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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play
Open accessAbstract
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
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“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
From Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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Zheng, H., Cheung, L. Y., Sangwan, N., Kononov, A., Haller, R., Ridderbos, J., Ciaccia, C., Ungerer, J. H., Li, A., Bakkers, E. P. A. M., et al. (2024) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00770 · Cited by 21
“Presently, one of the most popular platforms are superconducting circuits in the form of transmon qubits, which are already employed in solving noisy intermediate-scale quantum problems [2–4].”
BackgroundSuperconducting quantum many-body circuits for quantum simulation and computing
Wilkinson, S. A., & Hartmann, M. J. (2020) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0008202 · Cited by 24
State leakage during fast decay and control of a superconducting transmon qubit
Babu, A. P., Tuorila, J., & Ala-Nissilä, T. (2021) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-020-00357-z · Cited by 21
Comparison of cloud-based ion trap and superconducting quantum computer architectures
Blinov, S., Wu, B., & Monroe, C. R. (2021) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0058187 · Cited by 32
Lu, Y., Lambert, N., Kockum, A. F., Funo, K., Bengtsson, A., Gasparinetti, S., Nori, F., & Delsing, P. (2022) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.020305 · Cited by 22
“[2] modified to accommodate a qubit instead of cavity.”
BackgroundCryogenic Electronics and Quantum Information Processing
Holmes, D. S. (2021) · doi:10.1109/irds54852.2021.00012 · Cited by 24
Microwave‐to‐Optics Conversion Using Magnetostatic Modes and a Tunable Optical Cavity
Wu, W., Wang, Y., Li, J., Li, G., & You, J. Q. (2024) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202400648 · Cited by 20
Dynamical quantum phase transitions in a noisy lattice gauge theory
Jensen, R. B., Pedersen, S. P., & Zinner, N. T. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.105.224309 · Cited by 20
Skyrmion helicity: Quantization and quantum tunneling effects
Psaroudaki, C., & Panagopoulos, C. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.106.104422 · Cited by 24
“It is a fundamental process in the dynamics of superconducting and magnetic materials [2–7], and a precondition for quantum operations [8].”
BackgroundAdvances in Quantum Computation and Quantum Technologies: A Design Automation Perspective
Micheli, G. D., Jiang, J.-H. R., Rand, R. W., Smith, K. N., & Soeken, M. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3205174 · Cited by 23
“Various physical implementations of quantum processors based on superconducting quantum devices [17], [18], semiconductor quantum dots [19], trapped ions [20], photonics [21], etc., have been proposed and demonstrated.”
Backgroundcnot Gates for Fluxonium Qubits via Selective Darkening of Transitions
Nesterov, K., Wang, C., Manucharyan, V., & Vavilov, M. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.034063 · Cited by 20
Quantum correlations and thermal coherence in a two-superconducting charge qubit system
Benzahra, M., Mansour, M., Oumennana, M., & Elghaayda, S. (2023) · Laser Physics · doi:10.1088/1555-6611/acd4ae · Cited by 20
“Superconducting qubits [51–54] are leading contenders in the quest of creating a quantum computer.”
Fast Fingerprinting of Cloud-based NISQ Quantum Computers
Smith, K. N., Viszlai, J., Seifert, L. M., Baker, J. M., Szefer, J. M., & Chong, F. T. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST) · doi:10.1109/host55118.2023.10133778 · Cited by 23
“Compared to alternative technologies, transmons are extremely promising due to recent improvements in device coherence, operation fidelity, and addressability [29], [30].”
BackgroundQuantum monte carlo for economics: Stress testing and macroeconomic deep learning
Skavysh, V., Priazhkina, S., Guala, D., & Bromley, T. R. (2023) · Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2023.104680 · Cited by 25
All-Microwave Manipulation of Superconducting Qubits with a Fixed-Frequency Transmon Coupler
Shirai, S., Okubo, Y., Matsuura, K., Osada, A., Nakamura, Y., & Noguchi, A. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.260601 · Cited by 22
Data re-uploading with a single qudit
Wach, N. L., Rudolph, M. S., Jendrzejewski, F., & Schmitt, S. (2023) · Quantum Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s42484-023-00125-0 · Cited by 19
“…with increased difficulty of engineering high-fidelity interactions between separate qubits, which are technologically challenging and typically involve larger gate errors than single qubit operations, see for example, Kjaergaard et al. (2020), Fedorov et al. (2022) or Resch and Karpuzcu (2019).”
Sudden change of the photon output field marks phase transitions in the quantum Rabi model
Chen, Y., Qiu, Y., Miranowicz, A., Lambert, N., Qin, W., Stassi, R., Xia, Y., Zheng, S., & Nori, F. (2024) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-023-01457-w · Cited by 22
Symplectic Geometry and Circuit Quantization
Osborne, A., Larson, T. F. Q., Jones, S. G., Simmonds, R. W., Gyenis, A., & Lucas, A. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.020309 · Cited by 20
Zhang, S., Shi, J., Cui, Z.-B., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Duan, L., & Pu, Y. (2024) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.14.021018 · Cited by 22
“Quantum memory is a basic ingredient for quantum information technology and plays a key role in quantum computing [1, 2], communication [3–6] and networking [5–14].”
BackgroundFermion-parity qubit in a proximitized double quantum dot
Geier, M., Souto, R. S., Schulenborg, J., Asaad, S., Leijnse, M., & Karsten Flensberg, B. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.023281 · Cited by 20
“The fermion parity qubit combines features of single-electron charge [41–43] and spin qubits [44] with features of superconducting platforms [45, 46].”
BackgroundSuperconducting flux qubit with ferromagnetic Josephson π-junction operating at zero magnetic field
Kim, S., Abdurakhimov, L. V., Pham, D., Qiu, W., Terai, H., Ashhab, S., Saito, S., Yamashita, T., & Semba, K. (2024) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-024-00659-1 · Cited by 20
Key issues review: useful autonomous quantum machines
Guzmán, J. A. M., Erker, P., Gasparinetti, S., Huber, M., & Halpern, N. Y. (2024) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ad8803 · Cited by 27
“Platforms for gate-based quantum computing include trapped ions [123], ultracold atoms [124], superconducting qubits [125], photonics [126], molecules [127, 128], quantum dots [96, 129], color centers in diamond [130], and more.”
Entanglement production and convergence properties of the variational quantum eigensolver
Woitzik, A. J. C., Barkoutsos, P. K., Wudarski, F., Buchleitner, A., & Tavernelli, I. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.102.042402 · Cited by 20
Ghodsollahee, I., Davarzani, Z., Moghadam, M. Z., Pławiak, P., Houshmand, M., & Houshmand, M. (2021) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-021-03170-5 · Cited by 21
“…algorithms in the noisy quantum channel to have non-error-corrected qubit in quantum algorithm and are currently one of the approaches for realizing quantum devices and quantum coherence interaction with low noise and high controllability to implement medium and large quantum systems [12, 13].”
MethodVlasko-Vlasov, V. K., Rydh, A., Divan, R. N. S., Rosenmann, D., Glatz, A., & Kwok, W. K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4054467 · Cited by 20
Precision Calibration of the Duffing Oscillator with Phase Control
Cuairan, M. T., Gieseler, J., Meyer, N., & Quidant, R. (2022) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.128.213601 · Cited by 19
Song, Y., Li, J., Hai, Y.-J., Guo, Q., & Deng, X. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.105.012616 · Cited by 19
A superconducting adiabatic neuron in a quantum regime
Bastrakova, M. V., Pashin, D. S., Rybin, D. A., Schegolev, A. E., Klenov, N. V., Soloviev, I. I., Gorchavkina, A. A., & Михайлович, С. А. (2022) · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.57 · Cited by 19
Entangling Transmons with Low-Frequency Protected Superconducting Qubits
Maiani, A., Kjærgaard, M., & Schrade, C. (2022) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.030329 · Cited by 20
“Among the most attractive features of the transmon circuit are its reproducibility, insensitivity to charge noise-induced dephasing, and coherence times that have seen steady improvements over the past decade [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialMultipartite Entanglement in Rabi-Driven Superconducting Qubits
Lu, M., Ville, J.-L., Cohen, J., Petrescu, A., Schreppler, S., Chen, L., Jünger, C., Pelletti, C., Marchenkov, A. N., Banerjee, A., et al. (2022) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.040322 · Cited by 19
Multi-mode architectures for noise-resilient superconducting qubits
Calzona, A., & Carrega, M. (2022) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/acaa64 · Cited by 20
Quantum pricing-based column-generation framework for hard combinatorial problems
Coelho, W. D. S., Henriet, L., & Henry, L.-P. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.032426 · Cited by 19
“[2, 3, 5] , [1, 2] [2, 5] , [2, 3] [4, 5] , [3, 5]”
BackgroundStrong Hilbert space fragmentation via emergent quantum drums in two dimensions
Chattopadhyay, A., Mukherjee, B., Sengupta, K., & Sen, A. (2023) · SciPost Physics · doi:10.21468/scipostphys.14.6.146 · Cited by 24
“Rapid progress in producing and manipulating well-isolated quantum simulators such as ultracold gases [6, 7], trapped ions [8], Rydberg atom arrays [9] and superconducting qubits [10] has made it possible to study thermalization and its violations in such platforms.”
BackgroundDNA Assembly of Dye Aggregates—A Possible Path to Quantum Computing
Yurke, B. (2023) · Natural computing series · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9891-1_9 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjaergaard, M., Schwartz, M. E., Braumüller, J., Krantz, P., Wang, J. I.-J., Gustavsson, S., & Oliver, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-395
- ISSN
- 1947-5454 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-5462
- OpenAlex
- W2947902637
- Cited by
- 1,544
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 269 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 68
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FA8721-05-C-0002, 1720311)
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8721-05-C-0002)
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (W911NF1810218)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine
- Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology, Chalmers University of Technology
- Army Research Office (W911NF-18-1-0116, W911NF1810218, W911NF-18-1-0411, W911NF-14-1, W911NF-141-0682, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum computing hardware, noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing, two-qubit gate fidelity, qubit readout, logical qubits, quantum error correction, quantum algorithms, quantum simulation
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