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CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immune Systems in Bacteria and Archaea
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Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in autoimmunity. The cellular machinery and complex signaling pathways that coordinate an effective immune response have generally been considered properties of the eukaryotic immune system. However, a surprisingly sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on small RNAs for sequence-specific targeting of foreign nucleic acids was recently discovered in bacteria and archaea. Molecular vaccination in prokaryotes is achieved by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into a repetitive locus in the host chromosome known as a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat). Here we review the mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated immunity and discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of these adaptive defense systems.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sorek, R., Lawrence, C. M., & Wiedenheft, B.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Montana State University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2013-06-02
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 237-266
- ISSN
- 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4509
- OpenAlex
- W2131157113
- Cited by
- 668
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 23
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0628732, 0920312)
- Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Israel Science Foundation (1303/12)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-103500, R01GM108888, P20GM103500)
- National Center for Research Resources
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (260432)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
- Keywords
- CRISPR, adaptive immunity, bacteria, archaea, small RNA, autoimmunity, immune evasion, evolutionary implications, ecological implications
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bacteria, RNA, Bacterial, Signal Transduction, RNA, Archaeal, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Adaptive Immunity
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