The DOI matches its Crossref record; 197 of the 197 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play
Open accessAbstract
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
From Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond
Preskill, J. (2018) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79 · Cited by 8,830
Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor
Arute, F., Arya, K., Babbush, R., Bacon, D., Bardin, J. C., Barends, R., Biswas, R., Boixo, S., Brandao, F. G. S. L., Buell, D. A., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5 · Cited by 7,720
Simulating physics with computers
Feynman, R. P. (1982) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf02650179 · Cited by 7,691
Dynamics of the dissipative two-state system
Leggett, A. J., Chakravarty, S., Dorsey, A. T., Fisher, M. P. A., Garg, A., & Zwerger, W. (1987) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.59.1 · Cited by 5,109
A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor
Peruzzo, A., McClean, J., Shadbolt, P., Yung, M.-H., Zhou, X.-Q., Love, P. J., Aspuru-Guzik, A., & O’Brien, J. L. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5213 · Cited by 4,552
Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics
Wallraff, A., Schuster, D. I., Blais, A., Frunzio, L., Huang, R. S., Majer, J., Kumar, S., Girvin, S. M., & Schoelkopf, R. J. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02851 · Cited by 3,796
Charge-insensitive qubit design derived from the Cooper pair box
Koch, J., Yu, T. M., Gambetta, J., Houck, A. A., Schuster, D. I., Majer, J., Blais, A., Devoret, M. H., Girvin, S. M., & Schoelkopf, R. J. (2007) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.76.042319 · Cited by 3,351
Quantum Algorithm for Linear Systems of Equations
Harrow, A. W., Hassidim, A., & Lloyd, S. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.150502 · Cited by 3,325
Lloyd, S. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5278.1073 · Cited by 3,088
Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation
Fowler, A. G., Mariantoni, M., Martinis, J. M., & Cleland, A. N. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.032324 · Cited by 3,059
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Nielsen MA, 2011, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
- Jones NC, 2012, Phys. Rev. X, 2, 031007
- Moore SK, 2017, IEEE Spectrum Tech Talk Blog
- Hsu J, 2018, IEEE Spectrum Tech Talk Blog
- Kelly J, 2018, Google AI Blog
- Wendin G, 2006, Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology, Vol. 3, Quantum and Molecular Computing, and Quantum Simulations, 223
- Girvin SM, 2014, Quantum Machines: Measurement and Control of Engineered Quantum Systems, Proceedings of the 2011 Les Houches Summer School on Quantum Machines, 113
- Kjaergaard M, Schwartz ME, Greene A, Samach GO, Bengtsson A, et al. 2020. arXiv:2001.08838 · arXiv
- Lin ZR, 2014, Nat. Commun., 5, 15
- IBM News Room, 2016, IBM makes quantum computing available on IBM cloud to accelerate innovation
- Salathé Y, 2015, Phys. Rev. X, 5, 021027
- Ballester D, 2012, Phys. Rev. X, 2, 021007
- Lamata L, 2018, Adv. Phys. X, 3, 1457981
- O'Malley PJ, 2016, Phys. Rev. X, 6, 031007
- 10.1038/nature23879 · DOI · Paper page
- Colless JI, 2018, Phys. Rev. X, 8, 011021
- Bravyi S, 2008, Quantum Inf. Comput., 8, 361
- Denchev VS, 2016, Phys. Rev. X, 6, 031015
- Gottesman D, 1997, Stabilizer codes and quantum error correction
- Vuillot C, 2018, Quantum Inf. Comput., 18, 949
- Michael MH, 2016, Phys. Rev. X, 6, 031006
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,002
Direct pulse-level compilation of arbitrary quantum logic gates on superconducting qutrits
Cho, Y., Beck, K. M., Castelli, A. R., Wendt, K., Evert, B., Reagor, M. J., & DuBois, J. L. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034066 · Cited by 11
“Superconductor-based quantum processors have improved significantly over the past few decades [1, 2].”
BackgroundSouto, R. S., & Aguado, R. (2024) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55657-9_3 · Cited by 7
Accelerating multipartite entanglement generation in non-Hermitian superconducting qubits
Feyisa, C. G., You, J.-S., Ku, H.-Y., & Jen, H. H. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/adafd9 · Cited by 7
“We consider a transmon circuit consisting of a capacitor and an inductor connected by a superconducting wire [6–8 , 57].”
Maximal steady-state entanglement in autonomous quantum thermal machines
Khandelwal, S., Annby-Andersson, B., Diotallevi, G. F., Wacker, A., & Tavakoli, A. (2025) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-025-00981-7 · Cited by 7
“1 GHz is, for example, the relevant scale for state-of-the-art superconducting platforms 50 .”
Strong coupling between a single-photon and a two-photon Fock state
Wang, S.-P., Mercurio, A., Ridolfo, A., Wang, Y., Chen, M., Wang, W., Liu, Y., Sun, H., Li, T., Nori, F., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63783-7 · Cited by 7
“Josephson-junction (JJ)-based arti fi cial atoms have a large dipole moment (not limited by the fi ne structure constant), which, combined with the small mode volume of superconducting coplanar resonators, allows the very large photon – arti fi cial-atom interactions 15 – 19 .”
Tennant, D., Dai, X., Martinez, A. J., Trappen, R., Melanson, D., Yurtalan, M. A., Tang, Y., Bedkihal, S., Yang, R., Novikov, S., et al. (2022) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-022-00590-8 · Cited by 6
“Superconducting quantum information platforms have reached a level of maturity where tens of individual qubits, comprising a computational device, can provide proof of principle demonstrations of quantum simulations, quantum algorithms, and basic error correction functionality [1].”
BackgroundDistinguishing Multispin Interactions from Lower-Order Effects
Bergamaschi, T. R., Menke, T., Banner, W. P., Paolo, A. D., Weber, S. J., Hirjibehedin, C. F., Kerman, A. J., & Oliver, W. D. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.044018 · Cited by 7
“This time is substantially lower than that of state-of-the-art superconducting qubit devices, which have coherence times in the microsecond regime [29, 30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLinear response for pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian systems: Application to PT -symmetric qubits
Tetling, L., Fistul, M. V., & Eremin, I. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.106.134511 · Cited by 7
“…macroscopic scale is well established for isolated systems, and many fascinating effects like quantum beats and microwave-induced Rabi oscillations [1], precise manipulation of quantum bits (qubits) [2], maximally entangled Bell and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states [3–5], collective quantum…”
BackgroundEnergy-band echoes: Time-reversed light emission from optically driven quasiparticle wave packets
Imai, S., Ono, A., & Ishihara, S. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.043155 · Cited by 7
Magnetic flux penetration in nanoscale wedge-shaped superconducting thin films
Pinheiro, L. B. D. L. G., Jiang, L., Abbey, E. A., Chaves, D. A. D., Chiquito, A. J., Johansen, T. H., de Vondel, J. V., Xue, C., Zhou, Y., Silhanek, A. V., et al. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.106.224520 · Cited by 7
Resonance fluorescence of two asymmetrically pumped and coupled two-level systems
Downing, C. A., del Valle, E., & Fernández‐Domínguez, A. I. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.023717 · Cited by 7
“Our basic theory, spanning both coherent and incoherent coupling, may be realized in a plethora of artificial atom systems [86], including with ultracold atoms [87], superconducting qubits [88], and plasmonic nanoparticles [89, 90].”
BackgroundAntipov, A. V., Kiktenko, E. O., & Fedorov, A. K. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.032403 · Cited by 9
“For a number of quantum computing platforms, specifically, superconducting qubits, ensuring required topology of connections may be a serious engineering challenge [33, 34].”
BackgroundLaha, P. (2023) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.489223 · Cited by 7
Learning a quantum channel from its steady-state
Ilin, Y., & Arad, I. (2024) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ad5464 · Cited by 11
“Working with the IBMQ hardware, this time scale was primarily due to the RESET gate time, which is typically on the order of a microsecond [33, 34].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPerformance analysis of superconductor-constriction-superconductor transmon qubits
Liu, M., & Black, C. T. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.012427 · Cited by 7
“However, because we expect the lifetimes of superconducting qubits to continue improving ( Schoelkopf’s Law ) [27], there may be a point when charge noise dephasing becomes a bottleneck, for which the ScS transmon architecture can offer effective mitigation despite the tradeoff of slower gate speed.”
BackgroundMajorana zero modes in nanowires with combined triangular and hexagonal geometry
Klausen, K. Ó., Sitek, A., Erlingsson, S. I., & Manolescu, A. (2020) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ab932e · Cited by 7
Floquet engineering flat bands for bosonic fractional quantum Hall with superconducting circuits
Ge, R.-C., & Kolodrubetz, M. (2021) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.104.035427 · Cited by 7
Pawłowski, J., Tiessen, J. E., Dax, R., & Shi, J. L. (2024) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.109.045411 · Cited by 6
Efficient bosonic nonlinear phase gates
Ki-min Park, B., & Filip, R. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00816-x · Cited by 6
“Trapped ions offer long coherence times and exquisite control over both the motional and spin degreesoffreedom,makingthemwell-suitedforrealizingthevariable-angle RabigatesrequiredfortheFouriertechnique 9,10,19 – 22, 24, 43 .”
The nontrivial effects of annealing on superconducting properties of Nb single crystals
Datta, A., Joshi, K. R., Berti, G., Ghimire, S., Goerdt, A., Tanatar, M. A., Schlagel, D. L., Besser, M. F., Jing, D., Kramer, M. J., et al. (2024) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/ad680d · Cited by 6
“Macroscopic quantum coherence makes superconductors highly appealing for quantum information science (QIS) [1–7] and accelerator-related technologies [8–10].”
Explainable Quantum Neural Networks: Example-Based and Feature-Based Methods
Tian, J., & Yang, W. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13204136 · Cited by 8
Kong, D., & Wang, F. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.013704 · Cited by 6
Zeno physics of the Ising chain with symmetry-breaking boundary dephasing
Javed, U., Valencia-Tortora, R. J., Marino, J., Oganesyan, V., & Kolodrubetz, M. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.111.014316 · Cited by 6
“Yet nonequilibrium quantum physics is precisely the regime that is increasingly experimentally accessible in systems ranging from cold atoms and ions to superconducting circuits to (noisy) quantum computers [1–3].”
Jiang, J., Xue, Y., Zha, L., Yao, S., Wang, B., Hu, W., Peng, L., Shi, T., Chen, J., Liu, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d5tc00708a · Cited by 6
Amplified quantum battery via dynamical modulation
Hadipour, M., Yousefi, N. N., Mortezapour, A., Miavaghi, A. S., & Haseli, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99291-3 · Cited by 6
Experimental Characterization of Fault-Tolerant Circuits in Small-Scale Quantum Processors
Cane, R., Chandra, D., Ng, S. X., & Hanzo, L. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3133483 · Cited by 10
Chee, C. H., Leykam, D., Mak, A. M., & Angelakis, D. G. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.108.022416 · Cited by 8
“However, we highlight that this crossover point can be practically surpassed by near-term quantum devices such as superconducting qubits [42] and trapped-ions [43] with less than 105 qubits for systems with 2≤d≤128 occupied fermionic modes, which is a sizable range that encompass many systems of interest in quantum ch…”
BackgroundCanonical quantization of dissipative systems
Mahapatra, R., & Haque, A. (2023) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2023.129289 · Cited by 6
Optimized Bayesian system identification in quantum devices
Stace, T. M., Chen, J., Li, L., Perunicic, V. S., Carvalho, A. R. R., Hush, M., Valahu, C. H., Tan, T. R., & Biercuk, M. J. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.014012 · Cited by 10
In situ tuning of optomechanical crystals with nano-oxidation
Hatipoğlu, U., Sonar, S., Lake, D. P., Meesala, S., & Painter, O. J. (2024) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.516479 · Cited by 6
Photonic Which-Path Entangler Based on Longitudinal Cavity-Qubit Coupling
McIntyre, Z. M., & Coish, W. A. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.132.093603 · Cited by 6
“The same values of N and N max could also be realized for flux-tunable trans-mons, with a longitudinal coupling ∼ 10 MHz [41] and pulse duration τ ∼ 100 ns ≪ T ∗ 2 (for transmons, coherence times reach T ∗ 2 ≃ 100 µ s [70]).”
BackgroundPhonon superradiance with time delays from collective giant atoms
Guo, A.-L., Zhu, L.-T., Guo, G., Lin, Z., Li, C., & Tu, T. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.033711 · Cited by 6
Many-body quantum dynamics of spin-orbit coupled Andreev states in a Zeeman field
Zatsarynna, K., Nava, A. K., Zazunov, A., & Egger, R. (2024) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.109.214505 · Cited by 6
Kouwenhoven, K., van Doorn, G. P. J., Buijtendorp, B. T., de Rooij, S. A. H., Lamers, D., Thoen, D. J., Murugesan, V., Baselmans, J. J. A., & de Visser, P. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.044036 · Cited by 6
“Superconducting microwave resonators are one of the key elements of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) [1– 3] and superconducting qubits [4–6].”
BackgroundExploring many-body interactions through quantum Fisher information
Cieśliński, P., Kurzyński, P., Sowiński, T., Kłobus, W., & Laskowski, W. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.012407 · Cited by 6
Fast Z Z -free entangling gates for superconducting qubits assisted by a driven resonator
Huang, Z., Kim, T.-Y., Roy, T., Lu, Y., Romanenko, A., Zhu, S., & Grassellino, A. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034007 · Cited by 7
“However, for the widely used transmon processors [13], it has been observed that such tunable elements also lead to extra decoherence errors due to the high loss rate of the coupler [2, 14–16].”
Quantum circuit generation for amplitude encoding using a transformer decoder
Daimon, S., & Matsushita, Y. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.l041001 · Cited by 6
Field-based formalism for calculating multiqubit exchange-coupling rates for transmon qubits
Khan, G., & Roth, T. E. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.064084 · Cited by 6
Wang, Z., Yu, C. C., & Wu, R. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.23.024017 · Cited by 11
Leveraging Hamiltonian simulation techniques to compile operations on bosonic devices
Kang, C. T., Soley, M. B., Crane, E., Girvin, S. M., & Wiebe, N. (2025) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/adb5df · Cited by 8
“For example, transmon qubits are typically truncated to two levels [14, 42, 43]; in reality, these transmons can experience leakage to higher states, meaning that the qubit may itself exhibit qumode-like properties when poorly calibrated.”
BackgroundNonvolatile magneto-thermal switching driven by vortex trapping in commercial In-Sn solder
Rani, P., Murakami, T., Watanabe, Y., Sepehri‐Amin, H., Arima, H., Yamashita, A., & Mizuguchi, Y. (2025) · Applied Physics Express · doi:10.35848/1882-0786/adb6ee · Cited by 6
Snakes and Ladders: Adapting the Surface Code to Defects
Leroux, C., Lin, S. F., Bienias, P., Sankar, K., Benhemou, A., Kubica, A., & Iverson, J. K. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/815q-xjrb · Cited by 23
“However, hardware implementation of the surface code is susceptible to defective qubits or gates, which can arise due to mistargeted frequencies, fabrication defects [5, 6], or two-level systems (TLSs) [7–9].”
ScarFinder: A Detector of Optimal Scar Trajectories in Quantum Many-Body Dynamics
Ren, J., Hallam, A., Ying, L., & Papić, Z. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/8g8w-nkwx · Cited by 7
“To get a fully thermalizing perturbation, we use the projective embedding method [29] on 3-site cluster: where ˆ P [3] is the local projector.”
Conservation of angular momentum in an elastic medium with spins
Garanin, D. A., & Chudnovsky, E. M. (2021) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.103.l100412 · Cited by 6
“Similar argument applies to qubits based upon nano-SQUIDs [27], where angular momentum is generated by the superconducting current [28].”
Gely, M. F., & Steele, G. A. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.104.053509 · Cited by 6
“We consider a typical transmon of frequency ωt = 2π × 6 GHz, and dephasing rate T2 = 50 μs [28], corresponding to a linewidth γt = 2π×3 kHz.”
Quantum computer based on shuttling trapped ions
Hensinger, W. K. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00844-z · Cited by 9
On-Chip Detection of Electronuclear Transitions in the 155,157Gd Multilevel Spin System
Franco-Rivera, G., Cochran, J., Chen, L., Bertaina, S., & Chiorescu, I. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.014054 · Cited by 6
“On one hand, superconducting qubits have fast logic-gate operations with high fidelity, while their performance is limited by the qubit decoherence times [1].”
BackgroundProgress of quantum entanglement in a trapped-ion based quantum computer
Yum, D., & Choi, T. (2022) · Current Applied Physics · doi:10.1016/j.cap.2022.06.011 · Cited by 6
Programmable Hamiltonian engineering with quadratic quantum Fourier transform
Wang, P., Huang, Z., Qiu, X., & Li, X. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.106.134313 · Cited by 7
Nanobridge SQUIDs as Multilevel Memory Elements
Chaves, D. A. D., Nulens, L., Dausy, H., Raes, B., Yue, D., Ortiz, W. A., Motta, M., Bael, M. J. V., & de Vondel, J. V. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.19.034091 · Cited by 6
Quantifying multiparticle entanglement with randomized measurements
Ohnemus, S., Breuer, H., & Ketterer, A. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.042406 · Cited by 6
Wu, Q., Ciampini, M. A., Paternostro, M., & Carlesso, M. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.023117 · Cited by 6
“Recent improvements have demonstrated the viability of generation and manipulation of non-Gaussian systems in platforms such as non-linear optics, ultracold atoms [18], (opto-and electro-)mechanical systems [19, 20], and super-conducting systems [21].”
Superconductivity in laser-annealed monocrystalline silicon films: The role of boron implant
Dumas, P., Opprecht, M., Kerdilès, S., Lábár, J. L., Pecz, B., Lefloch, F., & Nemouchi, F. (2023) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0166870 · Cited by 6
Epitaxial α -Ta (110) film on a-plane sapphire substrate for superconducting qubits on wafer scale
Zhou, B., Yang, L., Wang, T., Wang, Y., Ding, Z., Wu, Y., Xiong, K., & Feng, J. (2023) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/acfde6 · Cited by 6
SoK: A First Order Survey of Quantum Supply Dynamics and Threat Landscapes
Das, S., Chatterjee, A., & Ghosh, S. (2023) · Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy · doi:10.1145/3623652.3623664 · Cited by 6
“Superconducting qubits are a leading technology in the field of quantum computing, employed by companies such as IBM, Google, Rigetti Computing, and Bleximo [22].”
BackgroundIntegrability Breaking and Bound States in Google’s Decorated XXZ Circuits
Hudomal, A., Smith, R., Hallam, A., & Papić, Z. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.010316 · Cited by 6
Superconducting Quantum Simulation for Many-Body Physics beyond Equilibrium
Yao, Y., & Xiang, L. (2024) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e26070592 · Cited by 9
“…computers still demands further improvements in both system size and gate fidelity, these NISQ devices have been successfully used for exploring a wide range of research fields [7,8,20–24], including condensed-matter physics, quantum chemistry, combinatorial optimization, and machine learning.”
BackgroundMethodA Primer on Security of Quantum Computing Hardware
Ghosh, S., Upadhyay, S., & Saki, A. A. (2025) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2025.3630989 · Cited by 7
“The present state of play for superconducting qubits is thoroughly summarized in [45].”
Cavity QED photons for quantum information processing
Alqahtani, M. M., Everitt, M. S., & Garraway, B. M. (2022) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6455/ac864f · Cited by 9
Quantum Decoherence in Dense Media: A Few Examples
Karlsson, E. (2020) · Recent Progress in Materials · doi:10.21926/rpm.2002009 · Cited by 8
Quantum Advantage in Cryptography with a Low-Connectivity Quantum Annealer
Hu, F., Lamata, L., Wang, C., Chen, X., Solano, E., & Sanz, M. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.13.054062 · Cited by 6
“the temperature, decoherence ratio, among others [27].”
Simple Mitigation Strategy for a Systematic Gate Error in IBMQ
Bultrini, D., Gordon, M. H., López, E., & Sierra, G. (2021) · Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics · doi:10.4236/jamp.2021.96083 · Cited by 9
Santavicca, D. F., Colangelo, M., Eagle, C. R., Warusawithana, M., & Berggren, K. K. (2021) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0077008 · Cited by 6
Carrad, D. J., Stampfer, L., Olšteins, D., Petersen, C. E. N., Khan, S. A., Krogstrup, P., & Jespersen, T. S. (2022) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01840 · Cited by 6
Koch, C. P., Boscain, U., Calarco, T., Dirr, G., Filipp, S., Glaser, S. J., Kosloff, R., Montangero, S., Schulte-Herbrüggen, T., Sugny, D., et al. (2022) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00138-x · Cited by 467
Stable and low loss oxide layer on α-Ta (110) film for superconducting qubits
Ding, Z., Zhou, B., Wang, T., Yang, L., Wu, Y., Cai, X., Xiong, K., & Feng, J. (2024) · Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B Nanotechnology and Microelectronics Materials Processing Measurement and Phenomena · doi:10.1116/6.0003368 · Cited by 5
Scalable parity architecture with a shuttling-based spin qubit processor
Ginzel, F., Fellner, M., Ertler, C., Schreiber, L. R., Bluhm, H., & Lechner, W. (2024) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.110.075302 · Cited by 5
“Finally, we discussed the possibilities for quantum error mitigation based on the results of the error model.”
BackgroundMethodOne-step implementation of a nonadiabatic geometric fSim gate in superconducting circuits
Yun, M.-R., Shan, Z., Sun, L.-N., Yan, L.-L., Jia, Y., Su, S., & Chen, G. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.022608 · Cited by 5
“Superconducting quantum circuits, due to their scalability and anharmonicity [8–11], provide a promising implementation platform for achieving high-fidelity fSim gates.”
BackgroundTang, J., & Shen, H. Z. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.043706 · Cited by 5
Wafer-Scale Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Superconducting Quantum Circuits
Kaczmarek, L., Schmelz, M., Peiselt, K., Sultanov, A. S., Mutsenik, E., Oelsner, G., & Stolz, R. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity · doi:10.1109/tasc.2024.3516747 · Cited by 5
“Toallowcontroland read-out, the integration of resonators and transmission lines is required to form a scalable quantum circuit [1].”
Haldar, S., Munk, M. I. K., Havir, H., Khan, W. H., Lehmann, S., Thelander, C., Dick, K. A., Samuelsson, P., Potts, P. P., & Maisi, V. F. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.134.023601 · Cited by 5
“This is particularly important in solid state quantum systems, such as superconducting [6] or semiconductor spin [7] or charge [8] quantum bits, where sources of decoherence are abundant and can couple into the system via the detector, suppressing quantum coherence.”
Flux-pump-induced degradation of T 1 for dissipative cat qubits
Carde, L., Rouchon, P., Cohen, J., & Petrescu, A. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.23.024073 · Cited by 9
Phase-controlled bound states in giant atom waveguide QED setup
Zhang, X., 朱, M. 明. Z., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Communications in Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1088/1572-9494/addb2a · Cited by 5
Closed-loop optimization for high-fidelity controlled- Z gates in superconducting qubits
Glaser, N. J., Roy, F., Tsitsilin, I., Koch, L., Bruckmoser, N., Schirk, J., Romeiro, J. H., Huber, G. B. P., Wallner, F., Singh, M., et al. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/pckq-2csc · Cited by 12
Optimal robust control of cat-state qubits against parameter imperfections
Xu, S.-W., Zhang, Z., Ye, J.-T., Zhang, Z., Guo, Y.-Y., Yan, K.-X., Chen, Y.-H., & Xia, Y. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.569776 · Cited by 6
“The proposed protocol is possible to be realized in superconducting circuits as discussed in Appendix A [9,30,54–61], especially the platforms with 3-dimension cavities [11,12,23,62–65].”
Bathalapalli, V. K. V. V., Mohanty, S. P., Pan, C., & Kougianos, E. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3606330 · Cited by 5
Synchrotron Radiation for Quantum Technology
Rader, O., Pascarelli, S., Attenkofer, K., Makarova, A. A., Holldack, K., Roßnagel, K., Temst, K., Kourousias, G., Carretta, S., Biscari, C., et al. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202501043 · Cited by 6
Quantum coherent manipulation and readout of superconducting vortex states
Nambisan, A., Günzler, S., Rieger, D., Gosling, N., Geisert, S., Carpentier, V., Zapata, N., Field, M. E., Miloševıć, M. V., Lopez, C. A. D., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10441-7 · Cited by 5
“Remarkably, the VQ energy relaxation times are on the order of hundreds of microsec-onds, comparable to those of engineered superconducting qubits [18, 46], and qualitatively distinct from the dissipation expected for Abrikosov vortex dynamics.”
Experimental Distributed Quantum Sensing in a Noisy Environment
Bate, J., Hamann, A., Canteri, M., Winkler, A., Koong, Z. X., Krutyanskiy, V. L., Dür, W., & Lanyon, B. P. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/3hgx-wcdn · Cited by 15
“Over distances of hundreds of microns these capabilities are currently under development in various experimental platforms (e.g., [52–55]), and over distances of meters to tens of kilometers there has been significant success establishing entanglement between many of those platforms using traveling…”
Superconducting qubit-resonator quantum processor with effective all-to-all connectivity
Renger, M., Verjauw, J., Wurz, N., Hosseinkhani, A., Ockeloen-Korppi, C. F., Liu, W., Rath, A., Thapa, M., Vigneau, F., Wybo, E., et al. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/8x68-cx1w · Cited by 15
Two-Photon Interface of Nuclear Spins Based on the Optonuclear Quadrupolar Effect
Xu, H., Li, C., Wang, G., Wang, H., Tang, H., Barr, A., Cappellaro, P., & Li, J. (2023) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.13.011017 · Cited by 6
“These advances are enabled by the remarkable success of various qubit platforms, including superconducting circuits [1], trapped ions [2], semiconductor defects [3,4], and Rydberg atoms [5,6].”
BackgroundSoliton versus single-photon quantum dynamics in arrays of superconducting qubits
Blain, B., Marchegiani, G., Polo, J., Catelani, G., & Luigi Amico, A. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.033130 · Cited by 5
Observing quantum many-body scars in random quantum circuits
Andrade, B., Bhattacharya, U., Chhajlany, R. W., Graß, T., & Lewenstein, M. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.052602 · Cited by 6
“There are several different quantum platforms for quantum simulators, such as neutral atoms systems [6, 7], superconducting circuits [8, 9] and trapped ions [10, 11].”
BackgroundDielectric loss due to charged-defect acoustic phonon emission
Turiansky, M. E., & de Walle, C. G. V. (2024) · APL Quantum · doi:10.1063/5.0205532 · Cited by 5
Bit-flip errors in dissipative cat qubits: Second-order perturbation theory
Dubovitskii, K. S. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.012617 · Cited by 10
“Over recent decades, various qubit architectures have been proposed, including plenty of superconducting qubits [1].”
Wright, N. D., Barclay, M. S., Dı́az, S. A., Mathur, D., Ellis, G. A., Knowlton, W. B., Yurke, B., Davis, P. H., Medintz, I. L., Melinger, J. S., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c03246 · Cited by 5
QuAS: Quantum Application Score for Benchmarking the Utility of Quantum Computers
Mesman, K. J., van der Schoot, W., Möller, M., & Neumann, N. M. P. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00111 · Cited by 5
“Currently, many different technologies are utilized to realize a quantum device, examples include trapped ions [1], atoms [2], [3], spin systems [4], and superconducting circuits [5], [6].”
BackgroundSketched Nanoscale KTaO 3 -Based Superconducting Quantum Interference Device
Yu, M., Hougland, N., Du, Q., Yang, J., Biswas, S., Ramachandran, R., Yang, D., Bhattacharya, A., Pekker, D., Irvin, P., et al. (2025) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.15.011037 · Cited by 5
Maiti, S., Banerjee, D., Chakraborty, B., & Huffman, E. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.7.013283 · Cited by 11
Approximate inverse measurement channel for shallow shadows
Cioli, R., Ercolessi, E., Ippoliti, M., Turkeshi, X., & Piroli, L. (2025) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2025-04-08-1698 · Cited by 5
Density matrix renormalization group study of domain wall qubits
Qu, G., Zou, J., Loss, D., & Hirosawa, T. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/mpgp-pqk2 · Cited by 5
Quantum long short-term memory for drug discovery
Zhang, L., Xu, Y., Wu, M., Wang, L., & Xu, H. (2026) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-026-00467-1 · Cited by 11
“Given this, it is reasonable to infer that the runtime of the VQC scales approximately linearly with the number of qubits [43].”
Minimal time robust control for two superconducting qubits
George, N., Allen, J. L., Kosut, R. L., & Ginossar, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-32747-8 · Cited by 7
“Superconducting qubits are among the most promising candidates for quantum computing architectures [1, 2, 3, 4].”
Hybrid quantum error correction in qubit architectures
Kristensen, L. B., Kjærgaard, M., Andersen, C. K., & Zinner, N. T. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.108.022403 · Cited by 9
“Nevertheless, for many of the most promising architectures, achieving error rates low enough to perform quantum computational tasks to arbitrary precision still poses a significant challenge [7, 8].”
BackgroundNearly optimal time-independent reversal of a spin chain
Bapat, A., Schoute, E., Gorshkov, A. V., & Childs, A. M. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.l012023 · Cited by 6
Intelligent pharmaceutical patent search on a near-term gate-based quantum computer
Wang, P., Chen, J., & Tseng, Y. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04031-y · Cited by 5
Low rank approximation in simulations of quantum algorithms
Ma, L., & Yang, C. (2022) · Journal of Computational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jocs.2022.101561 · Cited by 5
Zhu, Q., Lü, C., Wu, J., & Li, Y. (2022) · Laser Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/1612-202x/ac83c2 · Cited by 5
Unveiling and veiling an entangled light-matter quantum state from the vacuum
Stassi, R., Cirio, M., Funo, K., Puebla, J., Lambert, N., & Nori, F. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.043095 · Cited by 5
Tuning the supercurrent distribution in parallel ballistic graphene Josephson junctions
Schmidt, P., Banszerus, L., Frohn, B., Blien, S., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T., Hüttel, A. K., Beschoten, B., Hassler, F., & Stampfer, C. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.054049 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjaergaard, M., Schwartz, M. E., Braumüller, J., Krantz, P., Wang, J. I.-J., Gustavsson, S., & Oliver, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-395
- ISSN
- 1947-5454 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-5462
- OpenAlex
- W2947902637
- Cited by
- 1,544
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 269 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 68
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FA8721-05-C-0002, 1720311)
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8721-05-C-0002)
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (W911NF1810218)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine
- Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology, Chalmers University of Technology
- Army Research Office (W911NF-18-1-0116, W911NF1810218, W911NF-18-1-0411, W911NF-14-1, W911NF-141-0682, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum computing hardware, noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing, two-qubit gate fidelity, qubit readout, logical qubits, quantum error correction, quantum algorithms, quantum simulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
