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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play
Open accessAbstract
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
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“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
From Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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Material-Inherent Noise Sources in Quantum Information Architecture
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Observing parity-time symmetry breaking in a Josephson parametric amplifier
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“These amplifiers are utilized broadly in the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture [39, 40] for achieving quantum noise limited amplification and have also been employed for research into quantum nonlinear dynamics [41, 42].”
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Papič, M., Tuorila, J., Auer, A., de Vega, I., & Hosseinkhani, A. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00860-7 · Cited by 8
“The perturbative parameter values are given by Deriving the effective diabatic gate unitary We consider here the truncated Hilbert space spanned by the states f ∣ 00 i ; ∣ 01 i ; ∣ 10 i ; ∣ 11 i ; ∣ 02 ig .”
A quantum algorithm for solving 0-1 Knapsack problems
Wilkening, S., Lefterovici, A.-I., Binkowski, L., Perk, M., Fekete, S. P., & Osborne, T. J. (2025) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-025-01097-8 · Cited by 8
“Further critical road-blocks, depending on platform 6 – 14 , also include the dif fi culties of implementing mid-circuit measurements 15 and entangling gates 16 .”
Ko, W., Dumitrescu, E., & Maksymovych, P. (2021) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.033248 · Cited by 8
Designing arbitrary single-axis rotations robust against perpendicular time-dependent noise
Li, B., Calderon-Vargas, F. A., Zeng, J., & Barnes, E. (2021) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac22ea · Cited by 11
Quantum Modular Adder over GF(2n − 1) without Saving the Final Carry
Kim, A., Cho, S.-M., Seo, C.-B., Lee, S., & Seo, S.-H. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11072949 · Cited by 8
“Such a quantum computer is a device operated by the principle of quantum mechanics and quantum phenomena using quantum photons [1,8,9].”
BackgroundSpin squeezing from bilinear spin-spin interactions: Two simple theorems
Roscilde, T., Mezzacapo, F., & Comparin, T. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.104.l040601 · Cited by 10
Pair-amplitude dynamics in strongly coupled superconductor–quantum dot hybrids
Heckschen, M., & Sothmann, B. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.105.045420 · Cited by 8
Scheppe, A. D., & Pak, M. V. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.105.012415 · Cited by 8
Electromotive force in driven topological quantum circuits
Kenawy, A., Hassler, F., & Riwar, R.-P. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.106.035430 · Cited by 8
Benchmarking quantum error-correcting codes on quasi-linear and central-spin processors
Finsterhoelzl, R., & Burkard, G. (2022) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aca21f · Cited by 8
Quantum circuits for discrete-time quantum walks with position-dependent coin operator
Nzongani, U., Zylberman, J., Doncecchi, C.-E., Pérez, A., Debbasch, F., & Arnault, P. (2023) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-023-03957-8 · Cited by 9
“QWs have been implemented using different setups [58], such as (i) photons in various optical devices [59–62], amongwhich integrated optical fibers [63–65], (ii) atoms trapped in arrays of light [66], (iii) ion traps [67], and (iv) superconductiong qubits [68].”
MethodImpurity Knight shift in quantum dot Josephson junctions
Pavešič, L., Pita‐Vidal, M., Bargerbos, A., & Žitko, R. (2023) · SciPost Physics · doi:10.21468/scipostphys.15.2.070 · Cited by 9
“The range of materials [91] and device designs [33, 92, 93] where the φ-dependence of the Zeeman splitting could be relevant is wide.”
BackgroundFast universal control of a flux qubit via exponentially tunable wave-function overlap
Krøjer, S., Dahl, A. E., Christensen, K. S., Kjærgaard, M., & Flensberg, K. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.023064 · Cited by 8
“Qubits based on superconducting junctions form a promising platform for quantum computation (QC) architectures [1–3].”
BackgroundTunable compact on-chip superconducting switch
Zotova, J., Semenov, A. V., Wang, R., Zhou, Y., Astafiev, O. V., & Tsai, J.-S. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.024059 · Cited by 7
Magnon-mediated quantum gates for superconducting qubits
Dols, M., Sharma, S., Bechara, L., Blanter, Y. M., Kounalakis, M., & Kusminskiy, S. V. (2024) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.110.104416 · Cited by 13
Hardware-efficient variational quantum algorithm in a trapped-ion quantum computer
Zhuang, J.-Z., Wu, Y., & Duan, L.-M. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.062414 · Cited by 8
Designing fast quantum gates using optimal control with a reinforcement-learning ansatz
Sarma, B., & Hartmann, M. J. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.23.014015 · Cited by 9
Preparation of High‐Fidelity Entangled Cat States with Composite Pulses
Gu, G., Li, D.-S., Chen, Y., Huang, B., & Xia, Y. (2025) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202400518 · Cited by 7
“To reduce error rate, protocols for quantum error correction have been developed in the past decades [3, 8–13].”
MethodMeasurement and feedforward correction of the fast phase noise of lasers
Denecker, T., Chew, Y. T., Guillemant, O., Watanabe, G., Tomita, T., Ohmori, K., & de Léséleuc, S. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.111.042614 · Cited by 7
Ding, Q., Oppenheim, A. V., Boufounos, P. T., Gustavsson, S., Grover, J. A., Baran, T. A., & Oliver, W. D. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/yskp-mfcr · Cited by 7
Self-citationLiouvillian Spectral Transition in Noisy Quantum Many-Body Scars
Ma, J.-L., Guo, Z., Gao, Y., Papić, Z., & Ying, L. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/4my3-vk6c · Cited by 8
Topological physics in quantum critical systems
Yu, X.-J., Xu, L., & Lin, H. (2025) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2025.10.005 · Cited by 10
Classical interfaces for controlling cryogenic quantum computing technologies
Brennan, J. C., Barbosa, J., Li, C., Ahmad, M., Imroze, F., Rose, C., Karar, W., Stanley, M., Heidari, H., Ridler, N., et al. (2025) · APL Quantum · doi:10.1063/5.0273490 · Cited by 7
An engineering guide to superconducting quantum circuit shielding
Malevannaya, E. I., Polozov, V. I., Ivanov, А. I., Matanin, A. R., Smirnov, N. S., Echeistov, V. V., Moskalev, D. O., Mikhalin, D. A., Shirokov, D. E., Panfilov, Y. V., et al. (2025) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0250262 · Cited by 14
Buchs, G., Beck, T. L., Bennink, R. S., Claudino, D., Delgado, A., Fadel, N. A., Groszkowski, P., Hamilton, K. E., Humble, T. S., Kumar, N., et al. (2026) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2026.108487 · Cited by 11
“Current QC systems are based on qubit platforms including: Superconducting qubits implemented as superconducting resonant circuits that are operated in extremely low temperatures [25, 26].”
Marxer, F., Mrożek, J., Andersson, J., Abdurakhimov, L. V., Ádám, J., Bergholm, V., Beriwal, R., Chan, C. F., Dahl, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2026) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/n86s-2b88 · Cited by 47
Huang, Z., You, X., Alyanak, U., Romanenko, A., Grassellino, A., & Zhu, S. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.l061001 · Cited by 7
“[2, 3, 6], it is necessary to calculate diagrams with odd interaction points due to the non-zero odd-time correlation functions.”
BackgroundPark, C.-H., Woo, M.-K., Park, B. K., Jeon, S.-W., Jung, H., Kim, S., & Han, S.-W. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11142207 · Cited by 7
Shortcuts to adiabaticity in superconducting circuits for fast multi-partite state generation
Cárdenas-López, F. A., Retamal, J. C., & Chen, X. (2023) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-023-01283-0 · Cited by 7
Floquet analysis of frequency collisions
Heya, K., Malekakhlagh, M., Merkel, S., Kanazawa, N., & Pritchett, E. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.024035 · Cited by 10
Quantum control and noise protection of a Floquet 0−π qubit
Wang, Z., & Safavi‐Naeini, A. H. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.042607 · Cited by 11
Fidelity-dissipation relations in quantum gates
Vu, T. V., Kuwahara, T., & Saito, K. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.033225 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjaergaard, M., Schwartz, M. E., Braumüller, J., Krantz, P., Wang, J. I.-J., Gustavsson, S., & Oliver, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-395
- ISSN
- 1947-5454 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-5462
- OpenAlex
- W2947902637
- Cited by
- 1,544
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 269 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 68
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FA8721-05-C-0002, 1720311)
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8721-05-C-0002)
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (W911NF1810218)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine
- Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology, Chalmers University of Technology
- Army Research Office (W911NF-18-1-0116, W911NF1810218, W911NF-18-1-0411, W911NF-14-1, W911NF-141-0682, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum computing hardware, noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing, two-qubit gate fidelity, qubit readout, logical qubits, quantum error correction, quantum algorithms, quantum simulation
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