The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
CLOX: an executive clock drawing task
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe a clock drawing task (CLOX) designed to elicit executive impairment and discriminate it from non-executive constructional failure. SUBJECTS: 90 elderly subjects were studied (45 elderly and well persons from the independent living apartments of a continuing care retirement community and 45 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease). The clock drawing performance of elderly patients was compared with that of 62 young adult controls. METHODS: Subjects received the CLOX, an executive test (EXIT25), and the mini mental state examination (MMSE). The CLOX is divided into an unprompted task that is sensitive to executive control (CLOX1) and a copied version that is not (CLOX2). Between rater reliability (27 subjects) was high for both subtests. RESULTS: In elderly subjects, CLOX subscores correlated strongly with cognitive severity (CLOX1: r=-0.83 v the EXIT25; CLOX2: r=0.85 v the MMSE). EXIT25 and MMSE scores predicted CLOX1 scores independently of age or education (F(4,82)=50.7, p<0.001; R2=0.71). The EXIT25 accounted for 68% of CLOX1 variance. Only the MMSE significantly contributed to CLOX2 scores (F(4,72)= 57.2, p<0.001; R2=0.74). CLOX subscales discriminated between patients with Alzheimer's disease and elderly controls (83.1% of cases correctly classified; Wilkes' lambda=0.48, p<0.001), and between Alzheimer's disease subgroups with and without constructional impairment (91.9% of cases correctly classified; Wilkes' lambda=0.31, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The CLOX is an internally consistent measure that is easy to administer and displays good inter-rater reliability. It is strongly associated with cognitive test scores. The pattern of CLOX failures may discriminate clinical dementia subgroups.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
Cited by
The FAB: A frontal assessment battery at bedside
Dubois, B., Slachevsky, A., Litvan, I., & Pillon, B. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.11.1621 · Cited by 3,913
Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia
Román, G. C., Erkinjuntti, T., Wallin, A., Pantoni, L., & Chui, H. C. (2002) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00190-4 · Cited by 1,067
Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease
Muslimović, D., Post, B., Speelman, J. D., & Schmand, B. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000180516.69442.95 · Cited by 1,007
Tariq, S. H., Tumosa, N., Chibnall, J. T., Perry, M. H., & Morley, J. E. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000221510.33817.86 · Cited by 724
Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests
Looi, J. C. L., & Sachdev, P. S. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.4.670 · Cited by 382
Dichgans, M., Markus, H. S., Salloway, S., Verkkoniemi, A., Moline, M., Wang, Q., Posner, H., & Chabriat, H. S. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70046-2 · Cited by 264
DE JAGER, C. A., HOGERVORST, E., COMBRINCK, M., & BUDGE, M. M. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008031 · Cited by 259
Román, G. C., Salloway, S., Black, S. E., Royall, D. R., DeCarli, C., Weiner, M. W., Moline, M., Kumar, D., Schindler, R., & Posner, H. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.570077 · Cited by 161
Self-citationPhillips, M., Childs, C., Calder, P., & Rogers, P. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms161024600 · Cited by 149
Normal rates of cognitive change in successful aging: The Freedom House Study
ROYALL, D. R., PALMER, R., CHIODO, L. K., & POLK, M. J. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770505109x · Cited by 118
Self-citationA qualitative analysis of an advanced practice nurse-directed transitional care model intervention
Bradway, C., Trotta, R., Bixby, M. B., McPartland, E., Wollman, M. C., Kapustka, H., McCauley, K., & Naylor, M. D. (2012) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnr078 · Cited by 96
Naylor, M. D., Hirschman, K. B., Hanlon, A. L., Bowles, K. H., Bradway, C., McCauley, K. M., & Pauly, M. V. (2014) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.2217/cer.14.14 · Cited by 91
Dopper, E. G. P., Chalos, V., Ghariq, E., den Heijer, T., Hafkemeijer, A., Jiskoot, L. C., de Koning, I., Seelaar, H., van Minkelen, R., van Osch, M. J. P., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.001 · Cited by 57
Cognitive and Everyday Functioning in Older and Younger Adults With and Without HIV
Vance, D. E., Wadley, V. G., Crowe, M. G., Raper, J. L., & Ball, K. K. (2011) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2011.588545 · Cited by 47
Kolanowski, A., Fick, D., Litaker, M., Mulhall, P., Clare, L., Hill, N., Mogle, J., Boustani, M., Gill, D., & Yevchak‐Sillner, A. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14511 · Cited by 40
Structural Brain Correlations of Visuospatial and Visuoperceptual Tests in Parkinson’s Disease
Garcia-Diaz, A. I., Segura, B., Baggio, H. C., Marti, M. J., Valldeoriola, F., Compta, Y., Bargallo, N., Uribe, C., Campabadal, A., Abos, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717000583 · Cited by 39
Woods, S. P., Weinborn, M., Maxwell, B. R., Gummery, A., Mo, K., Ng, A. R. J., & Bucks, R. S. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.875126 · Cited by 36
Cognitive profiles discriminate between genetic variants of behavioral frontotemporal dementia
Poos, J. M., Jiskoot, L. C., Leijdesdorff, S. M. J., Seelaar, H., Panman, J. L., van der Ende, E. L., Mol, M. O., Meeter, L. H. H., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., Donker Kaat, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09738-y · Cited by 31
Nasrouei, S., Rattel, J. A., Liedlgruber, M., Marksteiner, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.003 · Cited by 30
Predictors of Cognition in Adults With HIV: Implications for Nursing Practice and Research
Fazeli, P. L., Marceaux, J. C., Vance, D. E., Slater, L., & Long, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/jnn.0b013e3182029790 · Cited by 29
In vivo high-resolution 7 Tesla MRI shows early and diffuse cortical alterations in CADASIL
De Guio, F., Reyes, S., Vignaud, A., Duering, M., Ropele, S., Duchesnay, E., Chabriat, H., & Jouvent, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106311 · Cited by 28
Sertraline Improves Executive Function in Patients With Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Royall, D. R., Cordes, J. A., Román, G., Velez, A., Edwards, A., Schillerstrom, J. S., & Polk, M. J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.4.445 · Cited by 26
Self-citationMeijboom, R., Steketee, R. M. E., Ham, L. S., van der Lugt, A., van Swieten, J. C., & Smits, M. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160564 · Cited by 17
Pearce, L. A., McClure, L. A., Anderson, D. C., Jacova, C., Sharma, M., Hart, R. G., & Benavente, O. R. (2014) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70224-8 · Cited by 135
Metadata
- Authors
- Royall, D. R., Cordes, J. A., & Polk, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1998-05-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 588-594
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156098875
- Cited by
- 841
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 4.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
