Cited by 669CRISPR and Genetic EngineeringBacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyBacteriophages and microbial interactions

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CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immune Systems in Bacteria and Archaea

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Sorek, Rotem, Lawrence, C. Martin, Wiedenheft, Blake·2013·Annual Review of Biochemistry

DOI 10.1146/annurev-biochem-072911-172315

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Abstract

Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in autoimmunity. The cellular machinery and complex signaling pathways that coordinate an effective immune response have generally been considered properties of the eukaryotic immune system. However, a surprisingly sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on small RNAs for sequence-specific targeting of foreign nucleic acids was recently discovered in bacteria and archaea. Molecular vaccination in prokaryotes is achieved by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into a repetitive locus in the host chromosome known as a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat). Here we review the mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated immunity and discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of these adaptive defense systems.

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Authors: Sorek, R., Lawrence, C. M., & Wiedenheft, B.
Affiliations: Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
Montana State University (US)
ORCID: Sorek, Rotem
Lawrence, C. Martin
Wiedenheft, Blake
Venue: Annual Review of Biochemistry
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2013-06-02
Volume: 82
Issue: 1
Pages: 237-266
ISSN: 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
1545-4509
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-072911-172315
OpenAlex: W2131157113
Cited by: 668
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 23
FWCI: 6.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (0628732, 0920312)
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Israel Science Foundation (1303/12)
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-103500, R01GM108888, P20GM103500)
National Center for Research Resources
FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (260432)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
Keywords: CRISPR, adaptive immunity, bacteria, archaea, small RNA, autoimmunity, immune evasion, evolutionary implications, ecological implications
MeSH terms: Archaea, Bacteria, RNA, Bacterial, Signal Transduction, RNA, Archaeal, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Adaptive Immunity

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CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immune Systems in Bacteria and Archaea

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