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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play
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Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
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“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
From Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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Code properties of the holographic Sierpinski triangle
Bao, N., & Naskar, J. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.106.126006 · Cited by 4
“In this field, tremendous progress has been made in both the development of efficient quantum error correcting codes (QECC) and the creation of appropriate hardware candidates for their physical realisation.[6] The area of topological phases of matter[7] has also been an area of active research over the past few decad…”
BackgroundReducing Runtime Overhead via Use-Based Migration in Neutral Atom Quantum Architectures
Litteken, A., Baker, J. M., & Chong, F. T. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00079 · Cited by 4
“For superconducting based architectures, fabrication consistency is a limiting factor [3].”
BackgroundBuilding compact superconducting microwave resonators with Hilbert space-filling curves
Jiang, J., Li, Z., Guo, T., Xu, W., Wei, X., Zhang, K., Zhou, T., Sheng, Y., Cao, C., Sun, G., et al. (2022) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0128964 · Cited by 4
Hybrid Quantum Systems for Higher Temperature Quantum Information Processing
Miller, J. H., Villagrán, M., Sanderson, J. O., & Wosik, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity · doi:10.1109/tasc.2023.3241131 · Cited by 4
“THE leading quantum computers use qubits based on superconducting Josephson junctions (JJs), cooled to about 15 mK [1], [2], [3], [4].”
BackgroundDelgado, F., & Cardoso-Isidoro, C. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25020376 · Cited by 4
Characterization of Asymmetric Gap-Engineered Josephson Junctions and 3D Transmon Qubits
Steffen, Z., Dutta, S. K., Wang, H., Li, K., Huang, Y., Huang, Y.-H., Mathur, A., Wellstood, F. C., & Palmer, B. S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity · doi:10.1109/tasc.2023.3247987 · Cited by 4
“QUBITS based on superconducting circuits are one of the leading platforms in implementing a quantum computer [1], [2], [3], [4].”
MethodMulti-Mode Bus Coupling Architecture of Superconducting Quantum Processor
Zhao, C., He, Y., Xiao, G., He, K., Dai, G., Liu, J., & Chen, W. (2022) · Chinese Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/0256-307x/40/01/010301 · Cited by 4
Sudden death of entanglement in a thermal three-qubit Tavis-Cummings model
Bagrov, A. R., & Bashkirov, E. K. (2023) · International Conference on Information Technology and Nanotechnology (ITNT) · doi:10.1109/itnt57377.2023.10139206 · Cited by 4
“This is due to the fact that such states are the foundation of all quantum information protocols [1-6].”
BackgroundA quantum logic gate for free electrons
Löffler, S., Schachinger, T., Hartel, P., Lu, P., Dunin‐Borkowski, R. E., Obermair, M., Dries, M., Gerthsen, D., & Schattschneider, P. (2023) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2023-07-11-1050 · Cited by 5
Krondorfer, J. K., & Hauser, A. W. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.108.053110 · Cited by 5
“Current paradigms of quantum computers are superconducting circuits [6, 7], trapped ions [8, 9] or atoms [10, 11], solid-state systems such as semiconductors [12, 13] or topological qubits [14, 15] and nuclear spin-based quantum systems [16–18].”
Saldaña, J. C. E., Pavešič, L., Vekris, A., Grove‐Rasmussen, K., Nygård, J., & Žitko, R. (2023) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.108.224507 · Cited by 4
A New Gap-based Approach for Analysing All-Optical Random Bit Sequences
Ahrens, A., Lange, C., Singh, J., & Grote, O. (2024) · International Conference on Microwaves, Radar & Wireless Communications · doi:10.23919/mikon60251.2024.10633991 · Cited by 4
“Each polarized photon represents a single qubit [16].”
BackgroundOptical phase aberration correction with an ultracold quantum gas
Hill, P., Lunt, P., Reiter, J., Gałka, M., Preiss, P. M., & Jochim, S. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.053308 · Cited by 5
Superconducting Radio Frequency Resonators for Quantum Computing: A Short Review
Dhakal, P. (2021) · Journal of Nepal Physical Society · doi:10.3126/jnphyssoc.v7i3.42179 · Cited by 4
“(a) Qubit coherence time [10] and (b) the number of qubit on chip [11]”
BackgroundMethodEffective Field Theory of Random Quantum Circuits
Liao, Y., & Galitski, V. M. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24060823 · Cited by 4
“Experimentally, random quantum circuits can be simulated in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices [57] built with superconducting qubits [58,59], trapped ions [60,61], and Rydberg atoms [62], and some of these generic features for quantum chaotic systems have been observed [63].”
BackgroundNon-Differentiable Learning of Quantum Circuit Born Machine with Genetic AlgorithmPreprint
Kondratyev, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3569226 · Cited by 4
Integration of Topological Insulator Josephson Junctions in Superconducting Qubit Circuits
Schmitt, T., Connolly, M. R., Schleenvoigt, M., Liu, C., Kennedy, O. W., Chavez-Garcia, J., Jalil, A. R., Bennemann, B., Trellenkamp, S., Lentz, F., et al. (2022) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04055 · Cited by 3
Interface-sensitive microwave loss in superconducting tantalum films sputtered on c-plane sapphire
McFadden, A., Larson, T. F. Q., Gill, S., Dixit, A. V., Simmonds, R., Lecocq, F., Oh, J., & Zhou, L. W. (2025) · Physical Review Materials · doi:10.1103/lwn1-fznb · Cited by 3
“This technology has advanced rapidly, as qubit coherence times have benefited from improvements in measurement setup, device design, layout [3,4], and more recently advances in materials used to form the capacitor metal, where state-of-the-art transmon coherence times have been demonstrated using…”
Simulating quantum field theories on near-term quantum devices
Williams, S. (2025) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x25300108 · Cited by 3
Rydberg‐Atom–Interfaced Hybrid Three‐Body Entangling Gates in Quantum Network
Song, P., Guo, F.-Q., Wu, J., & Su, S. (2025) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202500308 · Cited by 3
Preparing spin-squeezed states in Rydberg atom arrays via quantum optimal control
Carrera, E. S., Erbin, H., & Misguich, G. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/wdqt-tpwz · Cited by 7
“This class of systems has seen significant advancements in recent years, and a large variety of experimental platforms have been developed in this perspective: from trapped ions [5], superconducting circuits [6, 7], and ultracold atoms [8–10] or atoms in optical tweezers [11, 12].”
Topological phases of many-body localized systems: Beyond eigenstate order
Long, D. M., & Else, D. V. (2024) · Physical review B · doi:10.1103/77j6-g4jz · Cited by 8
“Being finite depth circuits, these models are well suited to realization in current quantum simulators [68–70] (Sec.”
Xiao, Y.-X., Feng, D., Gu, X.-Y., Liang, G.-H., Wang, M.-C., Peng, Z.-Y., Chen, B., Yu, Y., Mei, Z.-Y., Zhao, S.-L., et al. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/vwrv-x1kr · Cited by 3
“This can be efficiently analyzed using transmission line Y-parameters: when injecting a microwave signal at a specific position, the admittance parameter at that point satisfies [1] where the slope of the imaginary part of Y 11 versus frequency ω directly yields twice the equivalent ground capacitance.”
QPCNet: A hybrid quantum positional encoding and channel attention network for image classification
Li, Y., Cheng, Z., Zhang, Y., & Xu, R. (2025) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae176d · Cited by 4
A map of cavity magnonics: concepts, developments, and recent advances
Macêdo, R., Smith, M. A., Joseph, A., McKenzie, R. D., & Stamps, R. L. (2025) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/1361-648x/ae1ab9 · Cited by 3
Nonvolatile cryogenic phase-slip memory with single-shot readout
Nulens, L., Chaves, D. A. D., Reniers, S., Dillemans, R., Cools, I. P. C., Temst, K., Raes, B., Bael, M. J. V., & de Vondel, J. V. (2025) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/wrvj-5737 · Cited by 3
“Building on recent advancements in on-chip inductive coupling of super-conducting structures [56–58] and energy-efficient read-out techniques [39, 59], including standard qubit single-shot readout [1, 60, 61], we integrate the loop with a coplanar waveguide superconducting resonator.”
Shen, T., & Lidar, D. A. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/wzcr-m8xb · Cited by 3
Petkov, N., & Fagas, G. (2025) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano15221737 · Cited by 3
Topology-enhanced superconducting qubit networks for in-sensor quantum information processing
Settino, J., Luciano, G. G., Bartolomeo, A. D., Silvestrini, P., Lisitskiy, M., Ruggiero, B., & Romeo, F. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ae2201 · Cited by 4
“Among these, super-conducting electronic systems [3, 4] represent an important class of platforms capable of reliably maintaining and manipulating quantum coherence [5–15].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjaergaard, M., Schwartz, M. E., Braumüller, J., Krantz, P., Wang, J. I.-J., Gustavsson, S., & Oliver, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-395
- ISSN
- 1947-5454 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-5462
- OpenAlex
- W2947902637
- Cited by
- 1,544
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 269 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 68
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FA8721-05-C-0002, 1720311)
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8721-05-C-0002)
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (W911NF1810218)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine
- Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology, Chalmers University of Technology
- Army Research Office (W911NF-18-1-0116, W911NF1810218, W911NF-18-1-0411, W911NF-14-1, W911NF-141-0682, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum computing hardware, noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing, two-qubit gate fidelity, qubit readout, logical qubits, quantum error correction, quantum algorithms, quantum simulation
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