Smart cities of the future
Open accessAbstract
Here we sketch the rudiments of what constitutes a smart city which we define as a city in which ICT is merged with traditional infrastructures, coordinated and integrated using new digital technologies. We first sketch our vision defining seven goals which concern: developing a new understanding of urban problems; effective and feasible ways to coordinate urban technologies; models and methods for using urban data across spatial and temporal scales; developing new technologies for communication and dissemination; developing new forms of urban governance and organisation; defining critical problems relating to cities, transport, and energy; and identifying risk, uncertainty, and hazards in the smart city. To this, we add six research challenges: to relate the infrastructure of smart cities to their operational functioning and planning through management, control and optimisation; to explore the notion of the city as a laboratory for innovation; to provide portfolios of urban simulation which inform future designs; to develop technologies that ensure equity, fairness and realise a better quality of city life; to develop technologies that ensure informed participation and create shared knowledge for democratic city governance; and to ensure greater and more effective mobility and access to opportunities for urban populations. We begin by defining the state of the art, explaining the science of smart cities. We define six scenarios based on new cities badging themselves as smart, older cities regenerating themselves as smart, the development of science parks, tech cities, and technopoles focused on high technologies, the development of urban services using contemporary ICT, the use of ICT to develop new urban intelligence functions, and the development of online and mobile forms of participation. Seven project areas are then proposed: Integrated Databases for the Smart City, Sensing, Networking and the Impact of New Social Media, Modelling Network Performance, Mobility and Travel Behaviour, Modelling Urban Land Use, Transport and Economic Interactions, Modelling Urban Transactional Activities in Labour and Housing Markets, Decision Support as Urban Intelligence, Participatory Governance and Planning Structures for the Smart City. Finally we anticipate the paradigm shifts that will occur in this research and define a series of key demonstrators which we believe are important to progressing a science of smart cities. Graphical abstract
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Smart cities can only badge themselves as such if there are intelligence functions that are able to integrate and synthesize data to some purpose, ways of improving the efficiency, equity, sustainability, and the quality of life in cities.
“smart cities can only badge themselves as such, “if there are intelligence functions that are able to integrate and synthesize data to some purpose, ways of improving the efficiency, equity, sustainability, and the quality of life in cities,””
From Environmentally sustainable smart cities and their converging AI, IoT, and big data technologies and solutions: an integrated approach to an extensive literature review (2023) · cites this paper as Batty et al. 2012
Urban science/informatics offers potential for urban knowledge with greater breadth, depth, scale and timeliness, and is inherently longitudinal, in contrast to traditional urban studies.
“Urban science/informatics, it is posited, offers the potential for urban knowledge that has greater breadth, depth, scale and timeliness, and is inherently longitudinal, in contrast with that derived from longer standing, more traditional urban studies [3,15].”
From The ethics of smart cities and urban science (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Common resources can be made accessible and shared in open innovation environments to achieve ambitious city development goals.
“These common resources can be made accessible and shared in open innovation environments [52], to achieve ambitious city development goals.”
From Opening up Smart Cities: Citizen-Centric Challenges and Opportunities from GIScience (2016) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Batty, M., Axhausen, K. W., Giannotti, F., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., Ouzounis, G., & Portugali, Y.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of New Brunswick (CA)
- European Commission (BE)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Batty, M.
- Venue
- The European Physical Journal Special Topics
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 214
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 481-518
- ISSN
- 1951-6355 (ISSN-L)
- 1951-6401
- OpenAlex
- W1969085745
- Cited by
- 2,424
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 244 · 2025: 262 · 2024: 206 · 2023: 206 · 2022: 215 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 218 · 2019: 228 · 2018: 205 · 2017: 144 · 2016: 135 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 108.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- The European Physical Journal Special Topics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- ISTI Open Portal (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/I016791/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Smart Cities and Technologies
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geographic Information Systems Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development
- Keywords
- smart cities, urban infrastructure, ICT integration, urban data, urban governance, participatory governance, urban mobility, urban transport, urban energy, urban simulation, urban intelligence, decision support, social media, urban regeneration, science parks, technopoles, urban planning
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