Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Background: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been proposed to be common in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with altered small-bowel motility as a possible predisposing factor. Aim: To assess the prevalence of SIBO, by culture of small-bowel aspirate, and its correlation to symptoms and motility in IBS. Methods: 162 patients with IBS who underwent small-bowel manometry and culture of jejunal aspirate were included. Cultures from 26 healthy subjects served as controls. Two definitions of altered flora were used: the standard definition of SIBO (⩾10 5 colonic bacteria/ml), and mildly increased counts of small-bowel bacteria (⩾95th centile in controls). Results: SIBO (as per standard definition) was found in 4% of both patients and controls. Signs of enteric dysmotility were seen in 86% of patients with SIBO and in 39% of patients without SIBO (p = 0.02). Patients with SIBO had fewer phase III activities (activity fronts) than patients without SIBO (p = 0.08), but otherwise no differences in motility parameters were seen. Mildly increased bacterial counts (⩾5×10 3 /ml) were more common in patients with IBS than in controls (43% vs 12%; p = 0.002), but this was unrelated to small intestinal motility. No correlation between bacterial alterations and symptom pattern was observed. Conclusions: The data do not support an important role for SIBO according to commonly used clinical definitions, in IBS. However, mildly increased counts of small-bowel bacteria seem to be more common in IBS, and needs further investigation. Motility alterations could not reliably predict altered small-bowel bacterial flora.
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Studies using small intestinal aspiration, considered the gold standard for diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, have not demonstrated an increased prevalence of the condition in suspected IBS, and the lactulose breath test correlates poorly with small intestinal aspiration.
“Studies using small intestinal aspiration, considered the gold standard for diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, have not demonstrated an increased prevalence of the condition in suspected IBS, 143 and the lactulose breath test correlates poorly with small intestinal aspiration.144”
From British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [143]
Preliminary studies suggest that more irritable bowel syndrome patients have small intestinal bacterial overgrowth when a lower cut-off of greater than 10^3 cfu/ml is used, but well-designed studies are needed.
“Preliminary studies suggest that more IBS patients have SIBO when a lower cut-off of >103 cfu/ml is used but well-designed studies are needed.82 85”
From Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report (2013) · cites this paper as [82]
When a lower cutoff concentration of at least 10^4 cfu/ml was used, significant differences were observed, suggesting increased numbers of bacteria in the small intestine of patients with IBS.
“However, when a lower cutoff concentration of ≥104 cfu/ml was used, significant differences were observed, suggesting increased numbers of bacteria in the small intestine of patients with IBS.”
From Intestinal microbiota and immune function in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (2013) · cites this paper as [141]
Using the historical definition of SIBO as at least 10^5 cfu/ml, bacterial cultures of aspirates from IBS patients compared with healthy volunteers showed no statistically significant differences in the incidence of SIBO.
“Using this definition, a study of bacterial cultures of aspirates from patients with IBS compared with cultures from healthy volunteers showed no statistically significant differences in the incidence of SIBO (141).”
From Intestinal microbiota and immune function in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (2013) · cites this paper as [141]
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Methane on Breath Testing Is Associated with Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Kunkel, D. C., Basseri, R. J., Makhani, M. D., Chong, K., Chang, C., & Pimentel, M. (2011) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1590-5 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“revealed that among 162 IBS subjects, there was a higher number of coliform bacteria in the jejunum, although this did not exceed 10(5) cfu/mL [48].”
BackgroundRigsbee, L., Agans, R., Shankar, V., Kenche, H., Khamis, H. J., Michail, S., & Paliy, O. (2012) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.287 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Grace, E. M., Shaw, C., Whelan, K., & Andreyev, J. N. (2013) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.12456 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Ghoshal, U. C., Shukla, R., & Ghoshal, U. (2017) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl16126 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“1 7/162 (4) 1/26 (4) ND ND Sweden 2007 Posserud et al.(52)”
BackgroundShah, A., Talley, N. J., Jones, M., Kendall, B. J., Koloski, N. A., Walker, M. M., Morrison, M., & Holtmann, G. (2020) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000504 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Clinical Features and Therapeutic Management
Rao, S. S. C., & Bhagatwala, J. (2019) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000078 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Rifaximin: a unique gastrointestinal-selective antibiotic for enteric diseases
Koo, H. L., & DuPont, H. L. (2010) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e328333dc8d · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Pyleris, E., Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., Tzivras, D. M., Koussoulas, V., Barbatzas, C., & Pimentel, M. (2012) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-012-2033-7 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Constipation: Pathophysiology and Current Therapeutic Approaches
Sharma, A., & Rao, S. (2016) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2016_111 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Multiple studies illustrate that the gutmicrobiota of IBS patients is different fromhealthy controls, yet, a specific microbial signature for IBS patients remains elusive (Ringel and Carroll 2009; Posserud et al. 2007; Kassinen et al. 2007).”
BackgroundReview article: probiotics and prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome
SPILLER, R. (2008) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03750.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
SHANAB, A. A. A., Scully, P., Crosbie, O. M., Buckley, M. J. M., O’Mahony, L., Shanahan, F., Gazareen, S., Murphy, E., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2010) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-010-1447-3 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“The lactulose breath test was considered to be positive for SIBO on the basis of the following criteria: a baseline value of H2 or/and CH4 [ 20 ppm [57–59] or/and a [20 ppm increase in H2 or CH4 above the baseline value between 15 and 90 min after lactulose ingestion [60–64].”
MethodGastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth: pathogenesis and clinical significance
Sachdev, A. H., & Pimentel, M. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/2040622313496126 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“The bacteria typically recognized as SIBO are mainly of the colonic type and are thus predominantly gramnegative aerobes and anaerobic species that ferment carbohydrates into gas [Posserud et al. 2007; Sachdev and Pimental, 2012].”
BackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome: Emerging paradigm in pathophysiology
Lee, Y. J. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2456 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Crosstalk at the mucosal border: importance of the gut microenvironment in IBS
Öhman, L., Törnblom, H., & Simrén, M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.200 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationSu, T., Lai, S., Lee, A. A., He, X., & Chen, S. (2017) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-017-1371-9 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nutrient malabsorption and weight loss [8, 9].”
BackgroundJacobs, C. E., Coss‐Adame, E., Attaluri, A., Valestin, J., & Rao, S. S. C. (2013) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.12304 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Holistic Overview
Holtmann, G., Shah, A., & Morrison, M. (2017) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000485409 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome – An Update
Takakura, W., & Pimentel, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00664 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Similarly, a Swedish study found that IBS subjects with SIBO had a high prevalence of Gram-negative Bacilli and Enterobacter on jejunal aspirate (42).”
BackgroundAsian consensus on irritable bowel syndrome
Gwee, K., Bak, Y., Ghoshal, U. C., Gonlachanvit, S., Lee, O. Y., Fock, K. M., Chua, A. S. B., Lu, C., Goh, K., Kositchaiwat, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06353.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Bratten, J. R., Spanier, J., & Jones, M. P. (2008) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01785.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“administered 15 mL of a lactulose syrup to provide a 10-g dose (26).”
BackgroundMethodResultSIMRÉN, M., ÖHMAN, L., OLSSON, J., SVENSSON, U., OHLSON, K., POSSERUD, I., & STRID, H. (2010) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04183.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, G., Deepinder, F., Morales, W., Hwang, L. J., Weitsman, S. R., Chang, C., Gunsalus, R. P., & Pimentel, M. (2012) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-012-2197-1 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“There is growing evidence from indirect breath testing that subjects with IBS have altered intestinal microbiota [1, 2]; two large-scale culture studies have recently revealed elevation of small bowel coliform counts compared with healthy controls [3, 4].”
BackgroundParkes, G. C., Brostoff, J., Whelan, K., & Sanderson, J. D. (2008) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01869.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The only large study to use jejunal aspiration and culture in IBS has shown low rates of SIBO of around 4% with an equivalent prevalence in matched controls (28).”
BackgroundMicrobiome and Its Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Pimentel, M., & Lembo, A. J. (2020) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06109-5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Abnormal Breath Testing in IBS: A Meta-Analysis
Shah, E. D., Basseri, R. J., Chong, K., & Pimentel, M. (2010) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-010-1276-4 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Although a recent study seemed to support at least an increase in coliform counts in the small bowel (although not meeting the traditional definition of SIBO) [ 11 ], there remains a significant disagreement in the literature about the relevance of SIBO in IBS [12, 13].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSmall intestinal bacterial overgrowth: duodenal aspiration vs glucose breath test
Erdogan, A., Rao, S. S. C., Gulley, D., Jacobs, C. E., Lee, Y. Y., & Badger, C. (2015) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12516 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Watery Diarrhea
Camilleri, M., Sellin, J. H., & Barrett, K. E. (2016) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.014 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview
Akimbekov, N. S., Digel, I., Sherelkhan, D. K., Lutfor, A. B., & Razzaque, M. S. (2020) · ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA · doi:10.1267/ahc.20011 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Putignani, L., CHIERICO, F. D., Vernocchi, P., Cicala, M., Cucchiara, S., & Dallapiccola, B. (2015) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/mib.0000000000000602 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Antibiotic Treatment of Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Pimentel, M., Chang, C., Chua, K. S., Mirocha, J., DiBaise, J., Rao, S., & Amichai, M. (2014) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3157-8 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Another hypothesis finds that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) contributes to the pathogenesis of IBS based upon breath testing [5], small bowel culture [6, 7], small bowel qPCR [8] and response to antibiotics [9] in non-C-IBS subjects.”
BackgroundThe Gut Microbiota and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Friend or Foe?
Ghoshal, U. C., Shukla, R., Ghoshal, U., Gwee, K., Ng, S. C., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2012) · International Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2012/151085 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Qualitative or quantitative changes in the microbiota of small intestine may lead to the clinical features of SIBO [56, 57].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGut Microbiota as Potential Orchestrators of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Bennet, S., Öhman, L., & Simrén, M. (2015) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl14344 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“IBS has been suggested to be associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), defined as a bacterial density (colonic bacteria) of ≥10(5) colony-forming units (cfu) per mL of intestinal fluid,(29) measured by the “gold standard” jejunal culture method.(30,31) SIBO is, however, often diagnosed through cult…”
MethodSelf-citationNew treatments and therapeutic targets for IBS and other functional bowel disorders
Simrén, M., & Tack, J. (2018) · Nature reviews: Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0034-5 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical predictors of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by duodenal aspirate culture
Choung, R. S., Ruff, K. C., Malhotra, A., Herrick, L. M., Locke, G. R., Harmsen, W. S., Zinsmeister, A. R., Talley, N. J., & Saito, Y. A. (2011) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04625.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Bushyhead, D. W., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2022) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.002 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of IBS
Khan, S. H., & Chang, L. (2010) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2010.137 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Management of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Bohm, M. E., Siwiec, R. M., & Wo, J. M. (2013) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533613485882 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Low, K., Hwang, L., Hua, J., Zhu, A., Morales, W., & Pimentel, M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181c64c90 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“More recently, IBS has been linked to an excess amount of bacteria in the small intestine; this is known as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).(4) Subjects with SIBO have similar symptoms to IBS, such as bloating, abdominal pain, and altered bowel habits.”
BackgroundPimentel, M., Morales, W., Rezaie, A., Marsh, E., Lembo, A., Mirocha, J., Leffler, D. A., Marsh, Z., Weitsman, S., Chua, K. S., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126438 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“D-IBS patients have alterations in their small bowel microbial flora as demonstrated by breath testing [8] as well as culture studies [9,10] and deep sequencing [11] of small bowel flora.”
BackgroundKerckhoffs, A. P. M., Amor, K. B., Samsom, M., van der Rest, M. E., de Vogel, J., Knol, J., & Akkermans, L. M. A. (2010) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.022848-0 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbiota and its Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Öhman, L., & Simrén, M. (2013) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0323-7 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“culture of jejunal aspirate, we were unable to find an increased prevalence of SIBO in IBS, even though a mild increase of small intestinal bacteria was more commonly found in patients with IBS than in healthy controls [62].”
BackgroundSelf-citationChen, B., Kim, J. J.-W., Zhang, Y., Du, L., & Dai, N. (2018) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-018-1476-9 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“The reported prevalence of SIBO in the IBS population is highly variable, ranging from 4 to 84%, which may be related to the testing methods performed to diagnose SIBO [7, 11].”
Intestinal microbiota and immune function in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome
Ringel, Y., & Maharshak, N. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00207.2012 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“(14) Using this definition, a study of bacterial cultures of aspirates from patients with IBS compared with cultures from healthy volunteers showed no statistically significant differences in the incidence of SIBO.”
ResultInfluentialmanabe, N., wong, B. S., camilleri, M., burton, D., mckinzie, S., & zinsmeister, A. R. (2010) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01442.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Rubio‐Tapia, A., Barton, S. H., Rosenblatt, J. E., & Murray, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181557e67 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“This test-to-test and center-to-center variability may explain the contradictory results obtained after comparing breath testing with other diagnostic test (specifically with quantitative culture of intestinal aspirate) or even among researchers using the same breath test for assessment of the frequency of SIBO in a p…”
Grover, M., Kanazawa, M., Palsson, O. S., Chitkara, D. K., Gangarosa, L. M., Drossman, D. A., & Whitehead, W. E. (2008) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01142.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Association between Gut Dysbiosis and the Occurrence of SIBO, LIBO, SIFO and IMO
Banaszak, M., Górna, I., Woźniak, D., Przysławski, J., & Drzymała-Czyż, S. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11030573 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A role for corticotropin-releasing factor in functional gastrointestinal disorders
Taché, Y., Kiank, C., & Stengel, A. (2009) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-009-0040-4 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“For instance, CRF preferentially activates the ERK pathways in the limbic structures involved in memory, environmental information processing, and behavioral response to stress [ 24 ].”
BackgroundSystematic review of animal models of post-infectious/post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome
Qin, H., Wu, J. C. Y., Tong, X.-D., Sung, J. J. �., Xu, H., & Bian, Z. (2010) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-010-0321-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“This characteristic matches the phenomenon where IBS patients have bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine [ 64 , 65].”
BackgroundProton Pump Inhibitor Therapy Use Does Not Predispose to Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Ratuapli, S. K., Ellington, T. G., O'Neill, M. T., Umar, S. B., Harris, L. A., Foxx–Orenstein, A. E., Burdick, G. E., DiBaise, J. K., Lacy, B. E., & Crowell, M. D. (2012) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Quigley, E. M. M., & Abu-Shanab, A. (2010) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2010.07.007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lappinga, P. J., Abraham, S. C., Murray, J. A., Vetter, E. A., Patel, R., & Wu, T. T. (2010) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/134.2.264 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Adike, A., & DiBaise, J. K. (2017) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2017.09.008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., Tang, J., Pyleris, E., Pistiki, A. C., Barbatzas, C., Brown, J. S., Lee, C. C., Harkins, T. T., Kim, G. H., Weitsman, S. R., et al. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365521.2015.1027261 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“The support for this concept has been based on breath test studies [6,7,25–28], small bowel culture studies [8,9], and the success of antibiotic treatments in improving IBS symptoms [6,29,30].”
BackgroundKiank, C., Taché, Y., & Larauche, M. H. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.006 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Other Intestinal Disorders
Ghoshal, U. C., & Ghoshal, U. (2017) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.008 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Ghoshal, U. C., Srivastava, D., Ghoshal, U., & Misra, A. (2014) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000000122 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Majewski, M. S., & McCallum, R. W. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Irritable bowel syndrome in Asia: Pathogenesis, natural history, epidemiology, and management
Gwee, K., Ghoshal, U. C., & Chen, M. (2017) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.13987 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lovell, R. M., & Ford, A. C. (2012) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.336 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Spiegel, B. M. R., Chey, W. D., & Chang, L. (2008) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01992.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“More recently, Posserud and colleagues found no difference in jejunal aspirate yield between IBS and control patients when adopting the 105 colony forming units (CFU) threshold, but did find that mildly increased bacterial counts (using a lower 103 CFU cut off) were more common in IBS than controls (10).”
BackgroundSystematic review and meta‐analysis: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in chronic pancreatitis
Capurso, G., Signoretti, M., Archibugi, L., Stigliano, S., & Fave, G. D. (2016) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1177/2050640616630117 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Furthermore, all the included studies employed BTs as diagnostic procedure for SIBO and none of them jejunal aspirate and culture, which is often considered the gold standard for the diagnosis.(25) However, jejunal aspirate and culture might not diagnose SIBO occurring in the distal part of the small intestine.”
Evaluating Breath Methane as a Diagnostic Test for Constipation-Predominant IBS
Hwang, L. J., Low, K., Khoshini, R., MELMED, G. Y., Sahakian, A. B., Makhani, M. D., Pokkunuri, V. B., & Pimentel, M. (2009) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-009-0778-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Ghoshal, U. C., Sachdeva, S., Ghoshal, U., Misra, A., Puri, A. S., Pratap, N., Shah, A., Rahman, M. M., Gwee, K. A., Tan, V. P. Y., et al. (2022) · Indian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s12664-022-01292-x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“12% in controls when a lower threshold of ≥10(3) CFU/ mL was used [15].”
MethodPimentel, M., Morales, W., Pokkunuri, V. B., Brikos, C., Kim, S. M., Kim, S., Τriantafyllou, Κ., Weitsman, S. R., Marsh, Z. A., Marsh, E., et al. (2014) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3435-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“culture-based studies have confirmed an excess of coliform bacteria in the small intestine of IBS compared to healthy controls [21] and to subjects with other foregut disease [22].”
BackgroundHydrogen Breath Tests in Gastrointestinal Diseases
Rana, S. V., & Malik, A. (2014) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0426-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Symptoms of IBS generally resemble SIBO [29].”
Scarpellini, E., Giorgio, V., Gabrielli, M., Lauritano, E. C., Pantanella, A., Fundaro, C., & Gasbarrini, A. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.033 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
- Authors
- Posserud, I., Stotzer, P.-O., Björnsson, E. S., Abrahamsson, H., & Simrén, M.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- ORCID
- Simrén, Magnus
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2006-12-05
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 802-808
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- PMC
- PMC1954873
- OpenAlex
- W2120896017
- Cited by
- 499
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 28.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Microscopic Colitis
- Keywords
- small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, irritable bowel syndrome, small intestine motility, SIBO prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Breath Tests, Constipation, Diarrhea, Female, Gastrointestinal Motility, Humans, Intestine, Small, Jejunum, Male, Manometry, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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