How WEIRD is CHI?
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Abstract
Computer technology is often designed in technology hubs in Western countries, invariably making it “WEIRD”, because it is based on the intuition, knowledge, and values of people who are Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. Developing technology that is universally useful and engaging requires knowledge about members of WEIRD and non-WEIRD societies alike. In other words, it requires us, the CHI community, to generate this knowledge by studying representative participant samples. To find out to what extent CHI participant samples are from Western societies, we analyzed papers published in the CHI proceedings between 2016-2020. Our findings show that 73% of CHI study findings are based on Western participant samples, representing less than 12% of the world’s population. Furthermore, we show that most participant samples at CHI tend to come from industrialized, rich, and democratic countries with generally highly educated populations. Encouragingly, recent years have seen a slight increase in non-Western samples and those that include several countries. We discuss suggestions for further broadening the international representation of CHI participant samples.
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Cheng, R., Wang, R., Zimmermann, T., & Ford, D. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3651990 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“We want to point out that, in an effort to address the issue of lack of racial diversity in general HCI studies [38], we were able to recruit a balanced mix of participants in terms of race.”
BackgroundDo, K., Pang, R. Y., Jiang, J., & Reinecke, K. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581347 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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Self-citationBolesnikov, A., Cochrane, K. A., & Girouard, A. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581327 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Quality and representativeness of research online with Yahoo! Crowdsourcing
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Ma, Y., Abdelrahman, Y., Petz, B., Drewes, H., Alt, F., Hußmann, H., & Butz, A. M. (2022) · Mensch und Computer (MuC) · doi:10.1145/3543758.3543776 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Seelam, A., Choudhury, A. P., Liu, C., Goay, M., Bali, K., & Vashistha, A. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637333 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Linxen, S., Sturm, C., Brühlmann, F., Cassau, V., Opwis, K., & Reinecke, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences (DE)
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2021-05-06
- Pages
- 1-14
- OpenAlex
- W1119960297
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 27.66
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1651487)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
- Keywords
- WEIRD populations, cross-cultural research, sample diversity
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