The DOI matches its Crossref record; 181 of the 181 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 50 of the 149 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance
Open accessAbstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a plethora of important roles in the human body. Insufficient production of NO (for example, during older age and in various disease conditions) can adversely impact health and physical performance. In addition to its endogenous production through the oxidation of l-arginine, NO can be formed nonenzymatically via the reduction of nitrate and nitrite, and the storage of these anions can be augmented by the consumption of nitrate-rich foodstuffs such as green leafy vegetables. Recent studies indicate that dietary nitrate supplementation, administered most commonly in the form of beetroot juice, can ( a) improve muscle efficiency by reducing the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise and thereby improve endurance exercise performance and ( b) enhance skeletal muscle contractile function and thereby improve muscle power and sprint exercise performance. This review describes the physiological mechanisms potentially responsible for these effects, outlines the circumstances in which ergogenic effects are most likely to be evident, and discusses the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on physical performance in a range of human populations.
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Claims the paper makes
52 No full text of the sources · 31 Own interpretation · 20 Supported · 10 Partly supported · 7 Supported so far · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, six days of NO 3 supplementation has been reported to improve high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in trained soccer players who consumed ∼13 mmol NO 3 -per day (110)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [110] source
The Discussion reports that six days of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation improved high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in trained soccer players. It specifies a daily nitrate dose of 12.9 mmol, consistent with the citing sentence’s approximate 13 mmol. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, seven days of NO 3 -supplementation increased the expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -handling proteins, calsequestrin and dihydropyridine, in the type II skeletal muscle of NaNO 3 -supplemented mice (53).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [53] source
The Results report significantly greater CASQ1 (calsequestrin 1) and DHPR (dihydropyridine receptor) expression in fast-twitch EDL muscle from nitrate-treated mice than controls. The Abstract specifies that the mice received sodium nitrate in drinking water for seven days. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, an acute, high NO 3 -dose (∼10 mmol) did not alter 180-m sprint running performance compared to placebo in junior elite cross-country skiers (131).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [131] source
The Participants section identifies the runners as junior-elite cross-country skiers. Experimental Tests gives the acute nitrate dose as 9.9 mmol and includes a placebo condition. The Results report 180-m sprint times of 24.1 seconds with nitrate alone and 24.3 seconds with placebo; the significant sprint difference reported was between nitrate alone and the combined L-arginine–nitrate treatment, not placebo. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A single, high-NO 3 -bolus (11.2 mmol) has been shown to improve isokinetic knee extensor torque at very high angular velocities (360 • s -1 ) (28)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe a single 11.2 mmol nitrate dose and testing at 360°/s. The Results report that peak torque at that velocity only tended to increase (P=0.12); the increase was significant when torque was expressed relative to maximal isometric torque. The claim omits that distinction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
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In the paper
“A low dose of NO 3 -(∼5 mmol) administered acutely improved maximal power during 3-4-s inertial-load cycling sprints in trained athletes (128)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [128] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Methods and Results report that acute nitrate supplementation improved maximal power during 3–4-s inertial-load cycling trials in trained athletes. However, Methods > Methodology states that participants received two doses containing about 11.2 mmol nitrate in total, not a total dose of approximately 5 mmol. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Partly supported
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In the paper
“Increased exposure to NO 3 -and NO 2 -has been reported to activate PGC1-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α) (129) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (101) in skeletal muscle.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [129] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (p. 4) and Results (p. 11) report that nitrate increased PGC1α expression in rat skeletal muscle, supporting the PGC1α part attributed to this source. The passages do not establish that increased nitrite exposure has the same effect. AMPK is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [101] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Nitrite mediates biogenesis through activation of PGC1, SIRT1, and AMPK” (page unavailable), supports nitrite-dependent AMPK activation. But the Methods identify the experimental cells as rat aortic smooth muscle cells, not skeletal muscle; this source also does not establish the claimed effect of nitrate. In the citing sentence, this citation is attached to AMPK, while the PGC1-α claim has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, 5 days of NO 3 -supplementation did not improve repeated 30-s and 60-s sprint cycling performance (166).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [166] source
The Methods (Experimental design; page not supplied) describe a five-day nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation period, with repeated 30-s and 60-s cycling tests on days 4 and 5. The Discussion conclusion reports no significant performance improvement in either protocol. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Following a very high dose of NO 3 -(29 mmol administered over 36 h), a 4.2% improvement in distance covered was observed in recreationally active team sport players during the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), a well-established and ecologically valid test widely used to mimic the high-intensity running demands of football (10).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [166] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Subjects and Experimental design) describe recreational team-sport players, and the Discussion reports improved intermittent-exercise performance after beetroot juice supplementation. But this paper tested cycling after five days of supplementation, not distance covered in the Yo-Yo IR1 after 29 mmol of nitrate over 36 hours. It does not report the claimed 4.2% improvement. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This adaptation to several days of NO 3 -supplementation may underpin the reported increase in contractile force at low stimulation frequencies and faster rates of force development in isolated type II muscle fibers (53)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [53] source
The Discussion reports that seven days of nitrate supplementation altered calcium handling and increased force at low stimulation frequencies in fast-twitch muscle. The Results also report a markedly faster rate of force increase in isolated nitrate-treated fibres. These findings support the citing sentence’s hedged link between the adaptation and the reported contractile effects. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and recent evidence suggests that dietary NO 3 -may also be important in the health of the aging brain (122).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [122] source
The Conclusions report increased frontal-lobe white-matter perfusion in older adults after a high-nitrate diet and suggest potential benefits for cognitive health, while noting that further studies are needed. This supports the citing sentence’s cautious claim that dietary nitrate may be important for the aging brain. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“These proteins are known to activate signaling cascades that promote adaptive skeletal muscle remodeling to exercise training (27,47,87).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
- Supportedcites [47] source
In “The Signal For Adaptation: Is Interval Training Different?” (p. 7), the paper describes exercise-induced AMPK signaling and identifies PGC-1α as a downstream target and critical regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. It links these molecular events to skeletal-muscle adaptation to training, supporting the citing sentence’s broad paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [87] source
The Abstract (page not provided) identifies PGC-1α as a major regulator of exercise-induced muscle adaptation and places AMPK in a signaling network involved in skeletal-muscle adaptations. The paper describes AMPK as regulating PGC-1α, rather than both proteins acting in the same way, but supports the citing sentence’s broad point. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Moreover, compared to placebo, peak work rate during incremental exercise improved to a greater extent when three weeks (108) and four weeks (147) of SIT were combined with NO 3 -supplementation.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [108] source
The Methods and Discussion describe three weeks of sprint interval training and state that maximal work rate (WRmax) improved more in the nitrate group than in the placebo group. The Results report that the between-group difference approached, but did not reach, statistical significance (p=0.073). This source is cited for the three-week finding; the four-week finding has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [147] source
The Results (Incremental Exercise Test) report that after four weeks, peak work rate increased more with sprint interval training plus nitrate-rich beetroot juice than with training plus placebo (P < 0.001). The three-week finding is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Given that dietary NO 3 -may specifically enhance the physiological responses of type II, and not type I, muscle fibers to exercise (42,43,53,64)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [42] source
The Key points and the section ‘Effects of BR on exercising inter- and intra-muscular hindlimb BF and VC’ report that nitrate supplementation increased exercise blood flow and vascular conductance predominantly in type II muscles. The latter section also reports no blood-flow differences in highly oxidative muscles, supporting the hedged type II-versus-type I distinction. The responses measured in this rat study were vascular; the claim does not specify a different response. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Results (§3.3; page unavailable) report that beetroot-juice supplementation raised contracting microvascular oxygen pressure in the predominantly type II gastrocnemius, with no significant difference in the predominantly type I soleus. The Discussion (§4.3; page unavailable) notes a nonsignificant numerical increase in the soleus, so the claim’s cautious “may” is appropriate. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [53] source
The Abstract reports increased calcium and force in fast-twitch muscle from nitrate-supplemented mice, but no measured changes in slow-twitch muscle. The Discussion describes the effect as targeted to fast-twitch muscle, and the paper identifies exercise performance as a potential application. The citing sentence’s hedged wording is consistent with those findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The arterial-venous [NO 2 -] difference has been associated with limb vasodilation and increased muscle blood flow during hypoxic exercise (37).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [37] source
The Nitrite Pathways section reports significant arterial–venous plasma nitrite gradients across the exercising limb. The Figure 4 caption associates nitrite consumption across the leg muscle vasculature during hypoxic exercise with vasodilation and increased blood flow. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In particular, dietary NO 3 -supplementation enhanced the transformation toward a more oxidative muscle phenotype (type IIx → IIa) when combined with SIT in hypoxia (34) and normoxia (147).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Abstract reports that type IIx fibers decreased in all groups, while type IIa fibers increased only in the hypoxic SIT group receiving nitrate. The Discussion likewise identifies that increase as the study’s principal finding. This source is cited for the hypoxia portion of the sentence; the normoxia portion has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Partly supportedcites [147] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that nitrate supplementation with sprint interval training reduced the proportion of type IIx fibers and increased the combined proportion of type I and IIa fibers. However, type IIa fibers alone did not change significantly, so the paper does not establish a specific type IIx-to-IIa transformation in normoxia. The Discussion (page unavailable) also reports a type IIa increase during training in hypoxia from a separate study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By augmenting transcription pathways integral to skeletal muscle remodeling and by maintaining higher training intensities via the aforementioned effects on muscle contractile efficiency (8, 53, 160), dietary NO 3 -supplementation may modulate some of the physiological and exercise performance adaptations to exercise training.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
- Partly supportedcites [53] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The maximal rate of mitochondrial ATP resynthesis ( Qmax ), inferred from the muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery kinetics, was also restored to normoxic levels by NO 3 -supplementation (152).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [152] source
The Conclusions state that the PCr recovery time constant reflects the maximal oxidative rate and was not different between nitrate-supplemented hypoxia and normoxic control. The Discussion likewise says nitrate supplementation allowed the same maximal oxidative rate under mild hypoxia as in normoxia. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, recent evidence suggests that NO 3 -supplementation in the form of beetroot juice (147), a high-NO 3 -gel (108), and NaNO 3 (34) can modulate some of the physiological and performance adaptations to SIT.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [147] source
Citation (147) is attached to beetroot juice, not to the gel or NaNO3 examples. The Abstract and Discussion report that nitrate-rich beetroot juice taken during sprint interval training improved incremental exercise performance and augmented some physiological and muscle metabolic adaptations compared with placebo. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [108] source
The Practical Implications section reports that nitrate gels taken before sprint interval training were associated with less fatigue during repeated high-intensity exercise and a greater increase in maximal power output than training alone. The Discussion qualifies the training effect: nitrate did not improve VO₂max or ventilatory threshold beyond training alone, but may have benefited maximal work rate and repeated-sprint fatigue. These findings support the citing sentence’s hedged claim for the high-nitrate gel (108). (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Abstract reports that participants took NaNO3 capsules during five weeks of sprint interval training in hypoxia. It found an increase in type IIa muscle fibers and a tendency toward greater improvement in 30-second sprint performance compared with hypoxic training without nitrate. The citing sentence's cautious wording reflects that performance result, while this source supports the NaNO3 portion specifically. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Since several studies have found that NO 3 -supplementation does not influence postexercise PCr recovery kinetics in normoxia (45,79,153), it is likely that the speeding of PCr recovery in hypoxia is primarily due to improved O 2 delivery rather than a reduced O 2 cost of ATP resynthesis.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and Shannon et al. (134) showed a similar increase in m. gastrocnemius oxygenation during a 3-km treadmill TT under 11.7% and 14% O 2 after acute NO 3 -ingestion.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [134] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Muscle near-infrared spectroscopy; page unavailable) report higher muscle tissue saturation during the 3-km time trial after nitrate-rich beetroot juice than after placebo, with no supplement-by-altitude interaction. The Methods (Measurements and Overview; page unavailable) identify the measured muscle as the gastrocnemius and describe acute ingestion, but give the oxygen fractions as approximately 11.7% and 14.5%, not 11.7% and 14%. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This interpretation is consistent with the finding that compared to placebo, NO 3 -supplementation increased the recovery kinetics of the T2 * (effective transverse relaxation time) of the magnetic resonance signal, which reflects perfusion-related changes in oxygenation of the vascular compartment, following high-intensity knee-extension exercise in hypoxia (13% O 2 ) (153).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [153] source
The Abstract reports faster postexercise T2* signal-intensity recovery after nitrate than placebo in 13% O2 hypoxia. The Discussion also identifies accelerated T2* recovery kinetics as a primary finding. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“in heart failure patients (∼65-69-year-olds) with preserved ejection fraction (39,171)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Results (Participants; page not provided) report 20 patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, with a mean age of 69 ± 7 years. The Discussion reports that one week of dietary nitrate supplementation improved submaximal aerobic endurance in these patients, supporting the exercise-tolerance claim. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [171] source
The Results report a mean participant age of 65.5 years and increased peak oxygen uptake and total work after nitrate supplementation. The Methods identify the supplement as nitrate-rich beetroot juice, and the Discussion concludes that a single dose improved exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, no changes in resting cognitive and cerebrovascular function were reported following acute NO 3 -supplementation at moderate (134) and high (85, 134) simulated altitude.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [134] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation; page unavailable) reports no difference in resting cognitive function between supplements at simulated altitude. But the Results (Cerebral NIRS; page unavailable) report significantly lower cerebral HHb and tHb with nitrate than placebo during pre-exercise rest at 3,000 m. The claim of no resting cerebrovascular change at moderate altitude is therefore not supported by these cerebral measurements. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [85] source
This source supports the high-altitude portion of the citing sentence: the Design (p. 7) describes simulated hypoxia equivalent to approximately 4,600 m, and the Conclusions (p. 19) report no effect of nitrate versus placebo on cognitive performance. Table 2 (p. 25) shows similar resting cerebrovascular measures in the nitrate and placebo conditions during hypoxia. The moderate-altitude portion is attached to a different citation, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It should also be considered that the acute NO 3 -supplementation employed in all but one (16) of the hypoxic TT studies has likely contributed to variable findings.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] source
The citation identifies the exception to acute supplementation. The Methods in the Abstract and the Conclusions describe this study’s regimen as three days of oral nitrate supplementation; the citing authors’ suggestion that supplementation duration contributed to variable findings is their own interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Dietary NO 3 -has been shown to improve exercise tolerance in older (∼67 years) peripheral arterial disease patients by delaying the onset of claudication pain (71)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] source
The Materials and Methods section reports that the eight patients with peripheral arterial disease were aged 67 ± 13 years. The Abstract reports that, after dietary nitrate in beetroot juice, they walked 18% longer before claudication pain began and had a 17% longer peak walking time than after placebo. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that the vasculature of healthy older individuals is sensitive to the vasodilatory effect of dietary NO 3 -at rest, as indicated by reduced systemic blood pressure (60, 68, 125, 140).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
- Partly supportedcites [125] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study methods (pp. 1584–1585) describe older volunteers without signs or symptoms of cardiovascular disease, but with moderate cardiovascular risk. The results report that dietary nitrate reduced systolic blood pressure from 137 to 129 mm Hg in participants with mild hypertension. This supports a blood-pressure effect in the studied group, but the claim omits their cardiovascular-risk and hypertension qualifiers; the copy does not explicitly describe the measurement as taken at rest. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“NO 3 ingestion has also been shown to increase the compensatory vasodilator response during hypoxic, but not normoxic, exercise in older adults (21).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] source
The Abstract reports that beetroot juice, a dietary nitrate source, substantially augmented compensatory vasodilation during hypoxic exercise in older adults. The Results (Table 3) show a significant increase in their forearm vascular conductance during hypoxic exercise after supplementation, but not during normoxic exercise. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (12).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Conclusions (section 4.7) report that acute dietary nitrate supplementation extended time to exhaustion during submaximal exercise in patients with mild to moderate COPD. This supports the claim that it improved exercise tolerance in COPD patients. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Acute dietary NO 3 -intake did not alter cognitive task performance during continuous cycling at 50% or 70% V O 2 peak (149) or during loaded treadmill walking at 30% V O 2 peak at simulated altitude (134).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [149] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the cycling portion; the loaded treadmill-walking portion has a separate citation. Procedures (p. 4) place the cognitive tasks during cycling at 50% and 70% VO₂peak, and Cognitive performance (p. 16) reports no difference in task performance between nitrate and placebo. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [134] source
Citation (134) is attached to the loaded treadmill-walking portion of the sentence, not the cycling portion, which cites (149). The Methods describe walking at 30% V̇O₂max while carrying a 10 kg backpack at simulated altitude; the Discussion (page not provided) reports no effect of nitrate supplementation on cognitive function during or following exercise. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Improved exercise efficiency has been consistently reported when the diets of recreationally active humans have been supplemented with NO 3 -(8, 9, 79, 81-83, 150).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [150] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the scope for NO 3 -ingestion to enhance muscular efficiency appears to be reduced in trained subjects owing to their already well-developed oxidative metabolic machinery and/or greater NO bioavailability.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent studies indicate that dietary nitrate supplementation, administered most commonly in the form of beetroot juice, can (a) improve muscle efficiency by reducing the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise and thereby improve endurance exercise performance and (b) enhance skeletal muscle contractile function and thereby improve muscle power and sprint exercise performance.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, several studies have reported that NO 3 -ingestion does not significantly improve submaximal exercise efficiency in trained subjects (13,15,26).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The O 2 cost of cycle exercise is considered to be essentially fixed (with a 10-mL/min increase in V O 2 required for every 1-W increase in power output) and to be independent of factors such as age, health status, and physical fitness (65).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Jones AM, 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“During constant-work-rate exercise, the improved exercise tolerance with NO 3 supplementation has been in the range of 16-25% (8,9,78).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the resting plasma [NO 3 -] and [NO 2 -] are higher in athletes than in nonathletic controls (67,132).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] source
- Not matchedcites [132] Schena F, 2002, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“but, in contrast to rodent skeletal muscle, improvements in contractile function may be independent of changes in proteins associated with calcium handling (160).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [160] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This phenomenon is likely explained by favorable changes in muscle contractility.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These results indicate that dietary NO 3 -supplementation improves the coupling between ATP hydrolysis and muscle force production, implicating this as an important determinant of the reduced V O 2 during exercise.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Bailey et al. (8) investigated the mechanistic bases for the physiological effects of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some recent evidence indicates that dietary NO 3 -supplementation during periods of exercise training may impact physiological adaptation and thus positively influence subsequent exercise performance.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“However, a recent study has demonstrated that a dosing regimen similar to that used to enhance continuous exercise performance (∼6 mmol NO 3 -), when administered over 5 days, resulted in a similar improvement in Yo-Yo IR1 performance (3.9%) in recreationally active team sport players (146).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [146] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The reduction in V O 2 following NO 3 administration is not unique to cycling exercise, having also been observed in healthy participants during walking and running (79), a two-legged knee-extensor exercise (8) (Figure 2), kayaking (105), and rowing (116).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longer-term NO 3 -supplementation may evoke structural protein-related changes in type II muscle that are sufficient to improve contractile efficiency and support greater performance during sprint-type activity.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and in trained rowers who consumed ∼5.5 mmol NO 3 -per day (14).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“but had no effect on the capacity of trained athletes to perform repeated 8-10-s sprints in cycling (94) or kayaking (105).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, there is evidence that several days of dietary NO 3 -supplementation may enhance the performance of healthy, recreationally active individuals during activities that require the generation of power and speed over short distances and durations (Figure 4).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Acutely, dietary NO 3 -may augment cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediated effects of NO on muscle contraction (93).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is likely that the effects of dietary NO 3 -on muscle contractility and sprint performance is influenced by the dose and duration of NO 3 -administration.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Seven days of NO 3 -supplementation also improved force production at low stimulation frequencies in human muscle (51,160)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A low NO 3 -dose (∼5.5 mmol/day) taken over six days had no effect on repeated 20-s sprint cycling performance in elite endurance athletes (26).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Improved exercise efficiency has also been reported following acute NO 3 -treatment, having been observed 60 min following NaNO 3 ingestion (82) and 2.5 h following beetroot juice ingestion (150).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As described above for endurance exercise, the evidence for NO 3 -supplementation to enhance repeated sprint performance in trained populations is equivocal.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Wylie et al. (166) tested the effect of dietary NO 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Continuing NO 3 -supplementation for 15 days maintains the improved exercise efficiency observed following acute beetroot juice supplementation (150).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [150] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These results suggest that mitochondrial biogenesis does not contribute to the improvement in exercise tolerance, at least following short-term NO 3 -supplementation.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Consistent with this notion, the changes in [ADP], [P i ], and [PCr] following NO 3
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary NO 3 -has the potential to ameliorate these effects through enhanced O 2 delivery and/or a reduction in the O 2 cost of exercise.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Exercise in hypoxia is associated with reduced muscle oxidative function and impaired exercise tolerance.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Augmenting the NO 3 --NO 2 --NO pathway by dietary means may therefore have potential as an ergogenic aid at high altitude.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This preliminary finding indicates that the interaction of exercise and dietary NO 3 -may have important implications for neuroplasticity in older age.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Six weeks of NO 3 -supplementation combined with endurance training in normobaric hypoxia did not enhance 30-min TT performance compared to the placebo condition.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [123] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NO 3 -supplementation may be particularly beneficial to athletes engaging in high-intensity interval and sprint interval training (SIT).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Masschelein et al. (95) reported a 4% increase in total oxygenation index (TOI) of m. vastus lateralis during incremental cycle exercise in hypoxia (11% O 2 ) after six days of NO 3 -supplementation”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, when administered concurrently with exercise training in the form of SIT, dietary NO 3 -supplementation may potentiate some physiological and exercise performance adaptations by augmenting the molecular signaling response.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, postintervention muscle AMPK and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α mRNA content was not different between groups.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [123] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assessment of muscle oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has provided further evidence that enhanced O 2 delivery is important in the ergogenic effects of NO 3 -supplementation in hypoxic exercise.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings indicate that NO 3 -supplementation may not augment the skeletal muscle adaptive response to endurance training in hypoxia.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, Petrie et al. (118) found improved functional connections within the motor community in older adults assigned to six weeks of exercise with concurrent beetroot juice supplementation compared to those assigned to exercise with a placebo supplement.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [118] Petrie M, 2017, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may also have therapeutic applications in conditions where O 2 delivery to muscle is acutely or chronically reduced, such as in pulmonary, cardiovascular, and sleep disorders; during vascular surgery; or as a consequence of aging.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NO 3 -may therefore have potential for improving vascular control and hyperemic response during exercise in older populations that are characterized by impaired skeletal muscle blood flow and/or reduced NO bioavailability.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individual responsiveness to NO 3 -supplementation may be influenced by the ability to metabolize ingested NO 3 -, including NO 3 -reduction by the commensal bacteria in the oral cavity (36), as well as the bioactivity of NO and/or other nitrogen-containing derivatives.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“COPD (137)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [137] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Wightman et al. (162) extended these findings by demonstrating that improvements in cognitive task performance following acute NO 3 -supplementation coincided with better matching of the cerebral hemodynamic response to the cognitive challenge.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [162] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The high training status of study participants may have attenuated the ergogenic effects of NO 3 during hypoxic TTs in some (5, 91, 111) but not all (106, 135) of these studies.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A positive effect of dietary NO 3 on cognitive function (decision-making reaction time) was first reported in patients with type II diabetes (48).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cognitive performance is considered to be a key determinant of sporting success (99)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This effect has since been replicated in healthy younger individuals at rest (146) and during exercise (148) following short-term (5-7 days) NO 3 -supplementation.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Evidence relating to the effects of NO 3 -supplementation on exercise tolerance in older patient populations, which are affected by reduced O 2 delivery to skeletal muscle, is equivocal (for review, see 112, 164).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“or type II diabetes mellitus (136).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [136] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the reduction in NOS activity and the lower endogenous NO 3 -and NO 2 -stores limit the ability of these populations to produce NO.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in supplementation doses and durations, as well as the sensitivity of criterion exercise tests, likely contribute to discrepancies between studies regarding the ergogenic effects of dietary NO 3 -in these populations.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A hallmark of aging and of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is a reduced ability to produce NO through the canonical L-arginine-NOS-NO pathway (84).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, others have found no change in exercise capacity after NO 3 -supplementation in ∼63-70-year-old patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (54)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One important difference between NO 3 -and other putative ergogenic aids is that the effects of NO 3 -on muscle contractility and muscle efficiency are relevant across a wide spectrum of human activity-from very short-duration contractions requiring muscle strength and power to long-duration activities requiring muscular endurance.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Dietary NO 3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, larger NO 3 -doses (∼13 mmol) taken over seven days improved decision-making reaction time without decrements in response accuracy during a 90-min intermittent sprint-cycling protocol designed to mimic the metabolic demands of team sport (148).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During high-intensity intermittent exercise, cognitive performance was unaltered following five days of NO 3 -supplementation (146).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [146] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings suggest that, at rest and perhaps during exercise, acute and shortterm NO 3 -supplementation may improve cognitive task performance in healthy young adults in normoxia.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Exercise is known to promote several mechanisms that maintain brain structure and function (29,40)”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
- Supportedcites [40] source
The Discussion describes several pathways by which exercise may support brain structure and function, including BDNF-associated cell proliferation, dendritic branching, and increased vascularization. It also reports increased hippocampal volume and improved memory after exercise, while noting that effects vary by brain region. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“An early study showed that NO 3 -supplementation attenuated the muscle metabolic perturbation during high-intensity knee-extension exercise in hypoxia (14.5% O 2 ) and restored exercise tolerance to that observed in normoxia (152).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [152] source
The Abstract describes knee-extension exercise in 14.5% O₂ and reports that nitrate supplementation reduced muscle metabolic perturbation while restoring exercise tolerance to values observed in normoxia. The Discussion states the same principal finding specifically for high-intensity exercise. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“It should be noted that evidence for enhanced O 2 delivery does not exclude the possibility that NO 3 --induced alterations in metabolic control (153) and mitochondrial efficiency (81) also contribute to increased Qmax in hypoxia.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [153] source
The Discussion says faster PCr recovery in hypoxia may be predominantly due to improved O2 delivery, while explicitly leaving open a contribution from altered metabolic control. It also reports higher Qmax after nitrate supplementation in hypoxia. The separate citation attached to mitochondrial efficiency is not needed to support the part attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“These studies suggest that the exercise capacity of physically active individuals is improved during hypoxic exercise (11-14.5% O 2 ) when NO 3 -supplementation is continued for 24 h-6 days (59, 69, 95, 152; cf.130), but not following acute NO 3 -ingestion (46).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [59] source
The Methods (Subjects; page unavailable) describe participants who exercised regularly. The Abstract reports that after four days of nitrate supplementation, time to exhaustion during exercise at 13.95% oxygen was significantly longer than with placebo. This source supports the multi-day supplementation finding; the sentence cites a different source for the acute-ingestion comparison. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Some studies indicate that acute NO 3 -supplementation (∼6-15 mmol) can improve exercise performance in a TT (106, 134, 135), but others have found no significant ergogenic effects (5,91,111).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] source
- Supportedcites [134] source
The Methods (Overview; page unavailable) describe a single ~12.5 mmol nitrate dose before each trial, within the claimed range. The Results (TT performance; page unavailable) report significantly faster time-trial completion with nitrate-rich beetroot juice than placebo. The sentence cites other studies separately for the absence of ergogenic effects; that finding is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [135] source
This paper supports the positive time-trial finding for which it is cited. The Methods (p. 5) describe a single dose of approximately 15.2 mmol nitrate three hours before exercise, and the Results (p. 10) report a 3.2% improvement in 1500 m time-trial performance versus placebo in moderate normobaric hypoxia. The citing sentence assigns the no-effect findings to other references. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Only one study has investigated the effects of chronic (three-day) NO 3 -supplementation and found that 15-km cycle TT performance was not improved in trained cyclists exercising in 11% O 2 (16).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] source
The Methods (Experimental design; page unavailable) describe three-day nitrate supplementation in trained cyclists and hypoxia at an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.11. The Results (Fifteen kilometers time-trial cycling; page unavailable) report no significant improvement in 15-km completion time with nitrate under hypoxia. The citation identifies this study; the paper does not establish the citing authors’ broader claim that it was the only such study. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While the efficacy of dietary NO 3 -to reduce systemic blood pressure in older age has been extensively studied (reviewed in 140; see also 139, 142), relatively few studies have assessed the effects of NO 3 -supplementation on exercise capacity in healthy older individuals.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [140] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [139] source
- Could not verifycites [142] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Some studies have indicated that NO donors and NO 3 -supplementation may enhance cerebral perfusion (52, 122), particularly to areas responsible for executive functioning (122), and enhance coupling of cerebral blood flow to neuronal activity (1, 119).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] source
- Supportedcites [122] source
The Discussion reports that oral nitrate increased cerebral blood flow in the white matter of older adults and identifies the frontal-lobe deep white matter as important for cognitive function. The Conclusion describes the affected regions as involved in executive functioning. The separate claim about coupling blood flow to neuronal activity is cited to other sources, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2007, Larsen et al. (83) made the remarkable discovery that three days of sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) supplementation increased the plasma [NO 2 -] and reduced the O 2 cost of submaximal cycle exercise (83).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Following three days of beetroot juice supplementation, the plasma [NO 2 -] was doubled, and the increase in O 2 uptake ( V O 2 ) during exercise was reduced by approximately 5% (9).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent studies indicate that dietary nitrate supplementation, administered most commonly in the form of beetroot juice, can (a) improve muscle efficiency by reducing the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise and thereby improve endurance exercise performance and (b) enhance skeletal muscle contractile function and thereby improve muscle power and sprint exercise performance.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While many studies have confirmed the early observations described above, others have not, and it appears that the efficacy of NO 3 -supplementation depends on several factors, including the training status of the participants, the dose and duration of NO 3 supplementation, and the duration, intensity, and nature of the exercise task (63).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In athletes or recreational exercise enthusiasts, improved exercise efficiency following NO 3 -ingestion would be expected to enable the same work rate to be sustained for longer or a higher work rate to be sustained for the same duration.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent with the experimental hypothesis, NO 3 -administration improved 4.0-km and 16.1-km TT performance by 2.8% and 2.7%, respectively (78).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results imply that dietary nitrate ingestion permits more muscular work to be performed per unit time for the same energy cost, i.e., that the efficiency of skeletal muscle contraction is enhanced.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results elegantly demonstrated that NO 3 -supplementation reduced mitochondrial proton leakage and uncoupled respiration.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Consistent with this notion, the changes in [ADP], [P i ], and [PCr] following NO 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Taken together with the findings of Bailey et al. (8), those of Larsen et al. (81) suggest that NO 3 -supplementation improves exercise efficiency by improving the efficiency of both muscle contraction (reduced high-energy phosphate cost of force production) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (increased P/O ratio).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Consistent with this notion, the changes in [ADP], [P i ], and [PCr] following NO 3
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In all, these findings suggest that while NO 3 -supplementation appears less effective at improving economy and performance in highly trained and elite athletes during cycling and running exercise, NO 3 -supplementation may provide an ergogenic effect for highly trained kayakers and rowers, although these improvements are dependent on a sufficient dose of NO 3 -being administered.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 6. INFLUENCE OF FITNESS ON THE EFFICACY OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all, these reports suggest that extending the supplementation period (at least up to four weeks) does not improve (or reduce) the effects of NO 3 -consumption on exercise economy but that exercise performance may benefit from a chronic, rather than an acute, supplementation strategy.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 5. THE INFLUENCE OF DOSE AND DURATION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OBSERVED
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the findings from these acute NO 3 -consumption studies suggest that a NO 3 -dose of 5.0-8.5 mmol (310-527 mg) is likely to improve exercise economy, but to elicit an improvement in both exercise economy and performance, a NO 3 -dose of >8.5 mmol (>527 mg) might be necessary.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 5. THE INFLUENCE OF DOSE AND DURATION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OBSERVED
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although there is evidence that inorganic NO 3 -supplementation, particularly when administered chronically, can improve performance in moderately trained endurance athletes ( V O 2 peak < 60 mL/kg/min), the impact of NO 3 -on highly trained or elite endurance athletes ( V O 2 peak ≥ 60 mL/kg/min) is not promising and has been the topic of much debate (e.g., 66) (Figure 2).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 6. INFLUENCE OF FITNESS ON THE EFFICACY OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Despite the discrepancy in the literature, recent meta-analyses indicate that NO 3 -supplementation both lowers the O 2 cost of exercise (114) and improves endurance exercise performance (98) in healthy volunteers.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that the NO-mediated signaling cascades generated by NO 3 -supplementation are synergistic to the molecular signaling processes stimulated by exercise training.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 8. INTERACTION OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EXERCISE TRAINING AND DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In another study, three days of NO 3 -supplementation increased the TOI of m. vastus lateralis during cycle exercise by 3.6% compared to placebo, although this effect did not reach statistical significance (69).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This observation indicates that NO 2 -is utilized by the active muscle, potentially facilitating distribution of O 2 to areas of high metabolic activity (145).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [145] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As enzymatic production of NO requires the presence of O 2 and essential cofactors, it has been proposed that the NO 3 --NO 2 --NO reduction pathway might compensate for impaired NO production via NOS under conditions of reduced O 2 availability (88).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 9. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Dietary supplementation with NO 3 -may therefore represent a practical and cost-effective means to restore NO homeostasis and improve exercise tolerance in these populations (113).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“A characteristic feature of these populations is exercise intolerance that often occurs in concert with a reduced NO production during exercise (2, 84), suggesting a role for NO dysfunction in exercise intolerance.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NO 3 -supplementation with 9.6 mmol/day for three days resulted in a reduction in systemic blood pressure at rest and a speeding of the V O 2 response (mean response time) across the transition from standing rest to treadmill walking in 60-70-year-old men and women (68).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, Kelly et al. (68) found no effect of three days of NO 3 -supplementation on the ability of healthy older adults to complete cognitive tasks at rest, and found no changes in cerebral perfusion and metabolism, measured via 1 H-MRS and 31 P-MRS, respectively.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“During intense exercise, as cerebral oxygenation diminishes (133), higher-order functions of the prefrontal cortex may be disengaged to avoid compromising optimal motor function (35), and cognitive abilities are compromised (44,126).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This manifests as a reduction in circulating [NO 3 -] and [NO 2 -] (73), which, as described in Section 2, can be recycled back into bioactive NO through the NO 3 --NO 2 --NO pathway.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronic medication and/or multiple systemic and metabolic maladaptations associated with conditions such as type II diabetes, COPD, and obesity may limit NO production, NO bioavailability, and NO's ultimate bioactivity in target tissues.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, NO 3 -ingestion did not affect functional capacity assessed with a 6-min walk test, nor the muscle metabolic response to low-intensity knee-extension exercise measured by 31 P-MRS (68).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 10. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER AGE AND DISEASE STATES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Importantly, the greatest differences between the NO 3 -and placebo conditions were observed in the final third of each 40-min “half ” (148), when fatigue-related alterations in cerebral physiology/cognitive abilities may be greatest (44).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the mechanisms responsible for the physiological effects observed remain unclear, the effects on muscle function and performance appear to be robust, at least in non-elite athlete subjects and when an appropriate supplementation regimen is followed.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Dietary NO 3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is therefore essential that NO production is maintained at the appropriate rate to support activity, and there are certain circumstances in which it might limit muscular performance (for example, during intense exercise, in hypoxia, and in older age and specific disease conditions).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > Dietary NO 3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Nitric oxide plays many important roles relevant to human physical activity, including regulation of neuromuscular activity and muscle excitation-contraction coupling (via Ca2+ activity), mitochondrial respiration, and blood flow and its intramuscular and/or cerebral distribution.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, relatively few studies have investigated the influence of NO 3 -supplementation on cognitive performance during exercise.”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 11. EFFECTS OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Exercise in hypoxia is associated with reduced muscle oxidative function and impaired exercise tolerance.
“Exercise in hypoxia is associated with reduced muscle oxidative function and impaired exercise tolerance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Athletes competing in both individual and team sports must make quick and accurate decisions while simultaneously performing exercise at varying intensities.
“athletes competing in both individual and team sports must make quick and accurate decisions while simultaneously performing exercise at varying intensities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nitric oxide plays many important roles relevant to human physical activity, including regulation of neuromuscular activity and muscle excitation-contraction coupling (via Ca2+ activity), mitochondrial respiration, and blood flow and its intramuscular and/or cerebral distribution.
“NO plays many important roles that are relevant to human physical activity, including regulation of neuromuscular activity and muscle excitation-contraction coupling (via Ca 2+ activity), mitochondrial respiration, and blood flow and its intramuscular and/or cerebral distribution.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Safety concerns regarding dietary nitrate primarily relate to its potential conversion into nitrosamines, also known as N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) [185,188].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“vegetables provide antioxidants and bioactive compounds that enhance NO bioavailability and inhibit nitrosamine formation [185,188].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“More recently, inorganic nitrate (NO3−) ingestion, often administered as concentrated NO3−-rich beetroot juice (BR), has been reported to confer ergogenic effects in various exercise modalities [35], including running [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47], rowing [48,49], kayaking [50], knee extensions [37,51] and cycling [52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64].”
From Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“In a large cohort of 1420 older women of ≥70 years of age, the relationship between total nitrate intake and muscle function measures was analyzed [33]. Each standard deviation higher nitrate intake (31.2 mg/kg) was associated with stronger grip strength and faster timed-up-and-go”
In the citing paper
“Dietary nitrate can be serially reduced to nitric oxide (NO), providing a complementary pathway to the nitric oxide synthase (NOS-)supported conversion of arginine to NO [19].”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Although nitrate supplementation is more likely to benefit higher-intensity events [19]”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“nitrate supplementation is thought to reduce the oxygen cost of exercise via enhanced calcium handling and contractile efficiency [19]”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The apparent lack of effect in elite endurance athletes may be a function of their athletic status (e.g., due to a superior background NO production or reduced number of Type II muscle fibres in which nitrate supplementation might be most suited to targeting conditions of hypoxia or acidosis [19,56,61,62]) as well as an interaction with the conditions of use.”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > 3. INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NITRATE INTAKE ON INDICES OF NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DURING EXERCISE
“In 2007, Larsen et al. (83) made the remarkable discovery that three days of sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) supplementation increased the plasma [NO 2 -] and reduced the O 2 cost of submaximal cycle exercise (83).”
§ Annual Review of Nutrition Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance > References
“83. Lefferts WK, Hughes WE, White CN, Brutsaert TD, Heffernan KS. 2016. Effect of acute nitrate supplementation on neurovascular coupling and cognitive performance in hypoxia.”
Citations
Cites
The L-Arginine-Nitric Oxide Pathway
Epstein, F. H., Moncada, S., & Higgs, A. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199312303292706 · Cited by 6,678
Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 · Cited by 4,855
Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond
WU, G., & MORRIS, S. M. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3360001 · Cited by 2,811
Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms
Allen, D. G., Lamb, G. D., & Westerblad, H. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2007 · Cited by 2,495
Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Marquez, D. X., Hu, L., & Kramer, A. F. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166 · Cited by 2,134
Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation
Cosby, K., Partovi, K. S., Crawford, J. H., Patel, R. P., Reiter, C. D., Martyr, S., Yang, B. K., Waclawiw, M. A., Zalos, G., Xu, X., et al. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm954 · Cited by 1,807
RESPIRATORY ENZYMES IN OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Chance, B., & Williams, G. R. (1955) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57189-7 · Cited by 1,473
Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., & Krustrup, P. (2008) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200838010-00004 · Cited by 1,463
Biosynthesis of nitric oxide from l-arginine
Moncada, S., Palmer, R. M. J., & Higgs, E. A. (1989) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(89)90403-6 · Cited by 1,222
RESPIRATORY ENZYMES IN OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Chance, B., & Williams, G. R. (1955) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57191-5 · Cited by 1,125
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Coyle EF, 1979, Med. Sci. Sports, 11, 12
- Modin A, 2001, Acta Physiol. Scand., 171, 9
- Petrie M, 2017, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 72, 1284
- Schena F, 2002, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 42, 129
- Wagner DA, 1983, Cancer Res, 43, 1921
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise
Hargreaves, M., & Spriet, L. L. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4 · Cited by 1,408
Nitric oxide signaling in health and disease
Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.010 · Cited by 881
Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers
Burke, L. M., Jeukendrup, A. E., Jones, A. M., & Mooses, M. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0004 · Cited by 170
Self-citationJones, A. M., Vanhatalo, A., Seals, D. R., Rossman, M. J., Piknova, B., & Jonvik, K. L. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002470 · Cited by 156
Self-citationDiet for the prevention and management of sarcopenia
Calvani, R., Picca, A., Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Tosato, M., Marzetti, E., & Landi, F. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155637 · Cited by 164
Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, A. M., Thompson, C., Wylie, L. J., & Vanhatalo, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Andrew M.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2018-08-21
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 303-328
- ISSN
- 0199-9885 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4312
- OpenAlex
- W2888009838
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, nitrate supplementation, beetroot juice, physical performance, endurance exercise, sprint performance, muscle efficiency, oxygen cost of exercise, skeletal muscle contractile function, nitrite, leafy vegetables, ergogenic aids
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Food Analysis, Humans, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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