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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play
Open accessAbstract
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
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“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
From Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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“Last two decades brought rapid advances in theoretical and experimental quantum technologies [1]–[3].”
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Practical Quantum Error Correction with the XZZX Code and Kerr-Cat Qubits
Darmawan, A. S., Brown, B. J., Grimsmo, A. L., Tuckett, D. K., & Puri, S. (2021) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.030345 · Cited by 2
“Lifetimes of 50–100 μs are routinely achieved in superconducting Josephson-junction circuits [4,56,57,62], so that reaching a lifetime above the T1 threshold appears very reasonable using state-of-the-art superconducting-circuit devices and fabrication.”
BackgroundQuantum dynamics of semiconductor quantum dot Josephson junctions
Güngördü, U., Ruskov, R., Hoffman, S., Serniak, K., Kerman, A. J., & Tahan, C. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.111.214503 · Cited by 2
“The most intensively studied applications of these circuits, however, are qubits, making these one of the promising and fastest-growing platforms for realizing large-scale quantum information processors [1, 2].”
Chaves, D. A. D., Filho, J. C. C., Abbey, E. A., Bosworth, D. A., Barber, Z. H., Blamire, M. G., Johansen, T. H., Silhanek, A. V., Ortiz, W. A., & Motta, M. (2024) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.109.104510 · Cited by 2
Reworkable Superconducting Qubit Package for Quantum Computing
Das, R. N., Cummings, J., Hazard, T., Rosenberg, D., Conway, D., Warnock, S. M., Gingras, M., Huffman, B., Hirjibehedin, C. F., Weber, S. J., et al. (2024) · IEEE Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC) · doi:10.1109/ectc51529.2024.00075 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEmerging applications of measurement-based quantum computing
Qin, Z., Li, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., Li, R., Du, C., & Xiao, Z. (2024) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-024-04596-3 · Cited by 3
“Leveraging the capability of photonic platforms to perform rapid measurements [58, 59], we have theoretically demonstrated the potential running time advantage of MBQC over CBQC in quantum simulation tasks, while also indicating a reduced coherence time requirement.”
Sparse non-Markovian Noise Modeling of Transmon-Based Multi-Qubit Operations
Oda, Y., Schultz, K., Norris, L., Shehab, O., & Quiroz, G. (2026) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/lx8x-z29x · Cited by 8
Hong, Y., Cui, F.-F., Ji, L., Xue, Z., & Chen, T. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.064095 · Cited by 2
Suppression of systematic errors in holonomic quantum gates via multipath correction
Sun, S.-Y., Ji, L., Cui, F.-F., Xue, Z., & Chen, T. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.062621 · Cited by 2
Thermalization of a flexible microwave stripline measured by a superconducting qubit
Paluch, P., Spiecker, M., Gosling, N., Adam, V., Kammhuber, J., Vermeulen, K., Bouman, D., Wernsdorfer, W., & Pop, I. M. (2025) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0243116 · Cited by 2
Quantum internet building blocks state of research and development
Meddeb, A. (2025) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111151 · Cited by 5
Strinati, M. C., & Conti, C. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.043712 · Cited by 2
Quantum simulations of complex systems
Morsch, O., Palma, G. M., & Rossini, D. (2025) · Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento · doi:10.1007/s40766-025-00069-0 · Cited by 4
“Superconducting qubits can be manufactured using techniques that have been developed for decades by the semiconductor industry, such as lithographic patterning, deposition, etching, and controlled oxidation [14].”
Applications of Quantum Computing in AI
Mummadi, S., Jambek, A. B., Siripuram, A., Vadla, S., & Mohammed, N. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1210-1.ch001 · Cited by 2
Landau-Zener-Stückelberg spectroscopy of a fluxonium quantum circuit
Reparaz, V., Sánchez, M. J., Gatto, M., Domı́nguez, D., & Tosi, L. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/164m-lqzh · Cited by 2
Quantum 1 / f η noise induced relaxation in the spin-boson model
Otterpohl, F., Nalbach, P., Paladino, E., Falci, G., & Thorwart, M. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/t87m-7pwn · Cited by 4
Mei, D., Panamaldeniya, S. A., Dong, K., Bhattarai, S., Budhathoki, N., & Warren, A. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ae0a7d · Cited by 2
“Among the leading platforms are superconducting qubits [1], trapped ions [2], and semiconductor-based quantum dots [3].”
Modern Quantum Computing: Languages, Simulators, Architectures and Future Directions
Karhan, D., Çimen, S., & Güllü, M. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences and Applications (ACDSA) · doi:10.1109/acdsa65407.2025.11165857 · Cited by 2
“Specifically, decoherence The degradation of quantum coherence resulting from environmental interactions constitutes a significant constraint [14].”
Remote Gate Scheduling in Distributed Quantum Computing
Xu, X., Liu, Y., Mao, Y., & Yang, Y. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) · doi:10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00087 · Cited by 2
“In contrast, physical qubits are the actual hardware implementations of logical qubits, realized through various approaches such as trapped ions [19], superconducting circuits [20], NV centers [21], and neutral atoms [22].”
Bácsi, Á., Iličin, T., & Žitko, R. (2026) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/jfcl-7pzt · Cited by 2
Out-of-equilibrium nonlinear model of thermoelectricity in superconducting tunnel junctions
Lucchesi, L., & Paolucci, F. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/qfng-sf44 · Cited by 2
Peng, B., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0312309 · Cited by 7
Scalable low-latency entanglement distribution for distributed quantum computing
Zhao, J., Xu, Y., Lu, X., Kaur, E., Kilzer, M., Kompella, R. R., Boyd, R. W., & Nejabati, R. (2025) · Optica Quantum · doi:10.1364/opticaq.569352 · Cited by 2
Chen, G., Sheehan, B. C., Nikolov, I. K., Logan, J. W., Collett, C., Joshi, G., Timco, G. A., Denhardt, J. E., Kittilstved, K. R., Winpenny, R. E. P., et al. (2026) · ACS Nanoscience Au · doi:10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.5c00192 · Cited by 2
“Many physical systems have exhibited characteristics that make them attractive as qubits, including superconducting circuits [1], trapped ions [2], and spin qubits [3–8].”
Local Optimization of Quantum Circuits
Arora, J., Xu, M., Westrick, S., Liu, P., Li, D., Ding, Y., & Acar, U. A. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00069 · Cited by 4
Quantum convolution image processing by quantum wavelet transform for extraction of features
Sihare, S. R. (2025) · Quantum Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s42484-025-00324-x · Cited by 3
Rao, S. G. (2025) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0283809 · Cited by 2
Li, J., & Hao, Y. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/rwln-wbs1 · Cited by 2
Operation of a high-frequency, phase-slip qubit
Purmessur, C., Chow, E. K. C., van Heck, B., & Kou, A. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66348-w · Cited by 2
Josephson Effect in Fibonacci Superconductors from Topological Supragap States
Sardinero, I., Cayao, J., Yada, K., Tanaka, Y., & Burset, P. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/6m6b-y3yv · Cited by 3
“The Josephson effect describes the flow of a supercurrent between coupled superconductors [1, 2] and is at the core of present and future quantum applications that range from superconducting electronics [3– 5] to quantum computing [6–9].”
Scalable quantum simulator with an extended gate set in giant atoms
Chen, G., & Kockum, A. F. (2026) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2026-01-30-1992 · Cited by 2
“83 % can be achieved.”
Do we have a quantum computer? Expert perspectives on current state and future prospects
Doyle, L., Seifollahi, F., & Singh, C. (2025) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/md6x-pfrr · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjaergaard, M., Schwartz, M. E., Braumüller, J., Krantz, P., Wang, J. I.-J., Gustavsson, S., & Oliver, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-395
- ISSN
- 1947-5454 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-5462
- OpenAlex
- W2947902637
- Cited by
- 1,544
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 269 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 68
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FA8721-05-C-0002, 1720311)
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8721-05-C-0002)
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (W911NF1810218)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine
- Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology, Chalmers University of Technology
- Army Research Office (W911NF-18-1-0116, W911NF1810218, W911NF-18-1-0411, W911NF-14-1, W911NF-141-0682, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum computing hardware, noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing, two-qubit gate fidelity, qubit readout, logical qubits, quantum error correction, quantum algorithms, quantum simulation
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