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CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immune Systems in Bacteria and Archaea
Open accessAbstract
Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in autoimmunity. The cellular machinery and complex signaling pathways that coordinate an effective immune response have generally been considered properties of the eukaryotic immune system. However, a surprisingly sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on small RNAs for sequence-specific targeting of foreign nucleic acids was recently discovered in bacteria and archaea. Molecular vaccination in prokaryotes is achieved by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into a repetitive locus in the host chromosome known as a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat). Here we review the mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated immunity and discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of these adaptive defense systems.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sorek, R., Lawrence, C. M., & Wiedenheft, B.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Montana State University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2013-06-02
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 237-266
- ISSN
- 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4509
- OpenAlex
- W2131157113
- Cited by
- 668
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 23
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0628732, 0920312)
- Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Israel Science Foundation (1303/12)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-103500, R01GM108888, P20GM103500)
- National Center for Research Resources
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (260432)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
- Keywords
- CRISPR, adaptive immunity, bacteria, archaea, small RNA, autoimmunity, immune evasion, evolutionary implications, ecological implications
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bacteria, RNA, Bacterial, Signal Transduction, RNA, Archaeal, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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