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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play
Open accessAbstract
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
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“Not all cavity EO devices use this coupled-ring-resonator approach; other designs exploit neighboring longitudinal [264] or transverse [190,262,265] optical modes of a single optical resonator, but the principle of operation is the same.”
From Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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Items 101–200 of 1,002
Analog Quantum Control of Magnonic Cat States on a Chip by a Superconducting Qubit
Kounalakis, M., Bauer, G. E. W., & Blanter, Y. M. (2022) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.129.037205 · Cited by 87
Theory of Majorana Zero Modes in Unconventional Superconductors
Tanaka, Y., Tamura, S., & Cayao, J. (2024) · Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics · doi:10.1093/ptep/ptae065 · Cited by 87
Quantum Neural Network for Quantum Neural Computing
Zhou, M.-G., Liu, Z.-P., Yin, H.-L., Li, C.-L., Xu, T.-K., & Chen, Z.-B. (2023) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0134 · Cited by 79
Systematic Crosstalk Mitigation for Superconducting Qubits via Frequency-Aware Compilation
Ding, Y., Gokhale, P., Lin, S. F., Rines, R., Propson, T., & Chong, F. T. (2020) · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) · doi:10.1109/micro50266.2020.00028 · Cited by 93
“Denser connectivity for superconducting device is challenging [30], due to limitations such as coupling and addressing qubits.”
BackgroundSimulating quantum materials with digital quantum computers
Oftelie, L. B., Urbánek, M., Metcalf, M., Carter, J. T., Kemper, A. F., & de Jong, W. A. (2021) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ac1ca6 · Cited by 83
Resource Estimation for Quantum Variational Simulations of the Hubbard Model
Cai, Z. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.14.014059 · Cited by 78
“Both silicon spin qubits and superconducting qubits are good candidates for such a task due to their compatibility with the commercial fabrication technology [4, 5], which should reduce the cost and enhance the reliability of reproducing multiple quantum processors for the same task.”
BackgroundDesigner Nanomaterials through Programmable Assembly
Kahn, J. S., & Gang, O. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202105678 · Cited by 78
An elementary review on basic principles and developments of qubits for quantum computing
Chae, E., Choi, J., & Kim, J. (2024) · Nano Convergence · doi:10.1186/s40580-024-00418-5 · Cited by 101
“Numerous qubit technologies have been proposed and experimentally studied to date, including superconducting circuits [24–26], trapped ions [27–30], Rydberg atoms [31–35], dipolar molecules [36], semiconductors [37–41], nucleus spins [42–46],photons [47–52], etc. Significant progress has been made…”
BackgroundHardware-Efficient Microwave-Activated Tunable Coupling between Superconducting Qubits
Mitchell, B. K., Naik, R., Morvan, A., Hashim, A., Kreikebaum, J. M., Marinelli, B., Lavrijsen, W., Nowrouzi, K., Santiago, D., & Siddiqi, I. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.127.200502 · Cited by 83
Probing Many-Body Quantum Chaos with Quantum Simulators
Joshi, L. K., Elben, A., Vikram, A., Vermersch, B., Galitski, V. M., & Zoller, P. (2022) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.12.011018 · Cited by 91
“The goal of the present work is to develop measurement protocols for the SFF and PSFF in quantum spin models of arbitrary dimension, as realized, for instance, with trapped ions [4,6], Rydberg atoms [7], and superconducting qubits [8].”
MethodKang, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Song, J., Xia, Y., Miranowicz, A., Zheng, S., & Nori, F. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.013233 · Cited by 75
Improving Hamiltonian encodings with the Gray code
Matteo, O. D., McCoy, A. E., Gysbers, P., Miyagi, T., Woloshyn, R. M., & Navrátil, P. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.042405 · Cited by 77
Annealing-Based Quantum Computing for Combinatorial Optimal Power Flow
Morstyn, T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3200590 · Cited by 87
“Dwave’s device uses radio frequency superconducting quantum–interference device (rf-SQUID) qubits [45].”
Superconducting phenomena in systems with unconventional magnets
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Timing and Resource-Aware Mapping of Quantum Circuits to Superconducting Processors
Lao, L., van Someren, H., Ashraf, I., & Almudever, C. G. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3057583 · Cited by 72
“For instance, some superconducting quantum technologies have CZ as a primitive two-qubit gate of which the duration is twice as long as of a single-qubit primitive gate [3].”
Microwave Package Design for Superconducting Quantum Processors
Huang, S., Lienhard, B., Calusine, G., Vepsäläinen, A. P., Braumüller, J., Kim, D. K., Melville, A. J., Niedzielski, B. M., Yoder, J., Kannan, B., et al. (2021) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.020306 · Cited by 71
“Today, superconducting qubits routinely reach coherence times in the range of 100 μs [3], achieve gate times of a few tens of nanoseconds [4], and have exhibited single- and two-qubit gates with fidelities exceeding the threshold for the most lenient quantum error correction codes [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationResilient three-dimensional ordered architectures assembled from nanoparticles by DNA
Majewski, P. W., Michelson, A. N., Cordeiro, M. A. L., Tian, C., Ma, C., Kisslinger, K., Tian, Y., Liu, W., Stach, E. A., Yager, K. G., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf0617 · Cited by 69
Measurement-Induced Transmon Ionization
Dumas, M. F., Groleau-Paré, B., McDonald, A., Muñoz-Arias, M. H., Lledó, C., D’Anjou, B., & Blais, A. (2024) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.14.041023 · Cited by 92
“Although it has been experimentally possible to optimize the dispersive read-out to obtain high-fidelity state discrimination [5, 9, 11– 15], single-shot qubit readout now lags in fidelity behind the best one-and two-qubit gates [16].”
MethodFast Logic with Slow Qubits: Microwave-Activated Controlled-Z Gate on Low-Frequency Fluxoniums
Ficheux, Q., Nguyen, L. B., Somoroff, A., Xiong, H., Nesterov, K., Vavilov, M., & Manucharyan, V. (2021) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.11.021026 · Cited by 73
Titanium Nitride Film on Sapphire Substrate with Low Dielectric Loss for Superconducting Qubits
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High coherence superconducting microwave cavities with indium bump bonding
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Phonon downconversion to suppress correlated errors in superconducting qubits
Iaia, V., Ku, J., Ballard, A., Larson, C. P., Yelton, E., Liu, C. H., Patel, S., McDermott, R., & Plourde, B. L. T. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33997-0 · Cited by 65
“The inner surfaces of the Cryoperm magnetic shield and the mixing chamber shield were both coated with an infrared-absorbent layer [1].”
BackgroundPhoton Transport in a Bose-Hubbard Chain of Superconducting Artificial Atoms
Fedorov, G., Remizov, S. V., Shapiro, D. S., Pogosov, W. V., Egorova, E. Y., Tsitsilin, I., Andronik, M., Dobronosova, A. A., Rodionov, I. A., Astafiev, O. V., et al. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.180503 · Cited by 64
Topology and retardation effect of a giant atom in a topological waveguide
Cheng, W., Wang, Z., & Liu, Y.-X. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.033522 · Cited by 68
“For the coupling strength 100 MHz between resonators or between the resonators and giant atom, the Rabi oscillation can be observed for the zero mode when the coupling strength between the probe atom and the zero mode is 10 MHz within the decay time T1 = 10μs of the giant atom [66] for even larger decay rate of the pr…”
BackgroundSupercorrelated Radiance in Nonlinear Photonic Waveguides
Wang, Z., Jaako, T., Kirton, P., & Rabl, P. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.213601 · Cited by 64
“1–1 MHz [47] are still fast compared to the bare qubit decay times of T1 = 10μs [60].”
BackgroundEfficient tensor network simulation of IBM's largest quantum processors
Patra, S., Jahromi, S. S., Singh, S., & Orús, R. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013326 · Cited by 63
“While several hardware architectures have been developed, the largest available quantum processors are those built with superconducting qubit technology [1].”
BackgroundMicrowave-to-optical conversion with a gallium phosphide photonic crystal cavity
Hönl, S., Popoff, Y., Caimi, D., Beccari, A., Kippenberg, T. J., & Seidler, P. F. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28670-5 · Cited by 68
Quantum computing and industrial information integration: A review
Lu, Y., Sigov, A., Ratkin, L., Ivanov, L. A., & Zuo, M. (2023) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2023.100511 · Cited by 84
Scaling Superconducting Quantum Computers with Chiplet Architectures
Smith, K. N., Ravi, G. S., Baker, J. M., & Chong, F. T. (2022) · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) · doi:10.1109/micro56248.2022.00078 · Cited by 69
Crosstalk Suppression for Fault-tolerant Quantum Error Correction with Trapped Ions
Parrado-Rodríguez, P., Ryan-Anderson, C., Bermudez, A., & Müller, M. (2021) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2021-06-29-487 · Cited by 73
Deep-Neural-Network Discrimination of Multiplexed Superconducting-Qubit States
Lienhard, B., Vepsäläinen, A. P., Govia, L. C. G., Hoffer, C. R., Qiu, J. Y., Ristè, D., Ware, M., Kim, D. K., Winik, R., Melville, A. J., et al. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.17.014024 · Cited by 73
Self-citationGauge protection in non-abelian lattice gauge theories
Halimeh, J. C., Lang, H., & Hauke, P. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac5564 · Cited by 64
Mueller, N., Carolan, J., Connelly, A., Davoudi, Z., Dumitrescu, E., & Aydeniz, K. Y. (2023) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.4.030323 · Cited by 83
“, atomic [11– 13], molecular [14], optical [15–17], and solid-state systems [16, 18, 19], see Ref.”
BackgroundQuantum Computing Opportunities in Renewable Energy
Giani, A., & Eldredge, Z. (2021) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-021-00786-3 · Cited by 68
Archives of Quantum Computing: Research Progress and Challenges
Sood, V., & Chauhan, R. P. (2023) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-023-09973-2 · Cited by 63
Non-classical microwave–optical photon pair generation with a chip-scale transducer
Meesala, S., Wood, S. M., Lake, D. P., Chiappina, P., Zhong, C., Beyer, A. D., Shaw, M. D., Jiang, L., & Painter, O. J. (2024) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-024-02409-z · Cited by 74
“In parallel developments, super-conducting circuits based on Josephson junctions have emerged as a leading platform for quantum information processing with the ability to realize entangled states of many qubits in microwave-frequency circuits 16–18 .”
Tuokkola, M., Sunada, Y., Kivijärvi, H., Albanese, J., Grönberg, L., Kaikkonen, J.-P., Vesterinen, V., Govenius, J., & Möttönen, M. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61126-0 · Cited by 60
“For instance, related works such as [9] introduced a new material platform that significantly enhanced the T1 time to 0.3ms in a planar design for the first time, while [10] further improved it to 0.5ms.”
Harnessing the Quantum Behavior of Spins on Surfaces
Chen, Y., Bae, Y., & Heinrich, A. J. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202107534 · Cited by 61
Quantum circuit cutting with maximum-likelihood tomography
Perlin, M. A., Saleem, Z. H., Suchara, M., & Osborn, J. C. (2021) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-021-00390-6 · Cited by 72
Optimizing Resource Efficiencies for Scalable Full-Stack Quantum Computers
Fellous-Asiani, M., Chai, J. H., Thonnart, Y., Ng, H. K., Whitney, R. S., & Auffèves, A. (2023) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.4.040319 · Cited by 85
“1qb gate time τ1qb 25 ns (similar to Google Sycamore [15, 63, 73])”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSolid-State Qubits: 3D Integration and Packaging
Rosenberg, D., Weber, S. J., Conway, D., Yost, D., Mallek, J., Calusine, G., Das, R. N., Kim, D. K., Schwartz, M. E., Woods, W. H., et al. (2020) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2020.2993478 · Cited by 96
“This article focuses on solid-state qubits, such as those formed by an electron spin [6] or a superconducting circuit [7], [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDemonstration of an All-Microwave Controlled-Phase Gate between Far-Detuned Qubits
Krinner, S., Kurpiers, P., Royer, B., Magnard, P., Tsitsilin, I., Besse, J.-C., Remm, A., Blais, A., & Wallraff, A. J. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.14.044039 · Cited by 58
“1% are routinely achieved, two-qubit gate errors are typically at the percent level [5, 6], with only a few recent experiments achieving two-qubit gate errors of a few per mill [7–9].”
BackgroundAdvances and opportunities in materials science for scalable quantum computing
Lordi, V., & Nichol, J. M. (2021) · MRS Bulletin · doi:10.1557/s43577-021-00133-0 · Cited by 64
Superconducting microwave cavities and qubits for quantum information systems
Krasnok, A., Dhakal, P., Fedorov, A., Frigola, P., Kelly, M. J., & Kutsaev, S. (2024) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0155213 · Cited by 69
Integrating quantum computing resources into scientific HPC ecosystems
Beck, T. L., Baroni, A., Bennink, R. S., Buchs, G., Pérez, E. A. C., Eisenbach, M., da Silva, R. F., Meena, M. G., Gottiparthi, K., Groszkowski, P., et al. (2024) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2024.06.058 · Cited by 82
“Their similarity with traditional solid-state integrated circuit technologies simplifies their design, fabrication, and even scaling approaches [8, 9].”
BackgroundVariational quantum eigensolver for the Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice
Kattemölle, J., & van Wezel, J. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.106.214429 · Cited by 65
Demonstration of three- and four-body interactions between trapped-ion spins
Katz, O., Feng, L., Risinger, A., Monroe, C. R., & Cetina, M. (2023) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-023-02102-7 · Cited by 65
Fast generation of Schrödinger cat states using a Kerr-tunable superconducting resonator
He, X., Lu, Y., Bao, D., Xue, H., Jiang, W., Wang, Z., Roudsari, A. F., Delsing, P., Tsai, J. S., & Lin, Z. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42057-0 · Cited by 61
“Quantum information has been encoded and manipulated in diverse systems such as cold atoms 2 , trapped ions 3,4 , superconducting circuits 5 .”
Two-dimensional hard-core Bose–Hubbard model with superconducting qubits
Yanay, Y., Braumüller, J., Gustavsson, S., Oliver, W. D., & Tahan, C. (2020) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-020-0269-1 · Cited by 57
Self-citationProgrammable Quantum Annealing Architectures with Ising Quantum Wires
Qiu, X., Zoller, P., & Li, X. (2020) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.1.020311 · Cited by 52
Evaluating Energy Differences on a Quantum Computer with Robust Phase Estimation
Russo, A., Rudinger, K., Morrison, B., & Baczewski, A. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.210501 · Cited by 54
Edlbauer, H., Wang, J., Crozes, T., Perrier, P., Ouacel, S., Geffroy, C., Georgiou, G., Chatzikyriakou, E., Lacerda-Santos, A., Waintal, X., et al. (2022) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00139-w · Cited by 59
Self-citationA Cryo-CMOS Low-Power Semi-Autonomous Transmon Qubit State Controller in 14-nm FinFET Technology
Chakraborty, S., Frank, D. J., Tien, K., Rosno, P., Yeck, M., Glick, J. A., Robertazzi, R. P., Richetta, R., Bulzacchelli, J. F., Underwood, D., et al. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3201775 · Cited by 58
“There are many different implementations of quantum 47 processors in active development, but the work here focuses 48 on a qubit state controller (QSC) for use with transmon 49 qubits [2].”
MethodEvolution of 1/f Flux Noise in Superconducting Qubits with Weak Magnetic Fields
Rower, D. A., Ateshian, L., Li, L. H., Hays, M., Bluvstein, D., Ding, L., Kannan, B., Almanakly, A., Braumüller, J., Kim, D. K., et al. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.220602 · Cited by 54
Self-citationSkyrmion qubits: Challenges for future quantum computing applications
Psaroudaki, C., Peraticos, E., & Panagopoulos, C. (2023) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0177864 · Cited by 52
Deterministic Generation of Large Fock States
Uria, M., Solano, P., & Hermann-Avigliano, C. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.093603 · Cited by 56
Quantum simulation of open quantum systems in heavy-ion collisions
de Jong, W. A., Metcalf, M., Mulligan, J. D., Ploskon, M. A., Ringer, F., & Yao, X. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.l051501 · Cited by 53
“[2] M.”
BackgroundEnergetic cost of Hamiltonian quantum gates
Deffner, S. (2021) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/134/40002 · Cited by 52
Kono, S., Pan, J., Chegnizadeh, M., Wang, X., Youssefi, A., Scigliuzzo, M., & Kippenberg, T. J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48230-3 · Cited by 50
“By using the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio in single-shot qubit readout and the readout-induced qubit dephasing, we con fi rm that our microwave measurement achieves a quantum ef fi ciency of η > 0.2 (see Supplementary Note 5).”
InfluentialProbing Postmeasurement Entanglement without Postselection
Garratt, S. J., & Altman, E. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.030311 · Cited by 56
“This aim has motivated the development of local readout techniques in quantum simulation platforms from trapped ion [2] and neutral atom arrays [3] to superconducting quantum processors [4].”
BackgroundNonadiabatic Topological Energy Pumps with Quasiperiodic Driving
Long, D. M., Crowley, P. J. D., & Chandran, A. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.106805 · Cited by 57
Fast Multiqubit Gates through Simultaneous Two-Qubit Gates
Gu, X. Q., Fernández-Pendás, J., Vikstål, P., Abad, T., Warren, C., Bengtsson, A., Tancredi, G., Shumeiko, V. S., Bylander, J., Johansson, G., et al. (2021) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.040348 · Cited by 49
Silicon photonic quantum computing with spin qubits
Yan, X., Gitt, S., Lin, B., Witt, D. M., Abdolahi, M., Afifi, A. E., Azem, A., Darcie, A., Wu, J., Awan, K. M., et al. (2021) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0049372 · Cited by 51
Limitations in quantum computing from resource constraintsPreprint
Fellous-Asiani, M., Chai, J. H., Whitney, R. S., Auffèves, A., & Ng, H. K. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.040335 · Cited by 4
“Today, the best coherence time for superconducting qubit is within the millisecond range: γ ∼ 1kHz [23, 24].”
BackgroundCollective Spin-Light and Light-Mediated Spin-Spin Interactions in an Optical Cavity
Li, Z., Braverman, B., Colombo, S., Shu, C., Kawasaki, A., Adiyatullin, A. F., Pedrozo-Peñafiel, E., Mendez, E., & Vuletić, V. (2022) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.020308 · Cited by 56
“, T2 2T1 [61,62], and therefore cannot be described by the coherent dipolar coupling that we are considering here.”
BackgroundCould the Quantum Internet Be Comprised of Molecular Spins with Tunable Optical Interfaces?
Laorenza, D. W., & Freedman, D. E. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c07775 · Cited by 50
Quantum Simulation of Dissipative Collective Effects on Noisy Quantum Computers
Cattaneo, M., Rossi, M. A. C., García-Pérez, G., Zambrini, R., & Maniscalco, S. (2023) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.4.010324 · Cited by 54
Superconducting Qubits above 20 GHz Operating over 200 mK
Anferov, A., Harvey, S. P., Wan, F., Simon, J., & Schuster, D. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.030347 · Cited by 64
“Superconducting qubits built from Josephson junctions are a promising technology for quantum sensing, hybrid systems coupling different types of quantum emitters [1, 2], and realizing large-scale quantum computing architectures [3].”
BackgroundLong-lived entanglement of molecules in magic-wavelength optical tweezers
Ruttley, D. K., Hepworth, T. R., Guttridge, A., & Cornish, S. L. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08365-1 · Cited by 55
“Foundational work has focused on the quantum control a variety of systems, such as trapped ions [5], superconducting circuits [3], neutral atoms excited to Rydberg states [4], quantum dots [1], and photons [2], enabling many applications in quantum computing [2, 18–25], metrology [26–28], and…”
BackgroundSuppression of Static Z Z Interaction in an All-Transmon Quantum Processor
Zhao, P., Lan, D., Xu, P., Xue, G., Blank, M., Tan, X., Yu, H., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.16.024037 · Cited by 48
“These achievements crucially rely on the improvement of the gate performance through increasing the transmon coherence time [4] and mitigating coherent error from non-ideal parasitic interaction [5–8].”
BackgroundPerspective on superconducting qubit quantum computing
Ezratty, O. (2023) · The European Physical Journal A · doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01006-7 · Cited by 61
Ready to Leap (by Co-Design)? Join Order Optimisation on Quantum Hardware
Schönberger, M., Scherzinger, S., & Mauerer, W. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data · doi:10.1145/3588946 · Cited by 49
“These issues will eventually (likely in the very long term [42]) be addressed by error-corrected, perfect QPUs.”
BackgroundBranching quantum convolutional neural networks
MacCormack, I., Delaney, C. P., Galda, A., Aggarwal, N., & Narang, P. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.013117 · Cited by 55
A phononic interface between a superconducting quantum processor and quantum networked spin memories
Neuman, T., Eichenfield, M., Trusheim, M. E., Hackett, L. P., Narang, P., & Englund, D. R. (2021) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-021-00457-4 · Cited by 62
Path toward manufacturable superconducting qubits with relaxation times exceeding 0.1 ms
Verjauw, J., Acharya, R., Van Damme, J., Ivanov, T., Lozano, D. P., Mohiyaddin, F. A., Wan, D., Jussot, J., Vadiraj, A. M., Mongillo, M., et al. (2022) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-022-00600-9 · Cited by 45
Lindblad Tomography of a Superconducting Quantum Processor
Samach, G., Greene, A., Borregaard, J., Christandl, M., Barreto, J., Kim, D. K., McNally, C. M., Melville, A. J., Niedzielski, B. M., Sung, Y., et al. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.064056 · Cited by 55
“05%) than measurements (typical error rates 1%) [38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPerspectives of quantum computing for chemical engineering
Bernal, D. E., Ajagekar, A., Harwood, S. M., Stober, S. T., Trenev, D., & You, F. (2022) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.17651 · Cited by 51
Hybrid superconducting photonic-phononic chip for quantum information processing
Xu, X., Wang, W., Sun, L., & Zou, C. (2022) · Chip · doi:10.1016/j.chip.2022.100016 · Cited by 48
Murthy, A. A., Das, P. M., Ribet, S. M., Kopas, C., Lee, J., Reagor, M. J., Zhou, L. W., Kramer, M. J., Hersam, M. C., Checchin, M., et al. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c07913 · Cited by 57
Entanglement and iSWAP gate between molecular qubits
Picard, L. R. B., Park, A. J., Patenotte, G. E., Gebretsadkan, S. F., Wellnitz, D., Rey, A. M., & Ni, K.-K. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08177-3 · Cited by 45
“Subsequent developments in quantum computing have shifted towards individually controllable systems with simpler structures, such as trapped ions 19 , neutral atoms 20 , and superconducting circuits 21 .”
Fate of Quantum Many-Body Scars in the Presence of Disorder
Mondragon-Shem, I., Vavilov, M., & Martin, I. (2021) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.030349 · Cited by 46
Universal Nonadiabatic Control of Small-Gap Superconducting Qubits
Campbell, D. L., Shim, Y.-P., Kannan, B., Winik, R., Kim, D. K., Melville, A. J., Niedzielski, B. M., Yoder, J., Tahan, C., Gustavsson, S., et al. (2020) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.10.041051 · Cited by 50
“7%, near state-of-the-art for conventional single-qubit microwave gates [7, 45], and they are approximately coherence limited.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKintzel, B., Fittipaldi, M., Böhme, M., Cini, A., Tesi, L., Buchholz, A., Sessoli, R., & Plass, W. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202017116 · Cited by 44
Minimum hardware requirements for hybrid quantum–classical DMFT
Jaderberg, B., Agarwal, A., Leonhardt, K., Kiffner, M., & Jaksch, D. (2020) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab972b · Cited by 45
Floquet-Engineered Enhancement of Coherence Times in a Driven Fluxonium Qubit
Mundada, P., Gyenis, A., Huang, Z., Koch, J., & Houck, A. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.14.054033 · Cited by 49
“[2] M.”
BackgroundImproving qubit coherence using closed-loop feedback
Vepsäläinen, A. P., Winik, R., Karamlou, A. H., Braumüller, J., Paolo, A. D., Sung, Y., Kannan, B., Kjærgaard, M., Kim, D. K., Melville, A. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29287-4 · Cited by 52
“In our experiment, we employ fl ux-tunable transmon qubits 15 , which are widely used in contemporary superconducting quantum processors 16,17 .”
MethodSelf-citationKumar, R., Shringi, A. K., Wood, H. J., Asuo, I. M., Oturak, S., Sanchez, D. E., Sharma, T. S. K., Chaurasiya, R., Mishra, A., Choi, W. M., et al. (2025) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2025.100946 · Cited by 43
Z2 lattice gauge theories and Kitaev's toric code: A scheme for analog quantum simulation
Homeier, L., Schweizer, C., Aidelsburger, M., Fedorov, A., & Grusdt, F. (2021) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.104.085138 · Cited by 47
“The continuing development of superconducting qubit technology [42, 43] moves this platform towards the focus of quantum simulation applications.”
BackgroundSystematic-Error-Tolerant Multiqubit Holonomic Entangling Gates
Wu, J., Wang, Y., Han, J., Jiang, Y., Song, J., Xia, Y., Su, S., & Li, W. (2021) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.16.064031 · Cited by 44
High coherence and low cross-talk in a tileable 3D integrated superconducting circuit architecture
Spring, P., Cao, S., Tsunoda, T., Campanaro, G., Fasciati, S. D., Wills, J., Bakr, M. S., Chidambaram, V., Shteynas, B., Carpenter, L. G., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl6698 · Cited by 49
Quantifying the effect of gate errors on variational quantum eigensolvers for quantum chemistry
Dalton, K., Long, C. K., Yordanov, Y. S., Smith, C. G., Barnes, C. H. W., Mertig, N., & Arvidsson-Shukur, D. R. M. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00808-x · Cited by 43
“Such errors are at least an order of magnitude below state-of-the-art experiments 25,50 and the surface-code threshold 8,11 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialARQUIN: Architectures for Multinode Superconducting Quantum Computers
Ang, J., Carini, G. A., Chen, Y., Chuang, I. L., Demarco, M., Economou, S. E., Eickbusch, A., Faraon, A., Fu, K. C., Girvin, S. M., et al. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing · doi:10.1145/3674151 · Cited by 101
Phonon engineering of atomic-scale defects in superconducting quantum circuits
Chen, M., Owens, J. C., Putterman, H., Schäfer, M., & Painter, O. J. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado6240 · Cited by 50
“Efforts to mitigate the impact of TLS have thus far focused on circuit design, material selection, and material surface treatment [5, 9–12].”
InfluentialBoretti, A. A. (2024) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-024-00171-y · Cited by 47
Mitigation of interfacial dielectric loss in aluminum-on-silicon superconducting qubits
Biznárová, J., Osman, A., Rehnman, E., Chayanun, L., Križan, C., Malmberg, P., Rommel, M., Warren, C., Delsing, P., Yurgens, A., et al. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00868-z · Cited by 56
The 2021 quantum materials roadmap
Giustino, F., Lee, J. H., Trier, F., Bibès, M., Winter, S. M., Valentí, R., Son, Y., Taillefer, L., Heil, C., Figueroa, A. I., et al. (2020) · Journal of Physics Materials · doi:10.1088/2515-7639/abb74e · Cited by 180
“The leading superconducting qubit types (see figure 15) [149] include the transmon qubit, consisting of a single junction shunted by a capacitor to maximize charge insensitivity, the flux qubit, a qubit sensitive to magnetic fields, and the fluxonium qubit, a single junction shunted by a super inductance, which is a p…”
Resource-Efficient Quantum Computing by Breaking Abstractions
Shi, Y., Gokhale, P., Murali, P., Baker, J. M., Duckering, C., Ding, Y., Brown, N. C., Chamberland, C., Javadi-Abhari, A., Cross, A. W., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.2994765 · Cited by 49
“3%– 1% in a device, measurement error of a single qubit is between 2% and 5% [1], [75].”
BackgroundFundamental Energy Requirement of Reversible Quantum Operations
Chiribella, G., Yang, Y., & Renner, R. (2021) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.11.021014 · Cited by 46
“For transmon superconducting qubits, the energy gap between |0〉 and |1〉 is around the order of 10 GHz [37, 38], implying an energy requirement of ∼ 10−24× − 12 J .”
BackgroundDemonstration of dynamical control of three-level open systems with a superconducting qutrit
Zheng, R., Ning, W., Yang, Z., Xia, Y., & Zheng, S. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac788f · Cited by 41
“02%, not small [60] because we intentionally extended the evolution time (3 μs).”
BackgroundImproved coherence in optically defined niobium trilayer-junction qubits
Anferov, A., Lee, K.-H., Zhao, F., Simon, J., & Schuster, D. I. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.024047 · Cited by 41
“Increasingly complex and robust quantum circuits have been demonstrated with aluminum junctions [7], however niobium is a tantalizing alternative superconductor due to its larger energy gap (and thus higher critical temperature and pair-breaking photon frequency) [8].”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjaergaard, M., Schwartz, M. E., Braumüller, J., Krantz, P., Wang, J. I.-J., Gustavsson, S., & Oliver, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-395
- ISSN
- 1947-5454 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-5462
- OpenAlex
- W2947902637
- Cited by
- 1,544
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 269 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 68
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FA8721-05-C-0002, 1720311)
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8721-05-C-0002)
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (W911NF1810218)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine
- Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology, Chalmers University of Technology
- Army Research Office (W911NF-18-1-0116, W911NF1810218, W911NF-18-1-0411, W911NF-14-1, W911NF-141-0682, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum computing hardware, noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing, two-qubit gate fidelity, qubit readout, logical qubits, quantum error correction, quantum algorithms, quantum simulation
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