Cited by 1,655Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Crook, Harry, Raza, Sanara, Nowell, Joseph, Young, Megan, Edison, Paul·2021·BMJ

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Abstract

Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.

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1 retracted

RETRACTED: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study
Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8 · Cited by 4,084
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Al‐Jabr, H., Windle, K., Clifton, A., Thompson, D. R., Castle, D. J., & Ski, C. F. (2023) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0137 · Cited by 8
COVID-19 and health systems in Brazil and around the world: effects on the working conditions and health of health workers
Machado, A. V., Ferreira, W. E., Vitória, M. A. D. Á., Magalhães, H. M., Jardim, L. L., Menezes, M. A. C., Santos, R. P. D. O., Vargas, F. L., & Pereira, E. J. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-812320232810.10102023en · Cited by 6
“…90% of global CO-VID-19 deaths were in low-and medium-inco-me countries (with numbers being 3 to 6 times higher than in high-income countries) and these nations have seen a significant increase in the proportion of deaths among younger age groups and people without comorbidities 8 (Graph 1).”
Background
COVID-19, Obesity, and GRP78: Unraveling the Pathological Link
Shin, J., & Shimomura, I. (2023) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes23053 · Cited by 6
Decreased physical performance despite objective and subjective maximal exhaustion in post-COVID-19 individuals with fatigue
Vollrath, S., Matits, L., Schellenberg, J., Kirsten, J., Steinacker, J. M., & Bizjak, D. A. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01274-5 · Cited by 5
“Crook et al. [18] attributed fatigue to increased neuroinflammation and decreased function of neuromuscular synapses, but also clumping within the body and injury to the endothelium and chronic inflammation can be triggers of fatigue [18].”
Background
Long COVID prevalence and associated characteristics among a South Alabama population.
Daniel, C., Fillingim, S., James, J., Bassler, J., & Lee, A. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.06.008 · Cited by 6
Psychological Resilience to Trauma and Risk of COVID-19 Infection and Somatic Symptoms Across 2 Years
Nishimi, K. M., Tan, J., Scoglio, A. A. J., Choi, K. W., Kelley, D. P., Neylan, T. C., & O’Donovan, A. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001215 · Cited by 14
“Those reporting yes, probably yes, or maybe were also asked whether they had experienced COVID-19 symptoms or effects that lasted longer than 4 weeks (53); endorsement was considered as long COVID.”
Background
Symptom persistence and biomarkers in post-COVID-19/chronic fatigue syndrome - results from a prospective observational cohort
Legler, A., Meyer-Arndt, L., Moedl, L., Kedor, C., Freitag, H., Steinle, E., Hoppmann, U., Rust, R., Konietschke, F., Thiel, A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.23288582 · Cited by 6
SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody dynamics over time and risk factors associated with infection and long COVID‐19 symptoms in large working environments
Hansen, C. B., Dvoncova, K., Pérez‐Alós, L., Fogh, K., Madsen, J. R., Garred, C. H., Jarlhelt, I., Nielsen, P. B., Petersen, S. S., Fjordager, C. G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13637 · Cited by 5
Brain Leukocytes as the Potential Therapeutic Target for Post-COVID-19 Brain Fog
Kazama, I. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-03912-0 · Cited by 17
“Despite the lack of pharmacological evidence, these agents actually ameliorated the neuropsychiatric symptoms together with a reduction in peripheral inflammatory markers [6, 24].”
BackgroundInfluential
Confronting COVID-19 and Prioritizing Aging Population
Su, B., Luo, Y., Tian, Y., Chen, C., & Zheng, X.-Y. (2023) · China CDC Weekly · doi:10.46234/ccdcw2023.042 · Cited by 6
Oral ketone esters acutely improve myocardial contractility in post-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study
Wodschow, H. Z., Davidovski, F. S., Christensen, J., Lassen, M. C. H., Skaarup, K. G., Nygaard, H. H., Møller, N., Rungby, J., Biering‐Sørensen, T., Rossing, P. R., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1131192 · Cited by 4
Exercise is medicine
Li, J.-H., Qiu, H., & Li, J.-N. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1129221 · Cited by 6
Examining the role of micronutrients on improving long COVID sleep‐related symptoms
Pak, V., & Lee, J.-Y. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16326 · Cited by 6
“Whether this is related to long COVID remains unknown (Crook et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluential
Singing Voice Symptomatology Following Presumed SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Dove, S., Turlington, L., Elmendorf, K., Mahachi, K. G., Petersen, C., & Meyer, D. (2022) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.11.012 · Cited by 6
Drivers of the Intention to Receive a COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Insights from the UK and Australia
Barnes, K., & Colagiuri, B. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10101730 · Cited by 7
“While many governments have sought to downplay the severity of COVID-19 [61,62], the virus continues to pose a risk to society [63], causing significant economic burden [64] and leaving individuals vulnerable to long-term health complications [65,66].”
Background
Herbal Medicines for Post-Acute Sequelae (Fatigue or Cognitive Dysfunction) of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Phase 2 Pilot Clinical Study Protocol
Jegal, K. H., Yoon, J., Kim, S., Jang, S., Jin, Y.-H., Lee, J., Choi, S., Kim, T. H., & Kwon, S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10101839 · Cited by 8
Serum Proteome Signatures of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Healthcare Workers in Greece Associated with Their Prior Infection Status
Stamoula, Ε., Sarantidi, E., Dimakopoulos, V., Ainatzoglou, A., Dardalas, I., Papazisis, G., Κοντοπούλου, Κ., & Anagnostopoulos, A. K. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231710153 · Cited by 8
Recommendations for a voluntary Long COVID Registry
Davies, F., Finlay, I., Howson, H., & Rich, N. (2022) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/01410768221114964 · Cited by 6
“Collaboration between key stakeholders is inherent in a prudent approach and an integrated healthcare perspective is necessary to address the multidisciplinary demands of long COVID.(1) Prudent healthcare promotes innovation and transformative change.”
BackgroundInfluential
Prominent Fatigue but No Motor Fatigability in Non-Hospitalized Patients With Post-COVID-Syndrome
Weich, C., Dettmers, C., Saile, R., Schleicher, L., Vieten, M., & Joebges, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.902502 · Cited by 10
“The first publications focused on the symptomatology, with most often cited symptoms of fatigue, myalgia, dyspnea, headache, sleep disturbances, cognitive disturbances (“brain fog”), and post-exertional fatigue (6).”
Background
The ethics behind mandatory COVID-19 vaccination post-Omicron: The South African context
Moodley, K. (2022) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2022/13239 · Cited by 15
Effects of mental health interventions among people hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Tasleem, A., Wang, Y., Li, K., Jiang, X., Krishnan, A., He, C., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Fan, S., Boruff, J. T., et al. (2022) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.04.002 · Cited by 9
Clinicians need to be careful that they do not confuse mental health issues and long COVID in children and adolescents
Cozzi, G., Marchetti, F., & Barbi, E. (2022) · Acta paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16332 · Cited by 6
Exploring the Neuropsychiatric Sequalae of Perceived COVID-19 Exposure in College Students: A Pilot Digital Phenotyping Study
Patel, S. K., & Torous, J. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788926 · Cited by 6
“Our findings around sleep passive data are also in line with previous findings of PACS being associated with lower sleep quality where studies finding fatigue and sleep disturbances as prominent among PACS patients (23).”
Result
Olfactory Disorders in Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Araújo, L. B. S., Arata, V., & Figueiredo, R. G. (2021) · Sinusitis · doi:10.3390/sinusitis5020012 · Cited by 11
“Smell disturbances can affect taste perception [30].”
Risk factors associated with development and persistence of long COVID
Miyazato, Y., Tsuzuki, S., Morioka, S., Terada, M., Kutsuna, S., Saito, S., Shimanishi, Y., Takahashi, K., Sanada, M., Akashi, M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.21263998 · Cited by 6
“Multiple factors are likely to play a role in the development of post-COVID-19 fatigue [18].”
Background
The informal carer experience during the COVID-19 pandemic: mental health, loneliness, and financial (in)-security
Webb, E., Meads, D. M., & Gardiner, C. (2023) · Oxford Open Economics · doi:10.1093/ooec/odad085 · Cited by 6
“COVID-19 has now caused over six million deaths worldwide (World Health Organization 2022), as well as leading to a range of sequelae in survivors (Aiyegbusi et al. 2021; Crook et al. 2021; Sudre et al. 2021).”
The gut as a central hub for multi-organ crosstalk in aging
Zhang, X., Li, R., Gao, Y., Zhang, W., Ni, T., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-026-06129-w · Cited by 7
Neurological Sequelae of Long COVID: Mechanisms, Clinical Impact and Emerging Therapeutic Insights
Ramli, M. D. C., Singh, B. K. D., Abidin, Z. Z., Azlan, A., Nurjannah, A., Hein, Z. M., Nassir, C. M. N. C. M., Thangarajan, R., Izham, N. A. M., & Kumar, S. (2025) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid5120207 · Cited by 4
“However, the presence of asthma has been significantly linked to Long COVID-19 [100].”
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during pregnancy enhances offspring hippocampal neurogenesis and working memory via IFN-γ–responsive microglia
Tang, J., Qi, F., Zou, J., Liu, H., Zuo, Z., Wang, L., Wang, N., Li, Z., Kumar, A., Guo, K., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08691-8 · Cited by 6
“In the conclusion (page 20, line 437), it may be beneficial to specify that the study highlights the safety and efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during pregnancy in mice and focuses on neurodevelopmental benefits, particularly hippocampal neurogenesis and working memory, rather than…”
Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, Y.-T., Li, X., Hui, H., & Yang, D.-X. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06830-7 · Cited by 5
“The most frequently reported symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and myalgia, with symptom duration varying from several weeks to months [2, 3].”
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in post COVID-19
Shady, E. F. A., Ghallab, A. F., Shaker, D. A., & Elsayed, R. (2025) · Auris Nasus Larynx · doi:10.1016/j.anl.2025.06.009 · Cited by 5
Improvement of Fatigue and Body Composition in Women with Long COVID After Non-Aerobic Therapeutic Exercise Program
Miana, M., Moreta-Fuentes, R., Jiménez‐Antona, C., Moreta-Fuentes, C., & Laguarta-Val, S. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15060217 · Cited by 5
“…cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headaches [1] Fatigue is one of the most recurrent and most disabling symptoms of LC and is usually persistent [2] and associated with a worse quality of life…”
Post-discharge COVID-19 Symptoms Predict 1-Year Functional Decline, Falls, and Emergency Department Visits: A Cohort Study
Dias, M. B., Avelino-Silva, T., Ferriolli, E., Taniguchi, L. U., Jacob-Filho, W., Suemoto, C., & Aliberti, M. J. R. (2025) · Journal of The American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.19490 · Cited by 5
Viral persistence in long COVID: Research advances and treatment strategies
Liu, S., Guo, Y., & Wang, F. (2025) · Infectious Diseases & Immunity · doi:10.1097/id9.0000000000000163 · Cited by 7
“[101,102] 105] Multiple infections with SARS-CoV-2 or the absence of a COVID-19 vaccination increase the risk of developing long COVID.”
Follow-up of long COVID based on the definition of WHO: a multi-centre cross-sectional questionnaire-based study
Yan, D.-Y., Liu, Y., Chen, R., Zhou, L., Wang, C., Ma, A. H. Y., Chen, X.-Q., Song, Q.-F., & Qian, G.-Q. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22671-x · Cited by 5
“Due to the diversity of symptoms and the lack of unified evaluation criteria for long COVID, the prevalence of long COVID is controversial [4, 5], but it is generally agreed to be over 10% of all SARS-CoV-2 infections [6].”
Influential
Prevalence and characteristics of long COVID among COVID-19 survivors in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study
Almalag, H. M., Altuwaijri, N., Alnaim, L. S., Alassiri, D., Alsolaimi, G., AlDakhil, S., Aloola, N. A. A., Alsabhan, J. F., Bawazeer, G. A., Aljuffali, L. A., et al. (2025) · IJID Regions · doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100616 · Cited by 4
Assessment of upper respiratory and gut bacterial microbiomes during COVID-19 infection in adults: potential aerodigestive transmission
Al-Momani, H., Nelson, A., Balawi, H. A., Balawi, D. A., Aolymat, I., Khasawneh, A. I., Tabl, H. A. E.-M., Alsheikh, A. D. I., Zueter, A., Pearson, J. P., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85806-5 · Cited by 5
Navigating neurologic post-COVID-19 conditions in adults: Management strategies for cognitive dysfunction, headaches and neuropathies
Chopra, A., Franko, N., & Chow, E. J. (2025) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123374 · Cited by 5
Outpatient group therapy for post-COVID patients - a naturalistic feasibility study of a face-to-face and online group concept
Zimmermann‐Schlegel, V., Gronewold, N., Stengel, S., Hartmann, M., Merle, U., Friederich, H., Ditzen, B., & Tesarz, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1500210 · Cited by 5
Integrating Statistical Methods and Machine Learning Techniques to Analyze and Classify COVID-19 Symptom Severity
Raddad, Y., Hasasneh, A., Abdallah, O., Rishmawi, C., & Qutob, N. (2024) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc8120192 · Cited by 7
Increased incidence of Graves’ disease during the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents in the United States
Pollack-Schreiber, N., Fishbein, J., Nwosu, B. U., & Salemi, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1426672 · Cited by 5
Early Mortality Prediction in Intensive Care Unit Patients Based on Serum Metabolomic Fingerprint
Araújo, R., Ramalhete, L., Rekowski, C. P. V., Fonseca, T. A. H., Bento, L., & Calado, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413609 · Cited by 5
“It is essential to maintain focus on this research to improve preparedness for future pandemics and to refine ongoing strategies for managing the still poorly understood long-term effects of COVID-19 [5,6].”
Risk of developing long COVID based on acute COVID-19 severity
Cleve, R. V., Quach, T. C., Shaheen, M., Bell, K., Roshwalb, A., Petrin, R., Geng, L. N., Asch, S. M., & Lienau, A. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-024-02364-2 · Cited by 4
“The range of symptoms and symptom severity experienced by people with long COVID is as broad as or even broader than the symptoms associated with acute COVID-19 infection (Aiyegbusi et al. 2021, Crook et al. 2021).”
“The complexity of what to do” – clinical perspectives of tailored physiotherapy interventions in patients with respiratory symptoms in post-COVID condition
Olsén, M. F., Lannefors, L., Johansson, E., Sposato, N. S., Nygren‐Bonnier, M., & Danielsbacka, J. (2024) · European Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1080/21679169.2024.2419051 · Cited by 3
“…memory loss, persistent cough, chest pain, affected cognition and/or mental health, depression, anxiety, and concentration or sleep problems [4,6,10–13]. the optimal rehabilitation needs or outcome measures have not yet been defined, though the need for long-term rehabilitation, organised…”
The symptoms evolution of long COVID‑19 (SE-LC19): a new patient-reported content valid instrument
Rofail, D., Somersan-Karakaya, S., Mylonakis, E., Choi, J., Przydzial, K., Marquis, S., Zhao, Y., Hussein, M., Norton, T. D., Podolanczuk, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-024-00737-5 · Cited by 5
Somatosensory processing in long COVID fatigue and its relations with physiological and psychological factors
Thomas, B., Pattinson, R., Cunningham, G., Bundy, C., & Davies, J. L. (2024) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep091988 · Cited by 6
Physical Health in Patients with Post-COVID-19 6 and 12 Months after an Inpatient Rehabilitation: An Observational Study
Müller, K., Ottiger, M., Poppele, I., Wastlhuber, A., Stegbauer, M., & Schlesinger, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13133988 · Cited by 5
“…evidence exists regarding the potential pathomechanisms involved in the development of post-COVID, including immune dysregulation, persistent organ damage, virus persistence, autoimmunity, endothelial dysfunction, dysfunctional neurological signalling and ongoing inflammatory processes [8,9].”
Background
Exploring Symptom Overlaps: Post-COVID-19 Neurological Syndrome and Post-Concussion Syndrome in Athletes
Mavroudis, I. A., Petridis, F., Petroaie, A. D., Ciobica, A. S., Kamal, F. Z., Honceriu, C., Iordache, A., Ionescu, C., Novac, B., & Novac, O. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071587 · Cited by 7
Impact of Circulating Anti-Spike Protein Antibody Levels on Multi-Organ Long COVID Symptoms
Hamzaraj, K., Han, E., Hašimbegović, E., Poschenreiter, L., Vavrikova, A., Lukovic, D., Kastrati, L., Bergler-Klein, J. K., & Gyöngyösi, M. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12060610 · Cited by 5
“While the direction of these changes may vary, observational studies have more commonly articulated a protective effect of the vaccine rather than a deteriorating one [3,5,8,23].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The prevalence of postacute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 in solid organ transplant recipients: Evaluation of risk in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative
Vinson, A., Schissel, M. E., Anzalone, A., Dai, R., French, E., Olex, A., Lee, S. B., Ison, M. G., & Mannon, R. (2024) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2024.06.001 · Cited by 5
Evaluating qigong as integrative support for COVID-19 and Long-COVID-19 rehabilitation: a systematic review
Antonelli, M., & Donelli, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1403130 · Cited by 5
“…conducted on recovered patients has revealed that COVID-19, even in its non-severe manifestations, can result in persistent symptoms that endure or emerge over a span of 3 months following the acute phase of the disease, aligning with the current deﬁnition of Long-COVID-19 (Crook et al., 2021).”
ResultInfluential
Prevalence, outcomes and associated factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection in psoriasis patients of Southwest China: a cross-sectional survey
Zou, Y., Xu, J., Chen, A., Huang, K., Zhu, S., Li, J., He, J., Li, J., Xiong, J., Fan, Y.-K., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54424-y · Cited by 5
“At present, there is no consensus on the definition of COVID-19 sequelae, according to the transition from strict quarantine policy to reopening at the specific period in China, we defined COVID-19 sequelae as persistent COVID-19 symptoms for more than four weeks in this study 18 .”
Background
Co-ultraPEALut in Subjective Cognitive Impairment Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Exploratory Retrospective Study
Cenacchi, V., Furlanis, G., Menichelli, A., Lunardelli, A., Pesavento, V., & Manganotti, P. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14030293 · Cited by 7
Wonderings to research questions: Engaging patients in long COVID research prioritization within a learning health system
Kennedy, A. B., Mitcham, A., Parris, K., Albertson, F., Ferrer, L. S., O'Boyle, C., Patel, M. K., Gartner, T., Broomer, A. M., Katzman, E., et al. (2024) · Learning Health Systems · doi:10.1002/lrh2.10410 · Cited by 5
“20,21 22-24 Self-prescribing presents risks for harmful drug-to-drug interactions, unsafe doses, and unregulated purchases from overseas.”
Background
Long-Term Risk of Reduced Cognitive Performance and Associated Factors in Discharged Older Adults with COVID-19: A Longitudinal Prospective Study
Demir, E., Veizi, B. G. Y., & Naharcı, M. İ. (2024) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.23.0186 · Cited by 5
“Contrary to previously described pathophysiological mechanisms, 13,14,19,20) reduced cognitive performance was independent of baseline blood inflammatory marker levels and mood status on mental assessment at the end of follow-up.”
Background
Visual analysis of hotspots and trends in long COVID research based on bibliometric
Lai, Z., Pu, T., Li, J., Bai, F., Wu, L., & Tang, Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24053 · Cited by 5
Post-COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome: an integrative review
SILVA, J. T. C., & Neto, O. C. L. D. F. (2023) · Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões · doi:10.1590/0100-6991e-20233618-en · Cited by 7
“The results regarding the risk factors for long COVID-19 are quite conflicting, some authors already arguing that any patient can develop it, regardless of infection severity and received treatment 4 .”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Investigating and Analyzing Self-Reporting of Long COVID on Twitter: Findings from Sentiment Analysis
Thakur, N. (2023) · Applied System Innovation · doi:10.3390/asi6050092 · Cited by 7
Psychophysical therapy and underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms for the rehabilitation of long COVID-19
Meng, Q., Song, W., Churilov, L. P., Zhang, F., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1120475 · Cited by 8
“Frontiers in Endocrinology 02 infertility (15).”
Improving Self-management for Long COVID: Using Double Diamond Model to Design A mHealth App
Zhao, Z., Yu, L.-S., Lyu, S., & Wang, H. (2023) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/21695067231192582 · Cited by 5
“Current research on COVID-19 mHealth mainly focuses on monitoring infection data, clinical diagnosis assistance, dissemination of infection information, etc.”
BackgroundInfluential
Quality of Life 6 Months after COVID-19 Hospitalisation: A Single-Centre Polish Registry
Koźlik, M., Kaźmierski, M., Kaźmierski, W., Lis, P., Lis, A., Łowicka, W., Chamera, M., Romanowska, B., Kufel, J., Cebula, M. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165327 · Cited by 5
The use of prescription drugs and health care services during the 6-month post-COVID-19 period
Mooses, K., Vesilind, K., Oja, M., Tamm, S., Haug, M., Kalda, R., Suija, K., Tisler, A., Meister, T., Malk, M., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38691-9 · Cited by 5
Risk factors for newly-developed cardiovascular disease and quality of life during the COVID − 19 pandemic: an analysis of the English longitudinal study of ageing
Patel, M., & Uthman, O. A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16135-3 · Cited by 6
“It can affect multiple organs and systems such as the respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems [3].”
Background
Humoral Immunity of Unvaccinated COVID-19 Recovered vs. Naïve BNT162b2 Vaccinated Individuals: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Joseph, G., Cohen, C., Rubin, C., Murad, H., Indenbaum, V., Asraf, K., Weiss-Ottolenghi, Y., Segal‐Lieberman, G., Kreiss, Y., Lustig, Y., et al. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071628 · Cited by 7
Untreated if unrecognized: A cognitive profile of sustained subjective executive dysfunctions in COVID-19
de Groot, B. O., Biserni, C., Fuermaier, A. B. M., & Enriquez‐Geppert, S. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2023.2223329 · Cited by 5
“…after Ebola virus, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus (Moldofsky & Patcai 2011; Hicki et al., 2006), the question arises whether cognitive complaints are specific to COVID-19 or could be the consequence of a preexisting immune response due to another (viral) infection (Crook et al., 2021).”
Serositis and lymphopenia are common features of systemic lupus erythematosus following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: A case report and literature review
Kioi, Y., Yorifuji, H., Higami, Y., & Katada, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.14767 · Cited by 6
Patients’ Perspectives on Life and Recovery 1 Year After COVID-19 Hospitalization
Chow, C., Chesley, C. F., Ward, M., Neergaard, R., Prasad, T. V., Dress, E. M., Reagan, S., Kalyani, P., Smyk, N. J., Turner, A. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08246-9 · Cited by 6
LOCUS (LOng Covid–Understanding Symptoms, events and use of services in Portugal): A three-component study protocol
Teixeira, J. P. D., Santos, M. J. D. S., Soares, P., de Azevedo, L. S., Barbosa, P., Boas, A. V., Cordeiro, J. V., Dias, S., Fonsêca, M., Goes, A., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285051 · Cited by 5
Evaluation and follow-up of pain, fatigue, and quality of life in COVID-19 patients
Adar, S., Konya, P., Akçin, A. İ., Dundar, U., & Demirtürk, N. (2023) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0275 · Cited by 5
Knee osteonecrosis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic case-based review
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Authors: Crook, H., Raza, S., Nowell, J., Young, M., & Edison, P.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Edison, Paul
ORCID: Edison, Paul
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2021-07-26
Volume: 374
Pages: n1648
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1648
OpenAlex: W3186314395
Cited by: 1,655
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 329 · 2023: 508 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 60
FWCI: 43.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2021-08-03)
Open access: closed
Licence: bmj.com/coronavirus/usage (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords: long COVID, SARS-CoV-2, persistent symptoms, fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac anomalies, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, myalgia, risk factors, treatment options
MeSH terms: Global Burden of Disease, COVID-19, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Clinical Trials as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Incidence, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Drug Repositioning

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Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management

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