazzuchelli, A., Hernández-Barrera, V., & Pellicer-Valero, Ó. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.42106 · Cited by 116
Long-COVID post-viral chronic fatigue and affective symptoms are associated with oxidative damage, lowered antioxidant defenses and inflammation: a proof of concept and mechanism study
Al‐Hakeim, H. K., Al-Rubaye, H. T., Al-Hadrawi, D. S., Almulla, A. F., & Maes, M. H. J. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01836-9 · Cited by 169
SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brainPreprint
Chertow, D. S., Stein, S. R., Ramelli, S., Grazioli, A., Chung, J., Singh, M., Yinda, C., Winkler, C. W., Dickey, J. M., Ylaya, K., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1139035/v1 · Cited by 116
Robust induction of B cell and T cell responses by a third dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
Liu, Y., Zeng, Q., Deng, C., Li, M., Li, L., Liu, D., Liu, M., Ruan, X., Mei, J., Mo, R., et al. (2022) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-022-00373-7 · Cited by 123
Long COVID and rehabilitation
Chuang, H., Lin, C.-W., Hsiao, M., Wang, T., & Liang, H. (2023) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.022 · Cited by 125
Long COVID headache
Tana, C., Bentivegna, E., Cho, S., Harriott, A. M., García‐Azorín, D., Labastida‐Ramírez, A., Ornello, R., Raffaelli, B., Rubio‐Beltrán, E., Ruscheweyh, R., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-022-01450-8 · Cited by 170
Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Sun, C., Xie, C., Bu, G., Zhong, L., & Zeng, M. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01039-2 · Cited by 149
Cardiometabolic outcomes up to 12 months after COVID-19 infection. A matched cohort study in the UK
Rezel‐Potts, E., Douiri, A., Sun, X., Chowienczyk, P., Shah, A. M., & Gulliford, M. C. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004052 · Cited by 136
“Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is increasingly recognised as a multisystem condition [1].”
Background
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Post-COVID-19 Condition in Adults and Children at 6 and 12 Months After Hospital Discharge: A Prospective, Cohort Study in Moscow (Stop COVID)
Pazukhina, E., Andreeva, M., Spiridonova, E., Bobkova, P., Shikhaleva, A., El-Taravi, Y., Rumyantsev, M. A., Gamirova, A., Bairashevskaia, A., Petrova, P., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02448-4 · Cited by 138
“This wide range of symptoms occurring in the weeks to months after SARS-CoV-2 infection has been referred to as either long COVID, post-COVID-19 condition, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), amongst other names [2].”
Background
One‐year cognitive follow‐up of COVID‐19 hospitalized patients
Ferrucci, R., Dini, M., Rosci, C. E., Capozza, A., Groppo, E., Reitano, M. R., Allocco, E., Poletti, B., Brugnera, A., Bai, F., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15324 · Cited by 138
“However, other factors such as cytokine- related hyperinflammation, coagulopathy, blood– brain barrier breakdown and production of antineuronal antibodies [16,20,40] might also play a significant role.”
Background
Long COVID: The Nature of Thrombotic Sequelae Determines the Necessity of Early Anticoagulation
Wang, C., Yu, C., Jing, H., Wu, X., Novakovic, V. A., Xie, R., & Shi, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.861703 · Cited by 124
COVID ‐19 infection and the broader impacts of the pandemic on healthcare workers
Smallwood, N., Harrex, W., Rees, M., Willis, K., & Bennett, C. M. (2022) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.14208 · Cited by 133
“SARS-CoV-2, the development of COVID-19 symptoms and possible progression to ‘post-COVID-19 syndrome’ (also known as ‘Long-COVID’).(3) COVID-19 is the acute disease and post-COVID-19 syndrome is defined as physical and mental health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection that persist for longer than 3 months.”
Background
Living with “long COVID”: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence
Hossain, M. M., Das, J., Rahman, F., Nesa, F., Hossain, P., Islam, A. M. K., Tasnim, S., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., Purohit, N., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281884 · Cited by 132
Myopathy as a cause of fatigue in long‐term post‐COVID ‐19 symptoms: Evidence of skeletal muscle histopathology
Hejbøl, E. K., Harbo, T., Agergaard, J., Madsen, L. B., Pedersen, T. H., Østergaard, L. J., Andersen, H., Schrøder, H. D., & Tankişi, H. (2022) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15435 · Cited by 123
Post-COVID cognitive dysfunction: current status and research recommendations for high risk population
Quan, M., Wang, X., Gong, M., Wang, Q., Li, Y., & Jia, J. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100836 · Cited by 105
Inflammatory and vascular biomarkers in post‐COVID‐19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of over 20 biomarkers
Yong, S. J., Halim, A., Halim, M., Liu, S., Aljeldah, M. M., Shammari, B. R. A., Alwarthan, S. M., Alhajri, M. M., Alawfi, A., Alshengeti, A., et al. (2023) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2424 · Cited by 113
“The absence of statistical significance for the remaining 12 meta‐ analysed biomarkers (i.e., ferritin, IL‐10, neutrophils, neutrophil‐to‐ lymphocyte ratio, monocytes, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, platelets, NT‐Pro‐BNP, troponin, creatinine, and fibrinogen) suggest that they may not be involved in the pathophysiology of PCS.”
BackgroundInfluential
Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against post-covid-19 condition among 589 722 individuals in Sweden: population based cohort study
Lundberg, L., Leach, S., Xu, Y., Martikainen, J., Santosa, A., Gisslén, M., Li, H., Nyberg, F., & Bygdell, M. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076990 · Cited by 110
“8 Furthermore, by using machine learning algorithms a recent study identified four clinical phenotype clusters within the PCC group; chronic fatigue-like syndrome, respiratory syndrome, chronic pain syndrome, and neurosensorial syndrome.”
Method
Post COVID-19 condition, work ability and occupational changes in a population-based cohort
Kerksieck, P., Ballouz, T., Haile, S., Schumacher, C., Lacy, J., Domenghino, A., Fehr, J., Bauer, G., Dressel, H., Puhan, M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100671 · Cited by 94
Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update
Su, S., Zhao, Y., Zeng, N., Liu, X., Zheng, Y., Sun, J., Zhong, Y., Wu, S., Ni, S., Gong, Y.-M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02171-3 · Cited by 107
“The WHO and the Long COVID Forum group agree that the focus of long COVID research includes improving clinical features and development of therapeutic drugs [8, 137].”
Influential
Long-term post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection: a retrospective, multi-database cohort study in Hong Kong and the UK
Lam, I. C. H., Wong, C. K. H., Zhang, R., Chui, C. S. L., Lai, F. T. T., Li, X., Chan, E. W., Luo, H., Zhang, Q., Man, K. K. C., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102000 · Cited by 103
“57 The enriched expression of ACE-2 receptors in the proximal tubule of the kidney could mediate viral entry into tubular epithelial cells, causing acute tubular necrosis and proximal tubule dysfunction.”
Rates and Factors Associated With Documentation of Diagnostic Codes for Long COVID in the National Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Ioannou, G. N., Baraff, A. J., Fox, A., Shahoumian, T. A., Hickok, A. W., O’Hare, A. M., Bohnert, A. S. B., Boyko, E. J., Maciejewski, M. L., Bowling, C. B., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24359 · Cited by 99
Elevated vascular transformation blood biomarkers in Long-COVID indicate angiogenesis as a key pathophysiological mechanism
Patel, M. A., Knauer, M. J., Nicholson, M., Daley, M., Nynatten, L. R. V., Martin, C. M., Patterson, E. K., Cepinskas, G., Seney, S. L., Dobretzberger, V., et al. (2022) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-022-00548-8 · Cited by 129
Long-term symptom severity and clinical biomarkers in post-COVID-19/chronic fatigue syndrome: results from a prospective observational cohort
Legler, F., Meyer‐Arndt, L., Mödl, L., Kedor, C., Freitag, H., Stein, E., Hoppmann, U., Rust, R., Wittke, K., Siebert, N., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102146 · Cited by 104
Alginate-Based Bio-Composites and Their Potential Applications
Zdiri, K., Cayla, A., Elamri, A., Erard, A., & Salaün, F. (2022) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb13030117 · Cited by 116
“These features are very essential for COVID-19 prevention, and particularly for dental care [145].”
Background
Incident allergic diseases in post-COVID-19 condition: multinational cohort studies from South Korea, Japan and the UK
Oh, J., Lee, M., Kim, M., Kim, H. J., Lee, S. W., Rhee, S. Y., Koyanagi, A., Smith, L., Kim, M. S., Lee, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47176-w · Cited by 95
Long COVID risk and pre-COVID vaccination in an EHR-based cohort study from the RECOVER program
Brannock, M. D., Chew, R., Preiss, A., Hadley, E., Redfield, S., McMurry, J. A., Leese, P., Girvin, A. T., Crosskey, M., Zhou, A., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38388-7 · Cited by 138
“Our selection of covariates was informed by the literature on important indicators of long COVID 10,43,44 .”
An online breathing and wellbeing programme (ENO Breathe) for people with persistent symptoms following COVID-19: a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial
Philip, K., Owles, H., McVey, S., Pagnuco, T., Bruce, K., Brunjes, H., Banya, W., Mollica, J., Lound, A., Zumpe, S., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00125-4 · Cited by 85
A synbiotic preparation (SIM01) for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in Hong Kong (RECOVERY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Lau, R. I., Su, Q., Lau, I. S. F., Ching, J. Y., Wong, M. C. S., Lau, L. H. S., Tun, H. M., Mok, C. K. P., Chau, S. W. H., Tse, Y. K., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00685-0 · Cited by 111
Long COVID in Children and Adolescents
Fainardi, V., Meoli, A., Chiopris, G., Motta, M., Skenderaj, K., Grandinetti, R., Bergomi, A., Antodaro, F., Zona, S., & Esposito, S. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12020285 · Cited by 135
“Although the exact mechanism is still not fully understood, it is highly probable that the direct attack of SARS-CoV-2 is relevant in causing gastrointestinal symptoms either in COVID-19 or in long COVID, always referring to the proposed model in Figure 1 [27].”
BackgroundInfluential
Long COVID: A proposed hypothesis-driven model of viral persistence for the pathophysiology of the syndrome
Buonsenso, D., Piazza, M., Boner, A. L., & Bellanti, J. A. (2022) · Allergy and Asthma Proceedings · doi:10.2500/aap.2022.43.220018 · Cited by 93
Covid-19-Induced Dysautonomia: A Menace of Sympathetic Storm
Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Qusti, S. Y., Alshammari, E. M., Gyebi, G. A., & Batiha, G. E. (2021) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/17590914211057635 · Cited by 89
“This finding proposed that long COVID-19 is associated with persistence symptoms such as hypoxia and fatigue due to developed DSN (Crook et al., 2021).”
Background
Altered motor cortex physiology and dysexecutive syndrome in patients with fatigue and cognitive difficulties after mild COVID-19
Ortelli, P., Ferrazzoli, D., Sebastianelli, L., Maestri, R., Dezi, S., Spampinato, D., Saltuari, L., Alibardi, A., Engl, M., Kofler, M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15278 · Cited by 82
“Notably, an in- depth analysis pointed out that the items contributing most to the global score were indeed those which strongly overlap with complaints typically reported by post COVID19 patients [1,2].”
Background
Complexity and Challenges of the Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Long COVID
O’Hare, A. M., Vig, E. K., Iwashyna, T. J., Fox, A., Taylor, J. S., Viglianti, E. M., Butler, C. R., Vranas, K. C., Helfand, M., Tuepker, A., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.40332 · Cited by 80
Factors shaping the mental health and well-being of people experiencing persistent COVID-19 symptoms or ‘long COVID’: qualitative study
Burton, A., Aughterson, H., Fancourt, D., & Philip, K. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.38 · Cited by 78
Thromboinflammation in long COVID—the elusive key to postinfection sequelae?
Nicolai, L., Kaiser, R. W. J., & Stark, K. (2023) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1016/j.jtha.2023.04.039 · Cited by 87
“estingly though, female sex is a risk factor for PASC but protective in acute COVID-19, suggesting distinct mechanisms of disease [23].”
Long COVID occurrence in COVID-19 survivors
Sugiyama, A., Miwata, K., Kitahara, Y., Okimoto, M., Abe, K., Bunthen, E., Ouoba, S., Akita, T., Tanimine, N., Ohdan, H., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10051-z · Cited by 92
The bidirectional association between diabetes and long-COVID-19 – A systematic review
Harding, J. L., Oviedo, S., Ali, M. K., Ofotokun, I., Gander, J. C., Patel, S. A., Magliano, D. J., & Patzer, R. E. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110202 · Cited by 93
“, fatigue, shortness of breath, memory loss, anosmia, gastrointestinal distress) [3] and affect multiple organs and systems [4].”
Background
Combining L-Arginine with vitamin C improves long-COVID symptoms: The LINCOLN Survey
Izzo, R., Trimarco, V., Mone, P., Aloè, T., Marzani, M. C., Diana, A., Fazio, G., Mallardo, M., Maniscalco, M., Marazzi, G., et al. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106360 · Cited by 94
Persistent symptoms and clinical findings in adults with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19/post-COVID-19 syndrome in the second year after acute infection: A population-based, nested case-control study
Peter, R. S., Nieters, A., Goepel, S., Merle, U., Steinacker, J. M., Deibert, P., Friedmann‐Bette, B., Niess, A. M., Müller, B., Schilling, C., et al. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004511 · Cited by 87
Effect of Physical Exercise–Based Rehabilitation on Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
ZHENG, C., Chen, X., Sit, C. H. P., Liang, X., Li, M., Chun‐Hang, A., & Wong, S. H. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003280 · Cited by 100
“Therefore, various guidelines have been established for the management of long COVID, wherein self-management and multidisciplinary rehabilitation are generally recommended owing to the persistence and heterogeneity of long COVID and the lack of effective treatments (13,14).”
Background
Post-exertional malaise among people with long COVID compared to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
Vernon, S. D., Hartle, M., Sullivan, K. A., Bell, J., Abbaszadeh, S., Unutmaz, D., & Bateman, L. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-220581 · Cited by 76
“Symptoms worsened by exertion in Long COVID may be due to the unique pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection including the ability of this virus to cause neuroinﬂamma-tion [17].”
Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Prior to Infection and Risk of Post–COVID-19 Condition
Wang, S., Li, Y., Yue, Y., Yuan, C., Kang, J. H., Chavarro, J. E., Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Roberts, A. L. (2023) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.6555 · Cited by 91
Exploring invisibility and epistemic injustice in Long Covid—A citizen science qualitative analysis of patient stories from an online Covid community
Ireson, J., Taylor, A., Richardson, E., Greenfield, B., & Jones, G. L. (2022) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13518 · Cited by 85
“Long Covid is a novel and enigmatic illness.(8) It has been a well‐ documented struggle for HCPs and patients alike to achieve recognition of Long Covid by national agencies and governments.”
Background
Vitamin D: A Role Also in Long COVID-19?
Barrea, L., Verde, L., Grant, W. B., Frías-Toral, E., Sarno, G., Vetrani, C., Ceriani, F., Garcia-Velasquez, E., Briceño, J. I. C., Savastano, S., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14081625 · Cited by 83
“The risk factors for long COVID-19 differ somewhat from those for COVID-19 [73].”
Background
Post COVID-19 Condition in South Africa: 3-Month Follow-Up after Hospitalisation with SARS-CoV-2
Dryden, M., Mudara, C., Vika, C., Blumberg, L. H., Mayet, N. T., Cohen, C., Tempia, S., Parker, A., Nel, J. S., Perumal, R., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00286-8 · Cited by 101
COVID-19 long-term sequelae: Omicron versus Alpha and Delta variants
Hernández‐Aceituno, A., García-Hernández, A., & Larumbe‐Zabala, E. (2023) · Infectious Diseases Now · doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104688 · Cited by 71
“According to Crook et al. [6], a speciﬁc variant may cause more harmful long-term effects than others, requiring faster and more intense treatment.”
Risk factors, health outcomes, healthcare services utilization, and direct medical costs of patients with long COVID
Tene, L., Bergroth, T., Eisenberg, A. L., David, S. S. B., & Chodick, G. (2022) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.002 · Cited by 93
Safety and efficacy of low dose naltrexone in a long covid cohort; an interventional pre-post study
O’Kelly, B., Vidal, L., McHugh, T., Woo, J., Avramovic, G., & Lambert, J. S. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100485 · Cited by 79
“…micro-thrombosis, neuroinflammation through microglial activation and brainstem dysfunction due to presence of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 and neuropilin-1 receptors have been proposed as mechanisms to explain neurological, psychological and autonomic sequelae (Crook et al., 2021; Yong, 2021).”
The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches
Gheorghita, R. E., Șoldănescu, I., Lobiuc, A., Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Filip, R., Constantinescu‐Bercu, A., Dimian, M., Mangul, S., & Covașă, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344086 · Cited by 86
“For example, Mayo Clinic suggests that smoking, pollutants and extreme temperature may contribute to L-C19 pulmonary symptoms ’ persistence (39).”
What is the quality of life in patients with long COVID compared to a healthy control group?
Líška, D., Liptáková, E., Babičová, A., Baťalík, L., Baňárová, P. S., & Dobrodenková, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.975992 · Cited by 75
“Patients with long COVID can experience multiple pain conditions (1, 4, 14, 57).”
Background
Impact of Long COVID on health and quality of life
O’Mahony, L., Buwalda, T., Blair, M., Forde, B. M., Lunjani, N., Ambikan, A. T., Neogi, U., Barrett, P., Geary, E., O'Connor, N., et al. (2022) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13516.1 · Cited by 76

Authors: Crook, H., Raza, S., Nowell, J., Young, M., & Edison, P.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Edison, Paul
ORCID: Edison, Paul
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2021-07-26
Volume: 374
Pages: n1648
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1648
OpenAlex: W3186314395
Cited by: 1,655
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 508 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 60
FWCI: 43.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2021-08-03)
Open access: closed
Licence: bmj.com/coronavirus/usage (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords: long COVID, SARS-CoV-2, persistent symptoms, fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac anomalies, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, myalgia, risk factors, treatment options
MeSH terms: Global Burden of Disease, COVID-19, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Clinical Trials as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Incidence, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Drug Repositioning

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks