The DOI matches its Crossref record; 105 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 25 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas
Open accessAbstract
Defines intersectionality as a knowledge project attentive to power relations and notes that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age are reciprocally constructing phenomena.
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Claims the paper makes
62 Own interpretation · 13 Sources not found · 13 No basis given · 8 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“The growth and institutionalization of intersectionality can also be measured by the arrival of undergraduate readers whose purpose is to introduce intersectionality to students and the lay public.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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In the paper
“in a postgenomic age, the resurgence of race in science, law, and medicine points to the resiliency of biological understandings of race within contemporary racial projects of science itself, typically without racially discriminatory intent (Duster 2015).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duster 2015 source
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In the paper
“African American intellectual production has a storied history of protesting both the social structural dimensions of racism and the cultural representations of people of African descent (Kelley 2002).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kelley 2002
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In the paper
“contemporary color-blind racism constitutes a differently organized yet equally powerful racial formation that manages to replicate racial hierarchies, often without overt attention to race itself”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bonilla-Silva 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Brown et al. 2003
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this theory makes room for multiple interpretive communities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Instead, Black feminism's immediate concern in the United States was to empower African American women through critical analyses of how mutually constructing systems of oppression of race, class, gender, and sexuality framed the social issues and social inequalities that Black women faced.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the United States, the racial formation of color-conscious racism has relied on a deep-seated logic of segregation that was applied to all aspects of social structures and cultural representations.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Such groups find intellectual and political space within racial formation theory for the group-based knowledge of racial projects that oppose racial hierarchy and racial inequality (Collins 1998a, pp. 201-28).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through its analysis of racial projects, racial formation theory can account for change in ways that retain the agency of individual human actors and group-based action.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racial formation theory offers social actors guidance as to how their individual and collective actions matter in shaping racial inequality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several special editions of journals have also been devoted to various aspects of intersectionality as a field of study.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Monographs too numerous to cite here use the term intersectionality, as well as various combinations of the terms race, class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and ability in their titles”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the early 2000s, heightened interest in intersectionality fostered a blizzard of journal articles, special editions to journals, edited volumes, and undergraduate anthologies.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality's increasing acceptance as a field of study within the academy is clearly evident.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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In the paper
“Because it conceptualizes race as situated within the recursive relationship between social structures and cultural representations, racial formation theory conflates neither discourses about race”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas racial formation theory (ironically, itself a knowledge project) focuses on racism as a mono-categorical system of power, intersectionality examines social formations of multiple, complex social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this regard, Black feminism as a knowledge project was both situated within the specific context of the United States and connected to broader, global social justice concerns (Collins 2000, pp. 227-50).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 2000, pp. 227-50
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eugenics arguments fell out of favor in the post-World War II era, suggesting that counterarguments claiming that race was socially constructed with no connections to biology had prevailed.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(a) intersectionality as a field of study that is situated within the power relations that it studies”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The broader knowledge project provides a set of ideas that provide moments of definitional consensus.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“Within racial formation theory, ideas matter, not simply as hegemonic ideologies produced by elites but also as tangible, multiple knowledge projects that are advanced by specific interpretive communities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“racial formation theory conflates neither discourses about race (e.g., racial meanings, representations, and social identities) nor the power relations in which racial meanings are situated.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(b) intersectionality as an analytical strategy that provides new angles of vision on social phenomena”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within this overarching umbrella, intersectionality can also be profitably conceptualized as a constellation of knowledge projects that change in relation to one another in tandem with changes in the interpretive communities that advance them.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“Intersectionality can be conceptualized as an overarching knowledge project whose changing contours grow from and respond to social formations of complex social inequalities”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“I analyze intersectionality as a knowledge project whose raison d'être lies in its attentiveness to power relations and social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
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- Rests on an assumption: Race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that shape complex social inequalities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because groups aim to have their interpretations of racial inequality prevail, knowledge lies at the heart of racial projects.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overarching intersectional frameworks have been so successful because they remain broad and unspecified.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the eugenics projects that advanced widely accepted scientific knowledge about race had significant impact on the public policies of the United States, Germany, and many nation-states.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The strength of racial formation theory lies in how it links specific knowledge projects (racial projects) with historically constructed power relations (racial formations).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“Linking power with knowledge, the construct of community provides an important framework for understanding the interpretive communities that advance intersectionality's many knowledge projects.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge projects are not free-floating phenomena; they are grounded in specific sociological processes experienced by actual people.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because understanding racial inequality remains central to racial formation theory, it provides intellectual and political space for subordinated social groups such as African Americans, Latinos, Asians, and indigenous peoples.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“(c) intersectionality as critical praxis that informs social justice projects”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A sociology of knowledge framework suggests that knowledge-including knowledge aimed at better understanding intersectionality-is socially constructed and transmitted, legitimated, and reproduced.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Balibar 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Berger & Luckmann 1966
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- Not matchedcites Foucault 1980
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“intersectional knowledge projects typically focus on three interdependent concerns.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The third focal point emphasizes intersectionality as a form of critical praxis, especially its connections with social justice.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Yet despite these efforts, the richness of these knowledge projects rarely make it into the legitimated canon of established fields.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They provide the illusion that the constellation of smaller knowledge projects can be uncritically categorized under intersectionality's big tent umbrella.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet intersectionality goes farther than this mono-system analysis, introducing a greater level of complexity into conceptualizing inequality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Racial formations have distinctive configurations of racial projects for which interest groups advance various interpretations of racial inequality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first focal point makes intersectionality as a field of study the object of investigation.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality can build on this foundation by moving beyond a mono-categorical focus on racial inequality to encompass multiple forms of inequality that are organized via a similar logic.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet the sets of practitioners that lay claim to intersectionality via multiple cross-cutting and competitive intersectional knowledge projects reveal a lack of consensus about intersectionality's history, current organization, and future directions.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Historically constructed, ever-changing racial formations organize racialized groups, the specific patterns of racial inequality that link racialized populations, and social problems that ensue.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just as racial formations change in response to racial projects, racial projects change in relation to changing racial formations.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality faces a particular definitional dilemma-it participates in the very power relations that it examines and, as a result, must pay special attention to the conditions that make its knowledge claims comprehensible.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality's definitional dilemma occurs in this intellectual and political space.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there is the need for better assessments of pain, suffering, and injury.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In scholarly settings, the critical dimensions of Davis's work open her up to accusations of bias-her analyses of capitalism, neoliberalism, racism, and prisons can read as too polemical and therefore unscholarly.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality is not simply a field of study to be mastered or an analytical strategy for understanding; rather, intersectionality as critical praxis sheds light on the doing of social justice work.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet critical scholarship linked to critical practice such as this is also part of a broader intersectional knowledge project that increasingly transcends the traditional boundaries of academic projects.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these scholar-activists, intersectionality as a form of critical praxis made sense for their social justice projects aimed at remedying complex social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the underemphasis on intersectionality as critical praxis within academia most likely reflects efforts to avoid the implicit political implications of intersectionality itself.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scholars may know less about intersectionality as critical praxis simply because they fail to look for it.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet because the protected categories gain meaning only in relation to one another, actualizing human rights means transcending the limitations of a strictly legal statement of human rights.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The protected categories in human rights gain meaning only in relation to one another.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Holding fast to the creativity of this dynamic area of inquiry and practice yet finding a common language that will be useful to its practitioners is the cutting-edge definitional dilemma for intersectionality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, in activist venues searching for a critical analysis of social inequality, these same ideas remain wellreceived, precisely because her work remains critical.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, human rights requires more effective tools for identifying the kinds of distinctions that constitute discrimination.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet on the basis of their respective agendas, activist and scholarly circles can interpret Davis's intellectual production differently.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women's studies assumed an important leadership role by enabling gender scholars who were spread across various disciplines to gather, compare, and contrast the study of women within their distinctive disciplines, and then migrate back into those very same disciplines with this new knowledge.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Davis's stature as a public intellectual has provided a platform for her ideas, making it difficult if not impossible to exclude them from academic venues.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Canadian activist Harsha Walia's (2013) analysis of border imperialism is written for, not about, activists.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Walia 2013
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite intersectionality's ongoing definitional ambiguities, intersectionality as a field of study has catalyzed a copious outpouring of new knowledge, much of it produced by researchers, faculty members, and students who use intersectionality as an analytical strategy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > PRODUCING NEW KNOWLEDGE: INTERSECTIONALITY AS AN ANALYTICAL STRATEGY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This underemphasis may be due in part because these areas valorize studying or writing about intersectionality over practicing it.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mission statements from the IBPA illustrate the aspirations of social actors who wish to bring intersectionality into public policy areas:”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This rhetorical strategy of mentioning one African American woman as intersectionality's foremother fosters a collective ritual that legitimates this particular origin story.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ideas expressed in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights bear a strong family resemblance to strands of intersectionality that are aligned with social justice initiatives.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the intellectual richness of Crenshaw's work, contemporary narratives of the emergence of intersectionality rarely situate her work within this crucial historical juncture linking knowledge projects from social movements advanced by women of color with the institutionalization of race/class/gender studies.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As Carbado (2013) points out,”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carbado 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context, intersectionality as a knowledge project faces the fundamental challenge of sustaining its critical edge.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Practitioners are often frontline actors for solving social problems that are clearly linked to complex social inequalities, a social location that predisposes them to respond to intersectionality as critical praxis.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Teachers, social workers, parents, policy advocates, university support staff, community organizers, clergy, lawyers, graduate students, and nurses often have an up close and personal relationship to violence, homelessness, hunger, illiteracy, poverty, sexual assault, and similar phenomena.
In the paper
“For example, Simon Fraser University's Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA) initiative, housed at the Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, aims to generate research with direct applicability to Canadian health policy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hankivsky 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality as a knowledge project remained unnamed as such during the 1980s, the major decade when its ideas but not its name were incorporated into the US academy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For example, from her pathbreaking work on women, race, and class to her sustained attention to prison abolition, the storied career of Angela Davis (1981Davis ( , 2012) ) speaks to a sustained engagement with intersectionality as critical praxis.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davis 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The value of critical praxis reflects the norms of any given interpretive community.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This connection between social justice and remedying complex social inequalities seems more prominent outside academic settings than within them.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasingly, intersectionality's ideas can travel across diverse interpretive communities, a shift that has important implications for intersectionality as critical praxis.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality potentially helps address three main concerns.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her book is unlikely to be selected for ASA sessions on”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The third concern is the search for appropriate reparations and remedies to victims of human rights abuses.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Practitioners who would be drawn to intersectionality as critical praxis seek knowledge projects that take a stand; such projects would critique social injustices that characterize complex social inequalities, imagine alternatives, and/or propose viable action strategies for change.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite its ubiquity, intersectionality as critical praxis remains underemphasized within intersectionality as a field of study and within scholarship that draws on intersectionality as an analytical strategy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals, the challenge for this field lies in integrating intersectional frameworks into both health care delivery practices and public policies.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet groups such as these have a vested interest in drawing upon intersectional frameworks to address social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Local, grassroots, small-scale, and/or temporary groups that draw upon intersectionality to guide their critical praxis are typically composed of society's overlooked populations: the young, women, people of color, and poor people.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the visibility of scholars as the public face of intersectionality, practitioners such as hip-hop poets, Afro-Brazilian feminists, IBPA scholar-activists, and intellectual activists such as Angela Davis and Harsha Walia may be equally if not more likely to put forth the innovative, cutting-edge intersectional analyses that will advance the field.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changing political economy of publishing and social media provides new venues for circulating intersectional analyses both outside and inside academia.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It not only contained an explicit analysis of the interconnectedness of race, class, gender, and sexuality as systems of power, but also constituted one defining moment for the emergence of race/class/gender studies and its subsequent renaming as intersectionality (Collins 2000).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that shape complex social inequalities.
“The term intersectionality references the critical insight that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A general consensus exists about intersectionality's general contours.
“By now, a general consensus exists about intersectionality's general contours.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Teachers, social workers, parents, policy advocates, university support staff, community organizers, clergy, lawyers, graduate students, and nurses often have an up close and personal relationship to violence, homelessness, hunger, illiteracy, poverty, sexual assault, and similar phenomena.
“Teachers, social workers, parents, policy advocates, university support staff, community organizers, clergy, lawyers, graduate students, and nurses often have an up close and personal relationship to violence, homelessness, hunger, illiteracy, poverty, sexual assault, and similar phenomena.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Local, grassroots, small-scale, and/or temporary groups that draw upon intersectionality to guide their critical praxis are typically composed of society's overlooked populations: the young, women, people of color, and poor people.
“Typically, these groups are composed of society's overlooked populations, specifically the young, women, people of color, and poor people.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals.
“Because public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals, the challenge for this field lies in integrating intersectional frameworks into both health care delivery practices and public policies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The protected categories in human rights gain meaning only in relation to one another.
“Yet because the protected categories gain meaning only in relation to one another, actualizing human rights means transcending the limitations of a strictly legal statement of human rights.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Intersectionality theory suggests that people experience multiple forms of stigma in interlocking systems and structures of oppressive power.9”
From An acceptance-based, intersectional stigma coping intervention for people with HIV who inject drugs—a randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
“Toni Morrison's (1971Morrison's ( , 1987Morrison's ( , 1992) ) books The Bluest Eye and Beloved”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > References
“Morrison T. 1970. The Bluest Eye. New York: Vintage Books”
Citations
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Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 32,792
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
McDonald, N., Schoenebeck, S., & Forte, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359174 · Cited by 1,206
“Research that is focused on social change, power structures, and empowerment may consider the concept of agreement to perpetuate injustices the research is looking to overcome [23].”
BackgroundIntersectionality as Critical Social Theory
Collins, P. H. (2019) · doi:10.1215/9781478007098 · Cited by 1,639
Self-citationRace and gender differences in how sense of belonging influences decisions to major in STEM
Rainey, K., Dancy, M., Mickelson, R., Stearns, E., & Moller, S. (2018) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-018-0115-6 · Cited by 681
Jacobson, D., & Mustafa, N. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406919870075 · Cited by 436
“Some of the many facets that make up our social identities include but are not limited to class, citizenship, ability, age, race, sexual orientation, cis/trans status, and gender (Collins, 2015; Dhamoon & Hankivsky, 2011).”
Health Disparities due to Diminished Return among Black Americans: Public Policy Solutions
Assari, S. (2018) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12042 · Cited by 473
“According to this theory, it is not an individual identity, but the intersections of multiple identities that determines exposures and vulnerabilities to risk and protective factors (Collins, 2015; Hancock, 2007).”
BackgroundMoradi, B., & Grzanka, P. R. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000203 · Cited by 501
“…in validity and reliability—which often manifests as a postpositivist search for truth (Eagly & Riger, 2014)—can distract and detract from what Collins’ (2015) termed “ideas of action”: intersectionality’s investment in empowering Black women through critically analyzing interlocking…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRosenthal, L. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040323 · Cited by 462
Sustainability Science: Toward a Synthesis
Clark, W. C., & Harley, A. G. (2020) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-043621 · Cited by 426
Johnson, D. A., Jackson, C. L., Williams, N. J., & Alcántara, C. (2019) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s169312 · Cited by 374
Gkiouleka, A., Huijts, T., Beckfield, J., & Bambra, C. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.025 · Cited by 319
Intersectional inequalities in science
Kozlowski, D., Larivière, V., Sugimoto, C. R., & Monroe‐White, T. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2113067119 · Cited by 374
Evolving Intersectionality Within Public Health: From Analysis to Action
Bowleg, L. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.306031 · Cited by 306
Scientific Literacy and Social Transformation
Valladares, L. (2021) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-021-00205-2 · Cited by 481
“Taken as a broad-based knowledge project, Collins (2015) has analyzed intersectionality from three focal points: (i) as a field of study that refers to the conceptualization of its history, themes, boundaries, debates, and directions; (ii) as an analytical strategy, i.e., as a tool that provides new angles from which…”
BackgroundInfluentialMerlo, J. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.026 · Cited by 316
The Theory and Praxis of Intersectionality in Work and Organisations: Where Do We Go From Here?
Rodríguez, J. K., Holvino, E., Fletcher, J. K., & Nkomo, S. M. (2016) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12131 · Cited by 345
“In the same manner, Jones and Wijeyesinghe (2011) suggest the need to teach by acknowledging diverse identities and dynamics in classroom settings, calling attention to how students’ experiences differ based on their differential positioning within intersecting systems of power (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialIreland, D. T., Freeman, K. E., Winston‐Proctor, C. E., DeLaine, K., Lowe, S. M., & Woodson, K. M. (2018) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x18759072 · Cited by 327
“…scholars from the fields of psychology, sociology, and legal studies have produced seminal syntheses of the knowledge and frameworks that consider how to conceptualize and analyze the implications and meanings of multiple social statuses (e.g., Cho et al., 2013; Cole, 2009; Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntersectionality as Critical Social Theory
Collins, P. H., da Silva, E. C. G., Ergün, E., Furseth, I., Bond, K. D., & Palacios, J. M. (2021) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/s41296-021-00490-0 · Cited by 439
Self-citation#SayHerName: a case study of intersectional social media activism
Brown, M. C., Ray, R., Summers, E., & Fraistat, N. (2017) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1334934 · Cited by 297
Silence, Power, and Inequality: An Intersectional Approach to Sexual Violence
Armstrong, E. A., Gleckman-Krut, M., & Johnson, L. (2018) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041410 · Cited by 303
Patient-Reported Experiences of Discrimination in the US Health Care System
Nong, P., Raj, M., Creary, M., Kardia, S. L. R., & Platt, J. E. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29650 · Cited by 255
Reyes, V. (2018) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/1466138118805121 · Cited by 248
“Research incorporating an intersectionality perspective, which pays attention to how people’s multiple identities are entwined, also has a long history (Cooper, 1892; Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundIntersectionality: Connecting experiences of gender with race at work
Rosette, A. S., de Leon, R. P., Koval, C. Z., & Harrison, D. A. (2018) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2018.12.002 · Cited by 295
Vélez, G., & Spencer, M. B. (2018) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20247 · Cited by 264
Hostile climates are barriers to diversifying the geosciences
Marín-Spiotta, E., Barnes, R. T., Berhe, A. A., Hastings, M. G., Mattheis, A., Schneider, B. B., & Williams, B. M. (2020) · Advances in geosciences · doi:10.5194/adgeo-53-117-2020 · Cited by 234
“…intersection of multiple marginalized identities (e.g., gender, age, race, ethnicity, ability, socioeconomic status, religion, nationality or citizenship) are more likely than others to experience discrimination and exclusionary behaviors (Collins, 2015; Crenshaw, 1989, 1993; Yosso et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGendered racism and the sexual and reproductive health of Black and Latina Women
Rosenthal, L., & Lobel, M. (2018) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2018.1439896 · Cited by 249
“Further, it calls for changing societal structures that oppress and harm marginalized groups (e.g. Collins 2015; May 2015; Rosenthal 2016), providing a foundation to translate research into action to reduce disparities.”
BackgroundSocial geography I: Intersectionality
Hopkins, P. E. (2017) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132517743677 · Cited by 246
“…anti-racist feminist academics and activists who have been so crucial to shaping the field of intersectionality (e.g. Anthias and Yuval-Davis, 1982; Brah, 1996; Brah and Phoenix, 2004; Davis, 1983, 2016; Collins, 2000, 2013, 2015; Crenshaw, 1989, 1991; Hancock, 2007; hooks, 1982; YuvalDavis, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialQuinn, K. G., Bowleg, L., & Dickson‐Gómez, J. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.042 · Cited by 222
“One of the central tenets of intersectionality is that the individual experiences of people at multiple marginalized intersectional positions are differentially shaped by social and structural inequality (Crenshaw, 1991; Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundEmancipation through digital entrepreneurship? A critical realist analysis
Dy, A. M., Martin, L., & Marlow, S. (2018) · Organization · doi:10.1177/1350508418777891 · Cited by 213
“Our CR perspective is complemented by an intersectional approach (Collins, 2015; Martinez Dy et al., 2014) that attends to structural and cultural mechanisms emergent from the historical social meanings attached to co-constituted categories of gender, race and socio-economic class.”
MethodA cor da dor: iniquidades raciais na atenção pré-natal e ao parto no Brasil
Leal, M. D. C., da Gama, S. G. N., Pereira, A. P. E., Pacheco, V. E., do Carmo, C. N., & Santos, R. V. (2017) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00078816 · Cited by 293
What makes a good mother? Two decades of research reflecting social norms of motherhood
Schmidt, E., Décieux, F., Zartler, U., & Schnor, C. (2023) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12488 · Cited by 198
“Second, and in close alignment with the contingency of norms and behavior, we conceive of mothering as being shaped by intersecting categories that create structures of domination, power, and social inequities (Collins, 1994, 2015; Few-Demo & Allen, 2020; Frederick et al., 2019).”
BackgroundApplying intersectionality theory in health promotion research and practice
Heard, E. M., Fitzgerald, L., Wigginton, B., & Mutch, A. J. (2019) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daz080 · Cited by 211
Covarrubias, R., Valle, I., Laiduc, G., & Azmitia, M. (2018) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558418788402 · Cited by 196
“Extending this work to college samples and taking an intersectional approach (see Collins, 2015), Vasquez-Salgado et al. (2015) documented how Latinx FG students’ familial obligations conflicted with school demands.”
BackgroundGender, Feminist, and Intersectional Perspectives on Families: A Decade in Review
Few‐Demo, A. L., & Allen, K. R. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12638 · Cited by 216
Future Directions for Incorporating Intersectionality Into Quantitative Population Health Research
Agénor, M. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305610 · Cited by 206
“Indeed, by more comprehensively capturing as well as addressing the simultaneous influence of multiple dimensions of interpersonal and structural discrimination linked to intersecting systems of power and oppression on the lives of multiply marginalized people in social and historical context and in partnership with c…”
BackgroundInfluentialRacial Discrimination in Housing: How Landlords Use Algorithms and Home Visits to Screen Tenants
Rosen, E., Garboden, P. M. E., & Cossyleon, J. E. (2021) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224211029618 · Cited by 197
“Given that everyday experiences are simultaneously shaped by race, gender, class, and other intersecting identities (Collins 1990, 2015; Crenshaw 1991), neither gender-based nor race-based analyses alone are likely to account for the multiple forms of discrimination faced by women of color, and…”
BackgroundNjoku, A. U., Evans, M. A., Nimo-Sefah, L., & Bailey, J. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11030438 · Cited by 174
“women encountered at the intersections of race, class, and gender [18].”
BackgroundMackenbach, J. P. (2019) · Regimes of Inequality · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831419.001.0001 · Cited by 181
Disparities at the intersection of marginalized groups
Jackson, J. W., Williams, D. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1276-6 · Cited by 184
“Intersectional perspectives have a long history within social justice movements, and are often invoked to critique social activism and policy responses that frame racial and gender oppression as separate issues [5, 9, 10].”
BackgroundA Hierarchically-Labeled Portuguese Hate Speech Dataset
Fortuna, P., da Silva, J. R., Wanner, L., & Nunes, S. (2019) · Workshop on Abusive Language Online (ALW) · doi:10.18653/v1/w19-3510 · Cited by 182
The spatialities of intersectional thinking: fashioning feminist geographic futures
Mollett, S., & Faria, C. (2018) · Gender Place & Culture · doi:10.1080/0966369x.2018.1454404 · Cited by 187
The Development of Transgender Studies in Sociology
Schilt, K., & Lagos, D. (2017) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053348 · Cited by 162
The intersectional privilege of white able-bodied heterosexual men in STEM
Cech, E. A. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo1558 · Cited by 159
“Intersectional approaches have been used by social scientists to study other patterns of social inequality for decades (25, 26) but have only recently begun to make their way into investigations of inequality in STEM (17, 18, 27–29).”
MethodA Leak in the Academic Pipeline: Identity and Health Among Postdoctoral Women
Ysseldyk, R., Greenaway, K. H., Hassinger, E., Zutrauen, S., Lintz, J., Bhatia, M. P., Frye, M., Starkenburg, E., & Tai, V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01297 · Cited by 183
“The women interviewed were also primarily Caucasian, and so some issues related to intersectionality (Collins, 2015) and the “concrete ceiling” (Cotter et al., 2001) for women from racial or ethnic minority groups could not be fully explored.”
BackgroundInfluentialIntersectionality: From Theory to Practice
Al-Faham, H., Davis, A. M., & Ernst, R. (2019) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042942 · Cited by 213
Hegemonic Femininities and Intersectional Domination
Hamilton, L. T., Armstrong, E. A., Seeley, J. L., & Armstrong, E. M. (2019) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275119888248 · Cited by 172
“The concept of gender order, however, exemplifies what Collins and Chepp (2013; also Collins 2015) called monocategorical thinking : It is focused on a single system of power— not the interrelation of systems of domination (see Hancock 2007 on a “unitary approach”).”
Environmental Stressors and Migration: Evidence from Vietnam
Koubi, V., Spilker, G., Schaffer, L. M., & Bernauer, T. (2015) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.016 · Cited by 149
Radulski, E. M. (2022) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000524122 · Cited by 194
“Collins (2015) explains: “The term intersectionality references the critical insight that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social…”
BackgroundIntersections of disability justice, racial justice and environmental justice
Jampel, C. (2018) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2018.1424497 · Cited by 159
“…being both Black and a woman, to the Combahee River Collective’s 1977 statement about ‘interlocking oppressions’, to Kimberle Crenshaw’s germinal essays (1989, 1991), which serve as a key signpost and foundation for contemporary analysis (Collins 2015; May 2015; Carastathis 2016; Strand 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialLabour geography III: Precarity, racial capitalisms and infrastructure
Strauss, K. (2019) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132519895308 · Cited by 160
“Racial formations, like social formations, are associated with both legitimating and insurrectionary knowledge projects (racial projects) that naturalize or disrupt hierarchies of difference (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundOwens, J. (2022) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224221135810 · Cited by 164
“…approach is also motivated by prior research revealing that Black and Latino boys are typified as “dangerous,” “threatening,” “less childlike,” and “more criminally inclined” than their White peers, leading to disproportionately harsh punishment (Collins 2015; Elliott and Reid 2019; Rios 2011).”
ResultNon-Native English Speakers Learning Computer Programming
Guo, P. J. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173970 · Cited by 169
“Our study focuses only on respondents’ language backgrounds (Q1–3) but does not consider the complex intertwined roles [17] of culture, socioeconomic status, education levels, age, gender, race, ethnicity, and other factors.”
BackgroundGuan, A., Thomas, M. D., Vittinghoff, E., Bowleg, L., Mangurian, C. V., & Wesson, P. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100977 · Cited by 175
“Additionally, in Collins’ work on the definitional dilemmas of intersectionality, she describes the disconnection between intersectionality as a scholarly practice from its use within social justice projects, which has widened since its adoption into the academy (Collins, 2015a).”
BackgroundMethods of intersectional research
Misra, J., Curington, C. V., & Green, V. M. (2020) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2020.1791772 · Cited by 190
“In this way, PAR grapples with connections between knowledge and power within communities, because as Collins (2015:5) reminds us, “ knowledge projects are not free-floating phenomena; they are grounded in specific sociological processes experienced by actual people.”
BackgroundIntersectionality: A pathway towards inclusive education?
Bešić, E. (2020) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-020-09461-6 · Cited by 223
“The different aspects of one’s identity are not “unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but . . . reciprocally constructing phenomena” (Collins 2015, p. 2).”
BackgroundIntersectionality and the politics of knowledge production
Mügge, L. M., Montoya, C., Emejulu, A., & Weldon, S. L. (2018) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/251510818x15272520831166 · Cited by 149
“…of disciplines have used the idea of intersectionality to explore how ‘race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive categories but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that shape complex social inequalities’ (Hill Collins 2015: 2).”
BackgroundSupporting the Mental Health Needs of First Generation College Students
House, L. A., Neal, C., & Kolb, J. (2019) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2019.1578940 · Cited by 139
“Intersectionality takes into account “the critical insight that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities” (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundViolence against Women and Reactions to Gender Equality in Politics
Biroli, F. (2018) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x18000600 · Cited by 137
“Systemic violence targets women because they are women, although they are differently affected and have gendered experiences that are also shaped by race, class, sexuality, generation, and nationality (Collins 2015).”
BackgroundHealth and Health Care of Sexual and Gender Minorities
Hsieh, N., & Shuster, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211016436 · Cited by 165
“A third theoretical framework critical to understanding SGM health is intersectionality, which originated from black feminist scholarship (Collins 2015; Crenshaw 1991).”
BackgroundPaton, M., Naidu, T., Wyatt, T. R., Oni, O., Lorello, G. R., Najeeb, U., Feilchenfeld, Z., Waterman, S. J., Whitehead, C. R., & Kuper, A. (2020) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-020-10006-x · Cited by 160
“Intersectional perspectives (Collins 2015; Crenshaw 1989, 1991) recognize that there are multiple forms of oppression that are cumulative.”
BackgroundSeeking refuge? The potential of urban climate shelters to address intersecting vulnerabilities
Amorim‐Maia, A. T., Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J., & Chu, E. K. (2023) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104836 · Cited by 148
Harris, T. M., & Harris, R. K. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosb028.pub2 · Cited by 134
Hargrove, T. W., Halpern, C. T., Gaydosh, L. M., Hussey, J. M., Whitsel, E. A., Dole, N., Hummer, R. A., & Harris, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00692-8 · Cited by 135
Against climate apartheid: Confronting the persistent legacies of expendability for climate justice
Rice, J. L., Long, J., & Levenda, A. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848621999286 · Cited by 156
“Yet, these differences are intersecting and intertwined, what Black feminist scholars have called intersectionality (Collins, 2015; Crenshaw, 1989).”
BackgroundMoen, P., Pedtke, J. H., & Flood, S. (2020) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waaa013 · Cited by 129
Intersectionality in Education: A Conceptual Aspiration and Research Imperative
Tefera, A., Powers, J. M., & Fischman, G. E. (2018) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x18768504 · Cited by 151
“…religion, citizenship, ability, and age, among other things, shape the structural dynamics of power and inequality in social spaces and individual identities (Carbado, Crenshaw, Mays, & Tomlinson, 2013; Collins, 2015); and (b) strengthening the synergy between critical inquiry and praxis.”
BackgroundApplying an intersectionality lens to expand equity in the geosciences
Núñez, A., Rivera, J., & Hallmark, T. (2019) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.1080/10899995.2019.1675131 · Cited by 132
“As noted earlier, intersectionality also focuses on social transformation to foster equitable opportunity structures, particularly for those who have been historically disadvantaged within these systems (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialSexual and gender minority health vulnerabilities during the COVID ‐19 health crisis
Gibb, J. K., DuBois, L. Z., Williams, S., McKerracher, L., Juster, R., & Fields, J. (2020) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23499 · Cited by 135
“…on the “ critical insight ” of the intersectional theory that “ race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities ” (Collins, 2015, p. 2).”
BackgroundCole, S. (2017) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.018 · Cited by 143
“Intersectionality, a term coined by Crenshaw (1989), stresses the interwoven nature of categories of oppression, has become ‘‘institutionalised in sociology” (Collins, 2015: p. 2).”
BackgroundKoubi, V., Spilker, G., Schaffer, L., & Böhmelt, T. (2016) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-016-0258-7 · Cited by 125
Castro, M. R., & Holvino, E. (2016) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12129 · Cited by 133
Schooling as a Formative Political Experience: Authority Relations and the Education of Citizens
Bruch, S. K., & Soss, J. (2018) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592717002195 · Cited by 136
Placing intersectional inequalities in health
Bambra, C. L. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102761 · Cited by 138
“Within an intersectional framing, the boundaries between structural context and individuals are fluid, permeable and interacting (Collins, 2015).”
Segregation of women in tourism employment in the APEC region
Hutchings, K., McLennan, C.-L., Chai, A., Garofano, N., & Moore, S. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100655 · Cited by 149
The Politics of Privacy Theories: Moving from Norms to Vulnerabilities
McDonald, N., & Forte, A. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376167 · Cited by 123
“, [18, 19]) and have also pointed out its roots in critical black feminist thought dating back to the 18th century [90].”
BackgroundHolman, D., Salway, S., Bell, A., Beach, B., Adebajo, A., Ali, N., & Butt, J. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00742-w · Cited by 134
A Model of Queer STEM Identity in the Workplace
Mattheis, A., de Arellano, D. C., & Yoder, J. B. (2019) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1610632 · Cited by 132
Nguyen, T., & Nguyen, B. M. D. (2018) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x18759280 · Cited by 151
“…to design qualitative studies that center the relationships between students and institutions, for they are far more revealing of the heterogeneity within the FGS population and the hidden and overlapping mechanisms that facilitate “power relations and social inequalities” (Collins, 2015, p. 3).”
InfluentialIntersectionality in Public Leadership Research: A Review and Future Research Agenda
Breslin, R. A., Pandey, S., & Riccucci, N. M. (2017) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x17697118 · Cited by 131
“…Personnel Administration 37(2) agreement that intersectionality reflects the simultaneous and multiple axes of power and social inequality (Cho et al., 2013; Collins, 1990, 2015) that produce the lived experiences of those who occupy multiple marginalized social categories (Crenshaw, 1989, 1991).”
BackgroundWarner, J., & Guo, P. J. (2017) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3105726.3106174 · Cited by 117
“We also did not investigate the possible effects of intersectionality [13] (e.g., the experiences of women who are also underrepresented minorities).”
BackgroundNelson, L. K. (2021) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101539 · Cited by 104
“Because it is a traveling theory (Said 1983), precisely defining intersectionality in a way that encompasses its many uses is challenging (Collins 2015).”
BackgroundThe Contexts of Social InclusionPreprint
Silver, H. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2641272 · Cited by 115
Military service member and veteran reintegration: A critical review and adapted ecological model.
Elnitsky, C., Blevins, C. L., Fisher, M., & Magruder, K. M. (2017) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000244 · Cited by 135
“Examining MSMV reintegration from this interdisciplinary perspective, including economic, sociological, and psychological analyses, has helped increase awareness of power dynamics, social discrimination, and associated implications for health (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundNext steps in dismantling discrimination: Lessons from ecology and conservation science
Chaudhury, A., & Colla, S. R. (2020) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12774 · Cited by 114
Zambrana, R. E., Wingfield, A. H., Lapeyrouse, L. M., Dávila, B. A., Hoagland, T. L., & Valdez, R. B. (2016) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12147 · Cited by 105
What Explains Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Job Quality in the Service Sector?
Storer, A., Schneider, D., & Harknett, K. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122420930018 · Cited by 103
“Scholars such as Collins (2015), hooks (1984), and Glenn (1992) argue that race and gender are not simply separate dimensions of disadvantage but are intersectional, that is, “race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities,…”
BackgroundSociolinguistics and modes of social class signalling: African perspectives
Banda, F. (2020) · Journal of Sociolinguistics · doi:10.1111/josl.12409 · Cited by 105
“In essence, the notion highlights that social inequality is produced by a multitude of intersecting social phenomena, locations, and systems of power, and not by a single factor (Collins, 2015; Walker et al., 2019).”
BackgroundIntersectionality and the Changing Face of Ecofeminism
Kings, A. E. (2017) · Ethics & the Environment · doi:10.2979/ethicsenviro.22.1.04 · Cited by 131
Rainey, K. D., Dancy, M., Mickelson, R. A., Stearns, E., & Möller, S. (2019) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-019-0159-2 · Cited by 115
“Intersectionality refers to the idea that aspects of one’s identity (e.g., race, gender, class, sexual orientation) are not mutually exclusive, but instead interact to construct one’s identity (Crenshaw 1991; Collins 2015).”
Using the right words to address racial disparities in COVID-19
Milner, A. N., & Jumbe, S. E. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30162-6 · Cited by 128
Beholding Inequality: Race, Gender, and Returns to Physical Attractiveness in the United States
Monk, E. P., Esposito, M. H., & Lee, H. (2021) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/715141 · Cited by 97
The Cultural Lens Approach to Bowen Family Systems Theory: Contributions of Family Change Theory
Erdem, G., & Safi, O. A. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12258 · Cited by 100
“Such a framework aligns with discussion of intersectionality in family science (Collins, 2015; Falicov, 1995; Purkayastha, 2012).”
BackgroundGrand Challenges, Feminist Answers
Benschop, Y. (2021) · Organization Theory · doi:10.1177/26317877211020323 · Cited by 81
“Intersectionality as a concept arose from pioneering work in black feminist scholarship and has gained prominence in the study of multiple inequalities (Collins, 2015; Collins & Bilge, 2020; Crenshaw, 2017).”
BackgroundShannon, G. D., Motta, A., Cáceres, C. F., et al. (2017) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2017.1330458 · Cited by 92
“women, including participating communities [24].”
Freeman, L. (2017) · The Journal of Environment & Development · doi:10.1177/1070496517727325 · Cited by 94
What is intersectionality and why is it important in oral health research?
Muirhead, V., Milner, A. N., Freeman, R., Doughty, J., & Macdonald, M. E. (2020) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12573 · Cited by 98
Intersectionality research in counseling psychology.
Grzanka, P. R., Santos, C. E., & Moradi, B. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000237 · Cited by 112
Tough on Crime, Tough on Families? Criminal Justice and Family Life in America
Wakefield, S., Lee, H. E., & Wildeman, C. (2016) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716216637048 · Cited by 92
Constructing Allyship and the Persistence of Inequality
Sumerau, J. E., Forbes, T. D., Denise, E. J., et al. (2020) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spaa003 · Cited by 86
“…persistence of systemic oppression along the lines of race, class, sex, gender, sexuality, and other social locations despite major changes, advancements, and transformations since, at least, the 1950s (Bonilla-Silva 2017; Collins 2015; Davis 2015; Ridgeway 2011; Schrock, Sumerau, and Ueno 2014).”
Background“Bloody Wonder Woman!”: Identity performances of elite women entrepreneurs on Instagram
Heizmann, H., & Liu, H. (2020) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726720979034 · Cited by 98
“Such an approach demands a critical application of intersectionality theory that interrogates the relations of power produced at the intersection of these multiple axes (Collins, 2015; Dhamoon, 2011; Knight, 2016; Liu, 2018).”
BackgroundToward an economic sociology of race
Hirschman, D., & Garbes, L. (2019) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwz054 · Cited by 90
Metadata
- Authors
- Collins, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-1315;
- Venue
- Annual Review of Sociology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-08-14
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2115
- OpenAlex
- W2148974647
- Semantic Scholar
- 48116d925a63de9e9dd793450a6ed59d51767d35
- Cited by
- 2,419
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 254 · 2025: 320 · 2024: 325 · 2023: 295 · 2022: 287 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 211 · 2019: 220 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 28.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Sociology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- intersectionality, power relations, social inequality, race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, disability, age, critical praxis, social justice, knowledge production
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