Opening up Smart Cities: Citizen-Centric Challenges and Opportunities from GIScience

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several research directions are currently explored within the GEO-C project, undertaken at the authors' universities in collaboration with private companies and city councils.

“Several research directions are currently explored within the GEO-C project, undertaken at the authors' universities in collaboration with private companies and city councils.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The challenge of opening up data can be considered at two levels: infrastructure data and citizen data.

“The challenge of opening up data can be considered at two levels: infrastructure data and citizen data [39,46].”

• cites [39] Rodger, L. Smart Cities: Technology Challenges. Available online: http://urbanopus.net/smart-cities-technology-challenges/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [46] Accelerating Smart City Deployments: Challenges, Competitions and Collaborations from Smart Cities Around the Globe and Across the Region. Available online: http://www.smartcitiesweek.com/Pages/Detail/17254.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The integration of ICT and geomatics tools is indispensable for the development of a smart city.

“They argue that the integration of ICT and geomatics tools is indispensable for the development of a smart city.”

• cites [35] Daniel, S., and Doran, M. (2013, January 17–20). GeoSmartCity: Geomatics contribution to the Smart City. Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Quebec city, QC, Canada. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Geographic data and Geographic Information Science (GIScience) may play an important role in shaping smart cities.

“In addition, we argue that geographic data and Geographic Information Science (GIScience) may play an important role in shaping smart cities.”

May combine two claims.

Open data is faced with issues in terms of risks, contingency actions, and expected opportunities in terms of governance, economic issues, licenses and legal frameworks, data characteristics, metadata, access, and skills.

“Open data is faced with issues in terms of risks, contingency actions, and expected opportunities in terms of governance, economic issues, licenses and legal frameworks, data characteristics, metadata, access, and skills [42].”

• cites [42] Martin, S., Foulonneau, M., Turki, S., and Ihadjadene, M. (2013, January 13–14). Open data: Barriers, risks and opportunities. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on eGovernment, Como, Italy.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Issues such as the unlawful disclosure of data, the infringement of trade secret protection, violations of privacy and breaches of the security of the infrastructure might have a severe negative impact.

“Issues such as the unlawful disclosure of data, the infringement of trade secret protection, violations of privacy and breaches of the security of the infrastructure might have a severe negative impact.”

• cites [41] Kucera, 2014, Benefits and risks of open government data, J. Syst. Integr. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Citizen data is vital for cities, yet people are often unwilling to share data because they are concerned about privacy and trust issues.

“Citizen data is vital for cities-it's a ground truth for citizens' activities and desires-yet people are often unwilling to share data because they are concerned about privacy and trust issues [49].”

• cites [49] Hollands, 2008, Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?, City sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The lack of insight into the user's perspective and the lack of appropriate governance mechanisms can explain the large gap between the promises of open data and what is actually realized.

“The lack of insight into the user's perspective and the lack of appropriate governance mechanisms can explain the large gap between the promises of open data and what is actually realized [9].”

• cites [9] Janssen, 2012, Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government, Inf. Syst. Manag. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Two core pillars of GIScience, namely spatial representation and visualization, and spatial analysis, are particularly relevant for smart cities.

“Two core pilars of GIScience, namely spatial representation and visualization, and spatial analysis, are particularly relevant for smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The open data movement requires increased accessibility.

“The open data movement requires increased accessibility.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This approach requires sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders.

“This approach requires sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders [50].”

• cites [50] Naphade, 2011, Smarter cities and their innovation challenges, IEEE Comput. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Common resources can be made accessible and shared in open innovation environments to achieve ambitious city development goals.

“These common resources can be made accessible and shared in open innovation environments [52], to achieve ambitious city development goals.”

• cites [52] Batty, 2012, Smart cities of the future, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These GIScience developments could be exploited to enforce the spatial component of smart cities.

“These could be exploited to enforce the spatial component of smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

These challenges are crucial to better understand the spatiotemporal interactions between cities and citizens.

“These challenges are not the only ones in smart cities, but they are crucial to better understand the spatiotemporal interactions between cities and citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Empowering citizens, analytical methods and tools, and citizen-centric services research themes are useful to improve transparency, facilitate participation, and ease collaboration in a city context.

“Empowering citizens, analytical methods and tools, and citizen-centric services research themes (Figure 1) are useful to improve transparency, facilitate participation, and ease collaboration in a city context.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Smart cities cannot become a reality unless citizens are central actors in shaping their cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

GIScience has already developed useful standards, frameworks, formal specifications, techniques, approaches and principles that deal with the representation, understanding, analysing and visualizing spatial aspects of the world.

“GIScience has already developed useful standards, frameworks, formal specifications, techniques, approaches and principles (see Tables 1 to 3) that deal with the representation, understanding, analysing and visualizing spatial aspects of the world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Without engaged and educated citizens on the access, creation, and interpretation of data and knowledge, a city may only be halfway smart and open.

“Put simply, without engaged and educated citizens on the access, creation, and interpretation of data and knowledge, a city may only be halfway smart and open.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Smart cities cannot become a reality unless citizens are central actors in shaping their cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In today's expanding cities, the analysis techniques and solutions developed in GIScience are particularly relevant.

“In today's expanding cities, where an explosive amount of organizational, participatory, demographic, environmental, and spatial data is present, the analysis techniques and solutions developed in GIScience are particularly relevant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

GIScience may also benefit from smart city initiatives.

“In addition, GIScience may also benefit from smart city initiatives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A smart city not only consumes data to produce useful services, but also generates a broad variety of data.

“Indeed, a smart city not only consumes data to produce useful services, but it also generates a broad variety of data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Along with VGI, sensor networks and IoT devices are becoming much more pervasive in cities.

“Along with VGI, sensor networks and IoT devices are becoming much more pervasive in cities.”

May combine two claims.

The map is implicitly present in approaches for analysis (C3), the adoption of standards (C4) and the development of persuasive interfaces (C6).

“It is also implicitly present in approaches for analysis (C3), the adoption of standards (C4) and the development of persuasive interfaces (C6).”

May combine two claims.

Concrete actions can help governments to unleash the potential of public data to empower a transparent governance model, which ultimately builds trust between citizens and their cities.

“In this respect, recent case studies [57,76,77] have demonstrated that concrete actions can help governments to unleash the potential of public data to empower a transparent governance model (e.g., citizens can identify errors, prevent abuses, and inefficiencies), which ultimately builds trust between citizens and their cities [74,78].”

• cites [57] Lathrop, D., and Ruma, L. (2010). Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice, O’Reilly Media, Inc.Not checked yet

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• cites [76] Cabinet Office, MH Government Open Data White Paper-Unleashing the Potential, Available online: https://data.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Open_data_White_Paper.pdf.Not checked yet

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• cites [77] Ratti, 2011, Harnessing residents’ electronic devices will yield truly smart cities, Sci. Am. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [74] Domingo, 2013, Public open sensor data: Revolutionizing smart cities, IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [78] Fioretti, M. Open Data, Open Society: A Research Project about Openness of Public Data in EU Local Administration. Available online: http://www.dime-eu.org/files/active/0/ODOS_report_1.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Open data may yield substantial benefits to (smart) cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The challenge for GIScience lies in creating new types of user experiences that facilitate opportunistic interactions with citizens and present information to persuade behavior change.

“From the point of view of GIScience, the challenge lies not so much in design and psychology (which are important aspects), but in creating new types of user experiences that facilitate opportunistic interactions with citizens [70], and present information in such a way that citizens are persuaded to change their behavior and take actions accordingly.”

• cites [70] Hespanhol, 2016, Situated interfaces for engaging citizens on the go, Interactions sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The combination of datasets in the big data age needs to cope with a number of challenges such as efficient data representation, redundancy reduction and data compression, spurious correlations, and noise accumulation.

“In addition, the combination of datasets in the big data age needs to cope with a number of challenges listed in [20,61], for example efficient data representation, redundancy reduction and data compression, spurious correlations, and noise accumulation.”

• cites [20] Chen, 2014, Big data: A survey, Mob. Netw. Appl. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [61] Fan, 2014, Challenges of big data analysis, Natl. Sci. Rev. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The open data movement can be regarded as an engine for innovation, economic growth; as a way to create added-value services and applications; and to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and cost savings at city level.

“The open data movement can be regarded as an engine for innovation, economic growth; as a way to create added-value services and applications; and to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and cost savings at city level [74,75].”

• cites [74] Domingo, 2013, Public open sensor data: Revolutionizing smart cities, IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [75] Reddick, C., and Anthopoulos, L. (2015). Information and Communication Technologies in Public Administration: Innovations from Developed Countries. sourceNot checked yet

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• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Open data may yield substantial benefits to (smart) cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a big city like London, about 45 million journeys a week are generated from the smart card used by rail and buses passengers.

“For example, in a big city like London, about 45 millions journeys a week are generated from the smart card used by rail and buses passengers (see [125].”

• cites [125] Batty, 2013, Big data, smart cities and city planning, Dialogues Hum. Geogr. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Open data initiatives are in reality far from operating at their fullest potential.

“Despite these benefits, open data initiatives are in reality far from operating at their fullest potential.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Such devices are location-based and location is central to realise context-aware and personal services for a great variety of city services and settings.

“Such devices are location-based and so location is central to realise context-aware and personal services for a great variety of city services and settings (e.g., outdoor and indoor services).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Alternative exploration and visualization techniques, such as virtual and augmented reality, provide new ways to present added value information and service, and present a new way to experience smart cities.

“Finally, alternative exploration and visualization techniques, such as virtual and augmented reality, provide new ways to present added value information and service, and present a new way to experience smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Listening to what citizens sense and perceive, and acting consequently is a way of improving quality of life in cities.

“Listening to what citizens sense and perceive, and acting consequently is a way of improving quality of life in cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A research gap is the lack of customized and focused services (personal services) that are capable of adapting to the peculiarities and needs of each individual citizen.

“a research gap is the lack of customized and focused services, i.e., personal services, that are capable of adapting to the peculiarities and needs of each individual citizen”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The field of GIScience has focused on location privacy.

“Regarding GIScience, the field has focused on location privacy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Analysis methods that are able to integrate quantitative data and qualitative information through citizen science activities, social networks services, and crowdsourcing tools, will have a great impact on the future of our cities.

“Analysis methods that are able to integrate quantitative data and qualitative information through citizen science activities, social networks services, and crowdsourcing tools, will have a great impact on the future of our cities as more and more people live in urban areas [59].”

• cites [59] Craglia, M., and Granell, C. (2014). Citizen Science and Smart Cities, Publications Office of the European Union. Number EUR 26652 EN.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Spatial analysis is an invaluable part of understanding spatio-temporal data, detecting patterns and making predictions.

“In addition, spatial analysis is an invaluable part of understanding spatio-temporal data, detecting patterns and making predictions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

With big data, the context of geographic research has shifted from a data-scarce to a data-rich environment.

“Miller and Goodchild commented that with big data, the context of geographic research has shifted from a data-scarce to a data-rich environment.”

• cites [126] Miller, 2015, Data-driven geography, GeoJournal sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Tons of geographic data come from citizens through pictures, tweets, geotags, reports, GPS tracks, VGI, or more generally crowd-sourced data, and are increasingly relevant for designing, improving, and assessing city services.

“Tons of geographic data come from citizens through pictures, tweets, geotags, reports, GPS tracks, VGI, (or more generally crowd-sourced data), is increasingly relevant for designing, improving, and assessing city services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The unclear trade-off between transparency and privacy values is one of the adoption barriers of open data.

“Janssen et al. [9] mention the unclear trade-off between transparency and privacy values as one of the adoption barriers of open data (and consequently of all benefits associated with the use of open data to make the city smarter).”

• cites [9] Janssen, 2012, Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government, Inf. Syst. Manag. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Standards are essential to ensure that underlying technology, systems, data, applications and services are able to interact seamlessly in a coherent manner.

“Adoption of open standards (C4): standards are essential to ensure that underlying technology, systems, data, applications and services are able to interact seamlessly in a coherent manner.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The previous sections gave supportive evidence that GIScience contributions are key enablers to smart cities.

“The previous sections elaborated and discussed opportunities and achievements of GIScience to address smart city challenges, giving supportive evidence that GIScience contributions are key enablers to smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Citizens are more than human sensors collecting data: deep participation is about raising awareness, building capacity, and strengthening communities.

“Yet citizens are more than human sensors collecting data: deep participation is about raising awareness, building capacity, and strengthening communities [58].”

• cites [58] Townsend, A.M. (2013). Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, WW Norton & Company.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This wealth of data may serve as input for data-driven geography.

“This wealth of data may serve as input for what Miller and Goodchild called data-driven geography [126].”

• cites [126] Miller, 2015, Data-driven geography, GeoJournal sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Small changes towards open standards can eventually lead to big impacts like making city services more transparent, participative and trustable.

“The point is that small changes towards open standards can eventually lead to big impacts like making city services more transparent, participative and trustable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The need to open up the city is a common denominator of many potential solutions to empowering citizens.

“Before going into what the GIScience community is doing, it is worth mentioning that from our perspective, the need to open up the city is a common denominator of many potential solutions to empowering citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Reaping the benefits of development in GIScience research for smart cities (and the other way round) will not be automatic; it depends on knowledge transfer and the availability of open data.

“Yet, reaping the benefits of development in GIScience research for smart cities (and the other way round) will not be automatic.It depends on two factors: knowledge transfer, and the availability of open data (open data is the fuel of a data-driven science).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Open data is the fuel of a data-driven science.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Flows of data from IoT devices, sensors, and personal services introduce serious privacy and security concerns related to unforeseen uses of citizens' location.

“While such IoT devices, sensors, and personal services accelerate the production and consumption of city services, such flows of data also introduce serious privacy and security concerns related to unforeseen uses of citizens' location -an issue already considered in GIScience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Without the appropriate data literacy skills, co-creation and active participation with citizens is unlikely to occur.

“Cities can commit to open data, transparency and ICT as major enablers, but without the appropriate data literacy skills, co-creation and active participation with citizens is unlikely to occur.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Smart cities cannot become a reality unless citizens are central actors in shaping their cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Data-driven geography is an evolution of geography and can provide the paths between idiographic and nomothetic knowledge.

“They described data-driven geography as an evolution of geography, and argued that it can provide the paths between idiographic (i.e., description-seeking) and nomothetic (i.e., law-seeking) knowledge.”

• cites [126] Miller, 2015, Data-driven geography, GeoJournal sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A full understanding of all the facets, benefits, and possibilities that GIScience can bring to smart cities is still at an early stage.

“Nevertheless, a full understanding of all the facets, benefits, and possibilities that GIScience can bring to smart cities is still at an early stage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There exists a symbiosis between GIScience and smart cities, and maps are critical in addressing citizen-centric challenges in smart cities.

“In a nutshell, there exists a symbiosis between GIScience and smart cities, and maps are critical in addressing citizen-centric challenges in smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Open Geospatial Consortium has developed a suite of open standards.

“the suite of open standards developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Spatial metaphors and image-schemas are useful to understand how people think about space.

“Both concepts are useful to understand how people think about space.”

• cites [122] Kuhn, W. (1996, January 12–16). Handling data spatially: Spatializating user interfaces. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Delft, The Netherlands.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The usefulness of the OCT is threefold: provide software components addressing the challenges mentioned in Section 3; integrate work done in different facets of smart cities; and transfer insights from GIScience to smart cities.

“The usefulness of the OCT is threefold: (i) provide software components addressing the challenges mentioned in Section 3; (ii) integrate work done in different facets of smart cities, as detailed further in this section, and (iii) transfer insights from GIScience to smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The GEO-C consortium consists of a mix of city councils and private companies, and foresees links with government institutions and access to citizens via the projects' host cities.

“In fact, the GEO-C consortium consists of a mix of city councils and private companies, and foresees links with government institutions and access to citizens via the projects' host cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Such frameworks are crucial to speed up the deployment and delivery of participatory apps to citizens, thereby effectively empowering them in gathering/creating relevant sensory data.

“Such frameworks are crucial to speed up the deployment and delivery of participatory apps to citizens, thereby effectively empowering them in gathering/creating relevant sensory data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Any analysis attempting to clarify the intersection of GIScience and smart cities will ultimately remain limited in scope and biased towards the research interests of the authors.

“Given the breadth of topics covered by both (i.e., GIScience and smart cities), any analysis attempting at clarifying their intersection will ultimately remain limited in scope, and biased towards the research interests of the authors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ODOE supports both human and technical sensors, and is therefore useful to consider when pairing quantitative and qualitative data.

“ODOE supports both human and technical sensors, and is therefore useful to consider when pairing quantitative (usually coming from technical sensors) and qualitative data (mostly produced by humans).”

• cites [101] Janowicz, 2012, Observation-driven geo-ontology engineering, Trans. GIS sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Improving spatial thinking improves science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) achievements.

“Uttal et al. [92] report that improving spatial thinking improves science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) achievements.”

• cites [92] Uttal, 2013, Exploring and enhancing spatial thinking links to achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics?, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Atzori et al. envision a social layer on top of the IoT paradigm that takes concepts of cooperation and social relationships for the establishment and management of social relationships between smart things.

“Atzori et al. [19] envision a social layer on top of the IoT paradigm that takes concepts of cooperation and social relationships for the establishment and management of social relationships between smart things.”

• cites [19] Atzori, 2012, The Social Internet of Things (SIoT)—When social networks meet the Internet of Things: Concept, architecture and network characterization, Comput. Netw. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Space is fundamental to perception and cognition because it provides a common ground for our senses as well as for our actions.

“In pioneering work, Kuhn [122] pointed out that”

• cites [122] Kuhn, W. (1996, January 12–16). Handling data spatially: Spatializating user interfaces. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Delft, The Netherlands.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This data in turn provides valuable information for governing bodies and other stakeholders to improve city services and operations.

“This data in turn provides valuable information for governing bodies and other stakeholders to improve city services and operations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Geoinformatics, cartography, maps, visual arts, and design can help citizens to understanding complex interactions by customizing the content that is being displayed.

“Geoinformatics, cartography, maps, visual arts, and design can help citizens to understanding complex interactions by customizing the content that is being displayed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Five types of components are envisioned for the OCT.

“In essence, five types of components are envisioned for the OCT:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

OGC standards are used in a wide variety of domains including environment, defense, health, agriculture, meteorology, sustainable development, and smart cities.

“are used in a wide variety of domains including environment, defense, health, agriculture, meteorology, sustainable development, and smart cities.”

• cites [106] OGC. Available online: http://www.opengeospatial.org/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The wide use of the SLEUTH cellular automata model provides evidence that cellular automata is a technique worth considering to predict and simulate urban growth in a smart city context.

“The wide use of the SLEUTH cellular automata model (e.g.[95,96] for reviews of cellular automata applications) provides evidence that cellular automata is a technique worth considering to predict and simulate urban growth in a smart city context.”

• cites [95] Fisher, P.F. (2007). Classics from IJGIS— Twenty Years of the International Journal of Geographical Information Science and Systems, CRC Press. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [96] Chaudhuri, 2013, The SLEUTH land use change model: A review, Int. J. Environ. Resour. Res.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We recently observe a growing interest in data privacy, especially related to location-aware applications.

“We recently observe a growing interest in data privacy, especially related to location-aware applications [133].”

• cites [133] Damiani, 2014, Location privacy models in mobile applications: Conceptual view and research directions, Geoinformatica sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All these stakeholders help to define the requirements for the OCT.

“All these stakeholders help to define the requirements for the OCT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sensors are crucial for intelligent systems like smart cities and are well covered by the OGC Sensor Web Enablement.

“Sensors are crucial for intelligent systems like smart cities [110,111] and are well covered by the OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) [112].”

• cites [110] Dameri, R.P., and Rosenthal-Sabroux, C. (2014). Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space, Springer. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [111] Hancke, 2012, The role of advanced sensing in smart cities, Sensors sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [112] Sensor Web Enablement. Available online: http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/markets-technologies/swe.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The combination of open standards (and APIs) such as OGC CityGML, IndoorGML, Moving Features, and ARML 2.0 would ease the delivery of geospatial features, imagery, sensor observations and geo-referenced social media in a coherent way, and thereby support interoperable and cross-domain city services.

“would ease the delivery of geospatial features, imagery, sensor observations and geo-referenced social media in a coherent way, and thereby support interoperable and cross-domain city services”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A data literacy strategy requires simple and understandable presentations of existing datasets.

“a data literacy strategy also requires simple and understandable presentations of existing datasets (e.g., in forms of visualizations or geo-visualizations).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This idea could be extrapolated to determine social roles and relationships that a given device may perform as a function of its actual location (indoor or outdoor) and their relation to other nearby devices or services.

“This idea could be extrapolated to determine social roles and relationships that a given device may perform as a function of its actual location (indoor or outdoor) and their relation to other nearby devices or services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The identification and analysis of existing and potential scenarios for proximity-based opportunistic information sharing between citizens and/or city services are vital for securing privacy in personal services.

“In this respect, the identification and analysis of existing and potential scenarios for proximity-based opportunistic information sharing between citizens and/or city services are vital for securing privacy in personal services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The research challenge of personal services (C5) covers multiple aspects.

“The research challenge of personal services (C5) covers multiple aspects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Empowering citizens necessitates tackling challenges related to deep participation and data literate citizenry.

“empowering citizens necessitates tackling challenges related to deep participation and data literate citizenry”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

SEnviro demonstrated that IoT protocols and the OGC SensorThings API can work together for real-life smart cities applications.

“SEnviro [120], a low-cost, Arduino-based IoT device that monitors atmospheric variables demonstrated that IoT protocols and the OGC SensorThings API can work together for real-life smart cities applications.”

• cites [120] Trilles, 2015, SEnviro: A sensorized platform proposal using open hardware and open standards, Sensors sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Children, elderly, workers, tourists and so on have distinct feelings, needs and perspectives of city services and city open data.

“Children, elderly, workers, tourists and so on have distinct feelings, needs and perspectives of city services and city open data.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Each citizen perceives, interacts with, and senses the city in distinct ways.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The OCT is technology-driven and citizen-centric.

“The OCT is therefore technology-driven and citizen-centric.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Observation ontologies are used for the integration of quantitative and qualitative (geographic) data.

“the use of observation ontologies for the integration of quantitative and qualitative (geographic) data”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Creating win-win situations between city players is a critical success factor for smart cities, whereby city councils and organizations not just collect data and knowledge from citizens, but also give something back that is valued by citizens.

“Creating this type of win-win situations between city players is a critical success factor for smart cities, whereby city councils and organizations not just collect data and knowledge from citizens, but also give something back that is valued by citizens [59].”

• cites [59] Craglia, M., and Granell, C. (2014). Citizen Science and Smart Cities, Publications Office of the European Union. Number EUR 26652 EN.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The suite of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) open standards is a good starting point for the exchange of (geospatial) information in a smart city context.

“The suite of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) open standards is a good starting point for the exchange of (geospatial) information in a smart city context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Designers need to be informed about human spatial cognition and properties of spaces in order to design more successful spatialized interfaces.

“He argued that designers need to be informed about human spatial cognition and properties of spaces in order to design more successful spatialized interfaces.”

• cites [122] Kuhn, W. (1996, January 12–16). Handling data spatially: Spatializating user interfaces. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Delft, The Netherlands.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The use of maps is a promising approach to address both the issues of deep participation and data literate citizenry in a smart city context.

“The use of maps is a promising approach to address both the issues of deep participation and data literate citizenry in a smart city context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Cellular automata are a method for urban growth prediction and simulation.

“the use of cellular automata as method for urban growth prediction and simulation”

May combine two claims.

The OGC SensorThings API can be considered as a lightweight OGC SWE profile, follows a REST-like style, and is particularly well suited for developing IoT-based sensing applications to interconnect resource-limited IoT devices.

“The OGC SensorThings API can be considered as a lightweight OGC SWE profile, that follows a REST-like style, and is particularly well suited for developing IoT-based sensing applications to interconnect resource-limited IoT devices.”

• cites [119] OGC SensorThing API. Available online: http://ogc-iot.github.io/ogc-iot-api.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Only then can a win-win situation occur that permits to overcome crucial barriers in accessing, using, and interpreting open data.

“Only then, can a win-win situation occur that permits to overcome crucial barriers in accessing, using, and interpreting open data [9].”

• cites [9] Janssen, 2012, Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government, Inf. Syst. Manag. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Smart cities need informed and educated citizens who can participate on a deeper level and understand how sensed information is being used.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The traditional concept of maps that is strongly coupled to cartography needs to be updated, given that the lines between big data, cartography, and visual arts in mapping are increasingly blurred.

“Especially in today's cities, the traditional concept of maps that is strongly coupled to cartography needs to be updated, given that the lines between big data, cartography, and visual arts in mapping are increasingly blurred.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Citizen-centric services suggests more work on personal services and persuasive interfaces.

“citizen-centric services suggests more work on personal services and persuasive interfaces”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

GIScience is critical to address citizen-centric challenges in smart cities.

“In summary, GIScience is critical to address citizen-centric challenges in smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a clear need for application frameworks for quickly creating and deploying standards-based participatory sensing applications.

“For example, there is a clear need for application frameworks for quickly creating and deploying standards-based participatory sensing applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Analytical methods and tools involve challenges regarding the pairing of quantitative and qualitative data, as well as the adoption of open standards.

“analytical methods and tools involve challenges regarding the pairing of quantitative and qualitative data, as well as the adoption of open standards”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Generic Enablers built within initiatives such as FIWARE are a good first step, but more is needed, in particular an integrated piece of software which delivers useful services to citizens based on open data.

“In this sesnse, Generic Enablers (GEs) built within initiatives such as FIWARE are a good first step, but more is needed, in particular an integrated piece of software which delivers useful services to citizens based on open data (in addition to independent software pieces).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The availability of suitable tools to turn citizens (from school children to seniors) into educated and informed citizens of smart open cities is vital to enhance digital literacy.

“With respect to data literacy (C2), the availability of suitable tools to turn citizens (from school children to seniors) into educated and informed citizens of smart open cities is vital to enhance digital literacy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The seven principles of research into location privacy and the theory of spatialization of user interface can guide research into personal services and persuasive interfaces.

“The seven principles of research into location privacy and the theory of spatialization of user interface can guide research into personal services and persuasive interfaces.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The use of maps serves as spatial dialogue platforms and as ways of contextualizing and presenting primary data in an understandable way.

“the use of maps as a both spatial dialogue platforms, and ways of contextualizing and presenting primary data in an understandable way”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

User interfaces can be spatialized.

“the spatialization of user interfaces”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are seven principles of research into location privacy.

“the seven principles of research into location privacy”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The primary target users of the OCT are citizens and city councils, while private companies and governmental institutions are key stakeholders.

“The primary target users are citizens and city councils, while keeping private companies and governmental institutions as key stakeholders in mind as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Predictive modeling is an attractive niche for smart cities.

“Predictive modeling is an attractive niche for smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is a risk of duplicating work if ongoing smart city initiatives are not aware of each other and of the various other areas involved in smart cities.

“Given the number of ongoing smart city initiatives and efforts, each with their own focus, there is a risk of duplicating work if these different efforts are not aware of each other, and of the various (other) areas involved in smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Deep participation strategies should take into account Coleman et al.'s synthesis about citizens' motivations.

“Since the very same contributors of geographic information are also actors (active or passive) in a smart city, deep participation strategies should take into account [82]'s synthesis about citizens' motivations.”

• cites [82] Coleman, 2009, Volunteered geographic information: The nature and motivation of produsers, Int. J. Spat. Data Infrastruct. Res.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There are several opportunities for research on the adoption of open standards (C4).

“There are several opportunities for research on the adoption of open standards (C4).”