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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play
Open accessAbstract
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
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“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
From Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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“Both gates are optimized with four Fourier components for each one of the two control fields for T = 10 ns using the Hamiltonian in Eq.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWitnessing quantum chaos using observational entropy
Sreeram, P. G., Modak, R., & Aravinda, S. (2023) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.107.064204 · Cited by 15
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“In the readout circuit, the qubit is capacitively or inductively coupled to the readout resonator and the state of the qubit is probed by measuring the transmission spectrum of the readout resonator [130, 133].”
MethodEfficient Concatenated Bosonic Code for Additive Gaussian Noise
Fukui, K., Matsuura, T., & Menicucci, N. C. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.170603 · Cited by 15
“The infinite-dimensional nature of the bosonic Hilbert space allows more sophisticated encoding than the conventional single-photon encoding [2–4] or matter-based qubits [5–7].”
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“Known for its scalability and precision, enabled by optical tweezers, this method distinguishes itself among quantum technologies such as Josephson junctions [18], trapped ions [19], and photons [20].”
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Randeria, M. T., Hazard, T., Paolo, A. D., Azar, K., Hays, M., Ding, L., An, J., Gingras, M., Niedzielski, B. M., Stickler, H., et al. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.030341 · Cited by 12
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“The documents gathered in this table deal with HPC for phylogenetic selection [34], qubits [35], HPC in optics [46], machine learning and artificial intelligence [36], [39], supercomputers [40], QC in photonics [38], big data [37], [41], quantum annealing [47], and optimization [42], [43].”
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Dissipative Variational Quantum Algorithms for Gibbs State Preparation
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“9%, suggesting that this noise regime will soon be attainable on NISQ devices [113, 121–123].”
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“6 µ s, which is much smaller than the current state-of-the-art of several hundred microseconds [119–125].”
Avoiding barren plateaus with entanglement
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“With the advent of the first generation of quantum computers, we have entered the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices [1–3].”
Optimizing Gate Decomposition for High-Level Quantum Programming
Rosa, E. C. R., Duzzioni, E. I., & de Santiago, R. (2025) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2025-03-12-1659 · Cited by 18
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Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures
Mobassem, S., Lambert, N. J., Rueda, A., Fink, J. M., Leuchs, G., & Schwefel, H. G. L. (2021) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36 · Cited by 12
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Chidambaram, V., Kringhøj, A., Casparis, L., Kuemmeth, F., Wang, T., Thomas, C., Gronin, S., Gardner, G. C., Cui, Z., Liu, C., et al. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.023170 · Cited by 12
“Gatemons, the voltage-controlled variant of a transmon [9], have so far been realized with semiconductor nanowires [10,11], carbon [12–15], and topological insulator [16] JJs. Single channels in InAs nanowire gatemons were recently associated with suppressed relaxation [17] and charge dispersion…”
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Suchsland, P., Barkoutsos, P. K., Tavernelli, I., Fischer, M. H., & Neupert, T. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.013165 · Cited by 15
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“For quantum processors built with superconducting qubits, both the control accuracy and the qubit number have shown steady improvement over the past two decades [1].”
BackgroundReconfigurable network for quantum transport simulations
Quiroz-Juarez, M. A., You, C., Carrillo-Martínez, J., Montiel-Álvarez, D., Aragón, J. L., Magaña‐Loaiza, O. S., & León-Montiel, R. D. J. (2021) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.013010 · Cited by 13
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“In recent years, tremendous technological progress has been made in the construction of quantum computers, especially with superconducting qubits [1,2].”
BackgroundNonadiabatic geometric quantum computation with shortened path on superconducting circuits
Ding, C.-Y., Liang, Y., Yu, K.-Z., & Xue, Z. (2021) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0071569 · Cited by 13
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The effects of disorder in superconducting materials on qubit coherence
Gao, R., Wu, F., Sun, H., Chen, J., Deng, H., Ma, X., Miao, X., Song, Z., Wan, X., Wang, F., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58745-y · Cited by 14
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End-to-End Workflow for Machine-Learning-Based Qubit Readout With QICK and hls4ml
Guglielmo, G. D., Du, B., Campos, J., Boltasseva, A. E., Dixit, A. V., Fahim, F., Kudyshev, Z. A., Lopez, S., Ma, R., Perdue, G., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2025.3604712 · Cited by 25
“Superconducting (SC) qubits have emerged as a leading platform for building large-scale quantum processors [1].”
Grain size in low loss superconducting Ta thin films on c axis sapphire
Jones, S. G., Materise, N., Leung, C. K. W., Weber, J. C., Isakov, B. D., Chen, X., Zheng, J., Gyenis, A., Jäck, B., & McRae, C. R. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0169391 · Cited by 11
Kuboi, N. (2023) · Journal of Micro/Nanopatterning Materials and Metrology · doi:10.1117/1.jmm.22.4.041502 · Cited by 11
Fast quantum gates based on Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana transitions
Cáceres, J. J., Domı́nguez, D., & Sánchez, M. J. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.108.052619 · Cited by 11
Engineering entangled coherent states of magnons and phonons via a transmon qubit
Kounalakis, M., Kusminskiy, S. V., & Blanter, Y. M. (2023) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.108.224416 · Cited by 11
Efficient high-fidelity flying qubit shaping
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“Such hybrid quantum systems can combine matter systems with beneficial properties for storage or computation, e.g. trapped ions [16], semiconductor qubits [17] implemented via quantum dots and defects in solids, or superconducting circuits [18], with easily transmittable photons [14].”
BackgroundThermodynamic analysis of algorithmic cooling protocols: Efficiency metrics and improved designs
Lin, J., Rodríguez-Briones, N. A., Martín-Martínez, E., & Laflamme, R. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.022215 · Cited by 12
Nonadiabatic geometric quantum gates by composite pulses based on superconducting qubits
Fang, Z.-Y., Xu, H. L., Chen, T., Wei, K., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.042615 · Cited by 12
Hybrid Quantum Systems with Artificial Atoms in Solid State
Chia, C., Huang, D., Leong, V., Kong, J. F., & Goh, K. E. J. (2024) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202300461 · Cited by 15
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Nonadiabatic geometric quantum gates with on-demand trajectories
Liang, Y., & Xue, Z. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.064048 · Cited by 11
“During recent decades, there has been tremendous progress toward practical quantum computation on various physical platforms [2–6].”
BackgroundUniversal robust geometric quantum control via geometric trajectory correction
Chen, T., Hu, J., Zhang, C., & Xue, Z. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014060 · Cited by 11
“…by the Lindblad master equation [49], in which we set a conservative parameter region with the trans-mon anharmonicity α 1 = 2 π × 320 MHz and the relaxation time ( T 1 ) and pure dephasing time ( T φ ) about 50 µs according to state-of-the-art technologies of superconducting qubits [50, 51].”
MethodAbatement of ionizing radiation for superconducting quantum devices
Loer, B., Harrington, P. M., Archambault, B. C., Fuller, E. S., Pierson, B., Arnquist, I. J., Harouaka, K., Schlieder, T. D., Kim, D. K., Melville, A. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Instrumentation · doi:10.1088/1748-0221/19/09/p09001 · Cited by 11
“Improving the coherence time of superconducting qubits has been a major research focus for the past several years [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDesign of a release-free piezo-optomechanical quantum transducer
Burger, P., Frey, J., Kolvik, J., Hambraeus, D., & Laer, R. V. (2025) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0246075 · Cited by 11
Effect of Chemical Modification in Trigonal Gd(III) Molecular Qubits
Hansen, S. H., Buch, C. D., Weihe, H., & Piligkos, S. (2025) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c04789 · Cited by 11
Photon number-resolving quantum reservoir computing
Nerenberg, S., Neill, O., Marcucci, G., & Faccio, D. (2025) · Optica Quantum · doi:10.1364/opticaq.553294 · Cited by 26
“Although these devices show great promise to scale thanks to years of hard efforts [42, 26, 4, 7, 24, 21], the technology is out of reach for most laboratories and may indeed be unnecessarily general for many routine data processing tasks.”
BackgroundThe carbon nanotube gatemon qubit
Riechert, H., Annabi, S., Peugeot, A., Duprez, H., Hantute, M., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T., Arrighi, E., Griesmar, J., Pillet, J.-D., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62283-y · Cited by 11
“This is part of the Nature Communications initiative to facilitate training in peer review and to provide appropriate recognition for Early Career Researchers who co-review manuscripts.”
Noise-induced quantum synchronization with entangled oscillations
Tao, Z., Schmolke, F., Hu, C.-K., Huang, W., Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Ji, C., Zhang, L., Sun, X., Guo, Z., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63196-6 · Cited by 11
Yuan, B., Wang, W., Liu, F., He, H., & Shan, Z. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24060792 · Cited by 11
Observational-entropic study of Anderson localization
Modak, R., & Aravinda, S. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.062217 · Cited by 12
“[49] Morten Kjaergaard, Mollie E Schwartz, Jochen Braumüller, Philip Krantz, Joel I-J Wang, Simon Gustavsson, and William D Oliver, “Superconducting qubits: Current state of play,” Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 11, 369–395 (2020).”
BackgroundMagneto-thermal-switching properties of superconducting Nb
Yoshida, M., Kasem, M. R., Yamashita, A., Uchida, K., & Mizuguchi, Y. (2023) · Applied Physics Express · doi:10.35848/1882-0786/acc3dd · Cited by 11
Large magneto-thermal-switching ratio in superconducting Pb wires
Yoshida, M., Arima, H., Yamashita, A., Uchida, K., & Mizuguchi, Y. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0159336 · Cited by 11
Fluxonium qubits in a flip-chip package
Somoroff, A., Truitt, P., Weis, A. C., Bernhardt, J., Yohannes, D. T., Walter, J., Kalashnikov, K., Renzullo, M., Mencia, R., Vavilov, M., et al. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.024015 · Cited by 12
“Superconducting circuits are one of the leading quantum computing platforms due to the orders-of-magnitude growth in coherence times [1, 2] and a path to scalability derived from existing CMOS technologies [3].”
BackgroundCompact and Tunable Forward Coupler Based on High-Impedance Superconducting Nanowires
Colangelo, M., Zhu, D., Santavicca, D. F., Butters, B., Bienfang, J. C., & Berggren, K. K. (2021) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024064 · Cited by 11
Investigating microwave loss of SiGe using superconducting transmon qubits
Sandberg, M., Adiga, V. P., Brink, M., Kurter, C., Murray, C., Hopstaken, M., Bruley, J., Orcutt, J. S., & Paik, H. (2021) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0038087 · Cited by 11
CircuitQ: an open-source toolbox for superconducting circuits
Aumann, P., Menke, T., Oliver, W. D., & Lechner, W. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac8cab · Cited by 11
“The development of cutting-edge qubit designs is currently driven by the effort to realize quantum computers with long coherence times as well as high-fidelity control and readout, all in a scalable design [3].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationState control in superconducting quantum processors
Vozhakov, V. A., Bastrakova, M. V., Klenov, N. V., Soloviev, I. I., Pogosov, W. V., Валерьевич, Б. Д., Zhukov, A. A., & Михайлович, С. А. (2021) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.2021.02.038934 · Cited by 11
Implementation and Analysis of Shor's Algorithm to Break RSA Cryptosystem SecurityPreprint
Singh, S., & Sakk, E. (2024) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.170259160.05374043/v2 · Cited by 11
Individual-Ion Addressing and Readout in a Penning Trap
McMahon, B. J., Brown, K. R., Herold, C. D., & Sawyer, B. C. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.173201 · Cited by 12
Speedup of entanglement generation in hybrid quantum systems through linear driving
Ye, Q., Liang, Z.-T., Zhang, W.-X., Pan, D.-J., Xue, Z., & Yan, H. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.012407 · Cited by 10
Ability of error correlations to improve the performance of variational quantum algorithms
Kattemölle, J., & Burkard, G. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.042426 · Cited by 14
Coherent dynamics of a photon-dressed qubit
Liul, M. P., Chien, C.-H., Chen, C., Wen, P. Y., Chen, J., Lin, Y., Shevchenko, S. N., Nori, F., & Hoi, I.-C. (2023) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.107.195441 · Cited by 10
“Topics related to quantum computing are attracting considerable attention [1–5].”
BackgroundCho, Y., Jasrasaria, D., Ray, K. G., Tennant, D., Lordi, V., DuBois, J. L., & Rosen, Y. J. (2023) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/acf685 · Cited by 13
“Due to the flexibility in design and compatibility with existing CMOS fabrication technologies [1, 2], superconducting qubits are a promising platform for complicated calculations, including simulating quantum phenomena found in nature [3] and potentially performing large scale calculations that are otherwise impracti…”
BackgroundSynthesis and Future Electronic Applications of Topological Nanomaterials
Jin, G., KIM, S. O., & Han, H. J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010400 · Cited by 10
“The progress in superconducting (SC) Josephson junction qubits has been effectively combined with noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors to carry out basic quantum algorithms [61,62].”
BackgroundSlow thermalization and subdiffusion in U(1) conserving Floquet random circuits
Jonay, C., Rodriguez-Nieva, J. F., & Khemani, V. (2024) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.109.024311 · Cited by 17
“Long studied in quantum information as models of quantum computation, quantum circuits are also the natural evolutions implemented by digital quantum simulators that are the subject of much experimental investigation [6, 10, 38, 39].”
BackgroundDemonstrating Efficient and Robust Bosonic State Reconstruction via Optimized Excitation Counting
Krisnanda, T., Fontaine, C. Y., Copetudo, A., Song, P., Lee, K. X., Huang, N.-N., Valadares, F., Liew, T. C. H., & Gao, Y. Y. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.6.010303 · Cited by 11
“In general, qubit decoher-ence is described by the two independent mechanisms of energy decay and dephasing, which are characterized by the coherence times T 1 and T ϕ , respectively.”
BackgroundGuo, L.-L., Duan, P., Zhang, S., Yang, X.-X., Zhang, C., Du, L., Zhang, H.-F., Tao, H., Wang, T.-L., Jia, Z.-L., et al. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.064060 · Cited by 10
Why consider quantum instead classical pattern recognition techniques?
Barreto, A. G., Fanchini, F. F., Papa, J. P., & de Albuquerque, V. H. C. (2024) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2024.112096 · Cited by 14
Quasiparticle effects in magnetic-field-resilient three-dimensional transmons
Krause, J., Marchegiani, G., Janssen, L. M., Catelani, G., Ando, Y., & Dickel, C. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.044063 · Cited by 10
“Superconducting quantum circuits such as qubits, sensors, and amplifiers have drastically improved over the last two decades [1], mostly thanks to the reduction and mitigation of charge noise, a recent example being the transmon qubit [2] based on tantalum capacitors [3].”
BackgroundPhotonic Quantum State Tomography Using Free Electrons
Gorlach, A. A., Malka, S., Karnieli, A., Dahan, R., Cohen, E., Pe’er, A., & Kaminer, I. E. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.250801 · Cited by 11
Quantum Zeno effect in noisy integrable quantum circuits for impurity models
Tang, Y., Kattel, P., Pixley, J. H., & Andrei, N. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.111.054313 · Cited by 10
“The interplay between noise and quantum coherence is central to understanding modern quantum devices, particularly in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) platforms such as superconducting qubits [1–3], trapped ions [4–7], neutral atoms [8–10], and circuit quantum electrodynamics [11–15].”
Impact of Andreev Bound States within the Leads of a Quantum Dot Josephson Junction
Bordin, A., Evertsz’, F. J. B., Steffensen, G. O., Dvir, T., Mazur, G. P., van Driel, D., van Loo, N., Wolff, J. C., Bakkers, E. P. A. M., Yeyati, A. L., et al. (2025) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.15.011046 · Cited by 10
Globally driven superconducting quantum computing architecture
Menta, R., Cioni, F., Aiudi, R., Polini, M., & Giovannetti, V. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.7.l012065 · Cited by 14
Chen, C. H., Tang, K., Zhou, Y., Yi, K., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Guo, H., Liu, S., Chen, Y., Yan, T., et al. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.7.l022018 · Cited by 13
Cuprate Twistronics for Quantum Hardware
Confalone, T., Sardo, F. L., Lee, Y., Shokri, S., Serpico, G., Coppo, A., Chirolli, L., Vinokur, V. M., Brosco, V., Vool, U., et al. (2025) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202500203 · Cited by 10
Josephson effect and critical currents in trivial and topological full-shell hybrid nanowires
Payá, C., Aguado, R., San-José, P., & Prada, E. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/8mzs-dx7h · Cited by 10
“For example, it is at the heart of superconducting qubits [7], one of the most promising platforms for quantum computing.”
Seifollahi, F., & Singh, C. (2025) · European Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6404/ae0200 · Cited by 15
“The interdisciplinary nature of this revolution spans numerous areas of science and technology [ 6–10 ] and has led to rapid advances in quantum computing, communication, and sensing technologies [ 11–15 ] .”
Wheeler, J., Vissers, M. R., Malnou, M., Hubmayr, J., Ullom, J. N., & Gao, J. (2020) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0029351 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjaergaard, M., Schwartz, M. E., Braumüller, J., Krantz, P., Wang, J. I.-J., Gustavsson, S., & Oliver, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-395
- ISSN
- 1947-5454 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-5462
- OpenAlex
- W2947902637
- Cited by
- 1,544
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 269 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 68
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FA8721-05-C-0002, 1720311)
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8721-05-C-0002)
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (W911NF1810218)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine
- Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology, Chalmers University of Technology
- Army Research Office (W911NF-18-1-0116, W911NF1810218, W911NF-18-1-0411, W911NF-14-1, W911NF-141-0682, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum computing hardware, noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing, two-qubit gate fidelity, qubit readout, logical qubits, quantum error correction, quantum algorithms, quantum simulation
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