The DOI matches its Crossref record; 105 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 25 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas
Open accessAbstract
Defines intersectionality as a knowledge project attentive to power relations and notes that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age are reciprocally constructing phenomena.
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Claims the paper makes
62 Own interpretation · 13 Sources not found · 13 No basis given · 8 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“The growth and institutionalization of intersectionality can also be measured by the arrival of undergraduate readers whose purpose is to introduce intersectionality to students and the lay public.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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In the paper
“in a postgenomic age, the resurgence of race in science, law, and medicine points to the resiliency of biological understandings of race within contemporary racial projects of science itself, typically without racially discriminatory intent (Duster 2015).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duster 2015 source
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In the paper
“African American intellectual production has a storied history of protesting both the social structural dimensions of racism and the cultural representations of people of African descent (Kelley 2002).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kelley 2002
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In the paper
“contemporary color-blind racism constitutes a differently organized yet equally powerful racial formation that manages to replicate racial hierarchies, often without overt attention to race itself”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bonilla-Silva 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Brown et al. 2003
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this theory makes room for multiple interpretive communities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Instead, Black feminism's immediate concern in the United States was to empower African American women through critical analyses of how mutually constructing systems of oppression of race, class, gender, and sexuality framed the social issues and social inequalities that Black women faced.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the United States, the racial formation of color-conscious racism has relied on a deep-seated logic of segregation that was applied to all aspects of social structures and cultural representations.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Such groups find intellectual and political space within racial formation theory for the group-based knowledge of racial projects that oppose racial hierarchy and racial inequality (Collins 1998a, pp. 201-28).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through its analysis of racial projects, racial formation theory can account for change in ways that retain the agency of individual human actors and group-based action.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racial formation theory offers social actors guidance as to how their individual and collective actions matter in shaping racial inequality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several special editions of journals have also been devoted to various aspects of intersectionality as a field of study.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Monographs too numerous to cite here use the term intersectionality, as well as various combinations of the terms race, class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and ability in their titles”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the early 2000s, heightened interest in intersectionality fostered a blizzard of journal articles, special editions to journals, edited volumes, and undergraduate anthologies.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality's increasing acceptance as a field of study within the academy is clearly evident.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > TRAVELING LIGHT? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FIELD OF STUDY
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In the paper
“Because it conceptualizes race as situated within the recursive relationship between social structures and cultural representations, racial formation theory conflates neither discourses about race”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas racial formation theory (ironically, itself a knowledge project) focuses on racism as a mono-categorical system of power, intersectionality examines social formations of multiple, complex social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this regard, Black feminism as a knowledge project was both situated within the specific context of the United States and connected to broader, global social justice concerns (Collins 2000, pp. 227-50).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 2000, pp. 227-50
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eugenics arguments fell out of favor in the post-World War II era, suggesting that counterarguments claiming that race was socially constructed with no connections to biology had prevailed.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(a) intersectionality as a field of study that is situated within the power relations that it studies”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The broader knowledge project provides a set of ideas that provide moments of definitional consensus.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“Within racial formation theory, ideas matter, not simply as hegemonic ideologies produced by elites but also as tangible, multiple knowledge projects that are advanced by specific interpretive communities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“racial formation theory conflates neither discourses about race (e.g., racial meanings, representations, and social identities) nor the power relations in which racial meanings are situated.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(b) intersectionality as an analytical strategy that provides new angles of vision on social phenomena”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within this overarching umbrella, intersectionality can also be profitably conceptualized as a constellation of knowledge projects that change in relation to one another in tandem with changes in the interpretive communities that advance them.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“Intersectionality can be conceptualized as an overarching knowledge project whose changing contours grow from and respond to social formations of complex social inequalities”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“I analyze intersectionality as a knowledge project whose raison d'être lies in its attentiveness to power relations and social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
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- Rests on an assumption: Race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that shape complex social inequalities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because groups aim to have their interpretations of racial inequality prevail, knowledge lies at the heart of racial projects.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overarching intersectional frameworks have been so successful because they remain broad and unspecified.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the eugenics projects that advanced widely accepted scientific knowledge about race had significant impact on the public policies of the United States, Germany, and many nation-states.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The strength of racial formation theory lies in how it links specific knowledge projects (racial projects) with historically constructed power relations (racial formations).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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In the paper
“Linking power with knowledge, the construct of community provides an important framework for understanding the interpretive communities that advance intersectionality's many knowledge projects.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge projects are not free-floating phenomena; they are grounded in specific sociological processes experienced by actual people.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because understanding racial inequality remains central to racial formation theory, it provides intellectual and political space for subordinated social groups such as African Americans, Latinos, Asians, and indigenous peoples.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“(c) intersectionality as critical praxis that informs social justice projects”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A sociology of knowledge framework suggests that knowledge-including knowledge aimed at better understanding intersectionality-is socially constructed and transmitted, legitimated, and reproduced.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Balibar 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Berger & Luckmann 1966
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- Not matchedcites Foucault 1980
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“intersectional knowledge projects typically focus on three interdependent concerns.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The third focal point emphasizes intersectionality as a form of critical praxis, especially its connections with social justice.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Yet despite these efforts, the richness of these knowledge projects rarely make it into the legitimated canon of established fields.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They provide the illusion that the constellation of smaller knowledge projects can be uncritically categorized under intersectionality's big tent umbrella.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet intersectionality goes farther than this mono-system analysis, introducing a greater level of complexity into conceptualizing inequality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Racial formations have distinctive configurations of racial projects for which interest groups advance various interpretations of racial inequality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first focal point makes intersectionality as a field of study the object of investigation.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality can build on this foundation by moving beyond a mono-categorical focus on racial inequality to encompass multiple forms of inequality that are organized via a similar logic.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet the sets of practitioners that lay claim to intersectionality via multiple cross-cutting and competitive intersectional knowledge projects reveal a lack of consensus about intersectionality's history, current organization, and future directions.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Historically constructed, ever-changing racial formations organize racialized groups, the specific patterns of racial inequality that link racialized populations, and social problems that ensue.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Omi & Winant 2014(1994) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just as racial formations change in response to racial projects, racial projects change in relation to changing racial formations.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality faces a particular definitional dilemma-it participates in the very power relations that it examines and, as a result, must pay special attention to the conditions that make its knowledge claims comprehensible.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality's definitional dilemma occurs in this intellectual and political space.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > RACIAL FORMATION THEORY, KNOWLEDGE PROJECTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there is the need for better assessments of pain, suffering, and injury.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In scholarly settings, the critical dimensions of Davis's work open her up to accusations of bias-her analyses of capitalism, neoliberalism, racism, and prisons can read as too polemical and therefore unscholarly.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality is not simply a field of study to be mastered or an analytical strategy for understanding; rather, intersectionality as critical praxis sheds light on the doing of social justice work.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet critical scholarship linked to critical practice such as this is also part of a broader intersectional knowledge project that increasingly transcends the traditional boundaries of academic projects.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these scholar-activists, intersectionality as a form of critical praxis made sense for their social justice projects aimed at remedying complex social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the underemphasis on intersectionality as critical praxis within academia most likely reflects efforts to avoid the implicit political implications of intersectionality itself.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scholars may know less about intersectionality as critical praxis simply because they fail to look for it.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet because the protected categories gain meaning only in relation to one another, actualizing human rights means transcending the limitations of a strictly legal statement of human rights.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The protected categories in human rights gain meaning only in relation to one another.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Holding fast to the creativity of this dynamic area of inquiry and practice yet finding a common language that will be useful to its practitioners is the cutting-edge definitional dilemma for intersectionality.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, in activist venues searching for a critical analysis of social inequality, these same ideas remain wellreceived, precisely because her work remains critical.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, human rights requires more effective tools for identifying the kinds of distinctions that constitute discrimination.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet on the basis of their respective agendas, activist and scholarly circles can interpret Davis's intellectual production differently.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women's studies assumed an important leadership role by enabling gender scholars who were spread across various disciplines to gather, compare, and contrast the study of women within their distinctive disciplines, and then migrate back into those very same disciplines with this new knowledge.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Davis's stature as a public intellectual has provided a platform for her ideas, making it difficult if not impossible to exclude them from academic venues.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Canadian activist Harsha Walia's (2013) analysis of border imperialism is written for, not about, activists.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Walia 2013
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite intersectionality's ongoing definitional ambiguities, intersectionality as a field of study has catalyzed a copious outpouring of new knowledge, much of it produced by researchers, faculty members, and students who use intersectionality as an analytical strategy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > PRODUCING NEW KNOWLEDGE: INTERSECTIONALITY AS AN ANALYTICAL STRATEGY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This underemphasis may be due in part because these areas valorize studying or writing about intersectionality over practicing it.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mission statements from the IBPA illustrate the aspirations of social actors who wish to bring intersectionality into public policy areas:”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This rhetorical strategy of mentioning one African American woman as intersectionality's foremother fosters a collective ritual that legitimates this particular origin story.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ideas expressed in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights bear a strong family resemblance to strands of intersectionality that are aligned with social justice initiatives.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the intellectual richness of Crenshaw's work, contemporary narratives of the emergence of intersectionality rarely situate her work within this crucial historical juncture linking knowledge projects from social movements advanced by women of color with the institutionalization of race/class/gender studies.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As Carbado (2013) points out,”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carbado 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context, intersectionality as a knowledge project faces the fundamental challenge of sustaining its critical edge.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Practitioners are often frontline actors for solving social problems that are clearly linked to complex social inequalities, a social location that predisposes them to respond to intersectionality as critical praxis.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Teachers, social workers, parents, policy advocates, university support staff, community organizers, clergy, lawyers, graduate students, and nurses often have an up close and personal relationship to violence, homelessness, hunger, illiteracy, poverty, sexual assault, and similar phenomena.
In the paper
“For example, Simon Fraser University's Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA) initiative, housed at the Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, aims to generate research with direct applicability to Canadian health policy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hankivsky 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality as a knowledge project remained unnamed as such during the 1980s, the major decade when its ideas but not its name were incorporated into the US academy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For example, from her pathbreaking work on women, race, and class to her sustained attention to prison abolition, the storied career of Angela Davis (1981Davis ( , 2012) ) speaks to a sustained engagement with intersectionality as critical praxis.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davis 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Davis 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The value of critical praxis reflects the norms of any given interpretive community.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This connection between social justice and remedying complex social inequalities seems more prominent outside academic settings than within them.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasingly, intersectionality's ideas can travel across diverse interpretive communities, a shift that has important implications for intersectionality as critical praxis.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intersectionality potentially helps address three main concerns.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Her book is unlikely to be selected for ASA sessions on”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The third concern is the search for appropriate reparations and remedies to victims of human rights abuses.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Practitioners who would be drawn to intersectionality as critical praxis seek knowledge projects that take a stand; such projects would critique social injustices that characterize complex social inequalities, imagine alternatives, and/or propose viable action strategies for change.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite its ubiquity, intersectionality as critical praxis remains underemphasized within intersectionality as a field of study and within scholarship that draws on intersectionality as an analytical strategy.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals, the challenge for this field lies in integrating intersectional frameworks into both health care delivery practices and public policies.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet groups such as these have a vested interest in drawing upon intersectional frameworks to address social inequalities.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Local, grassroots, small-scale, and/or temporary groups that draw upon intersectionality to guide their critical praxis are typically composed of society's overlooked populations: the young, women, people of color, and poor people.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the visibility of scholars as the public face of intersectionality, practitioners such as hip-hop poets, Afro-Brazilian feminists, IBPA scholar-activists, and intellectual activists such as Angela Davis and Harsha Walia may be equally if not more likely to put forth the innovative, cutting-edge intersectional analyses that will advance the field.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changing political economy of publishing and social media provides new venues for circulating intersectional analyses both outside and inside academia.”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > WHAT'S AT STAKE? INTERSECTIONALITY AS A FORM OF CRITICAL PRAXIS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It not only contained an explicit analysis of the interconnectedness of race, class, gender, and sexuality as systems of power, but also constituted one defining moment for the emergence of race/class/gender studies and its subsequent renaming as intersectionality (Collins 2000).”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Collins 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that shape complex social inequalities.
“The term intersectionality references the critical insight that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A general consensus exists about intersectionality's general contours.
“By now, a general consensus exists about intersectionality's general contours.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Teachers, social workers, parents, policy advocates, university support staff, community organizers, clergy, lawyers, graduate students, and nurses often have an up close and personal relationship to violence, homelessness, hunger, illiteracy, poverty, sexual assault, and similar phenomena.
“Teachers, social workers, parents, policy advocates, university support staff, community organizers, clergy, lawyers, graduate students, and nurses often have an up close and personal relationship to violence, homelessness, hunger, illiteracy, poverty, sexual assault, and similar phenomena.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Local, grassroots, small-scale, and/or temporary groups that draw upon intersectionality to guide their critical praxis are typically composed of society's overlooked populations: the young, women, people of color, and poor people.
“Typically, these groups are composed of society's overlooked populations, specifically the young, women, people of color, and poor people.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals.
“Because public health remains connected to the practices of health care professionals, the challenge for this field lies in integrating intersectional frameworks into both health care delivery practices and public policies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The protected categories in human rights gain meaning only in relation to one another.
“Yet because the protected categories gain meaning only in relation to one another, actualizing human rights means transcending the limitations of a strictly legal statement of human rights.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Intersectionality theory suggests that people experience multiple forms of stigma in interlocking systems and structures of oppressive power.9”
From An acceptance-based, intersectional stigma coping intervention for people with HIV who inject drugs—a randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > The Case of US Black Feminism
“Toni Morrison's (1971Morrison's ( , 1987Morrison's ( , 1992) ) books The Bluest Eye and Beloved”
§ Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas > References
“Morrison T. 1970. The Bluest Eye. New York: Vintage Books”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 2,358
Strategic Directions in Preventive Intervention Research to Advance Health Equity
Boyd, R. C., Castro, F. G., Finigan‐Carr, N., Okamoto, S. K., Barlow, A., Kim, B. E., Lambert, S. F., Lloyd, J. J., Zhang, X., Barksdale, C. L., et al. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01462-5 · Cited by 52
“Intersectionality as a theory describes the presence of multiple interlocking systems of privilege and oppression (Collins, 2015) that originate mostly at the macro level, yet impose detrimental effects at lower ecological levels among persons with various social identities.”
BackgroundWildfire in the news media: An intersectional critical frame analysis
Walker, H. M., Reed, M. G., & Fletcher, A. J. (2020) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.008 · Cited by 49
Andrea, S. B., Eisenberg‐Guyot, J., Oddo, V. M., Peckham, T. K., Jacoby, D. F., & Hajat, A. (2021) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waab012 · Cited by 49
Fasang, A. E., & Aisenbrey, S. (2021) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soab151 · Cited by 61
Scala, S. L., Mullins, J. L., Firat, R. B., & Michalska, K. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2022.1007249 · Cited by 46
“Identities can include race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, ability, age, and citizenship (Dhamoon and Hankivsky, 2011; Collins, 2015; Jacobson and Mustafa, 2019).”
BackgroundParenthood Wage Gaps Across the Life Course: A Comparison by Gender and Race
Winkle, Z. V., & Fasang, A. E. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12713 · Cited by 51
Garcia, E., Eckel, S. P., Chen, Z., Li, K., & Gilliland, F. D. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.03.006 · Cited by 49
Hoxhaj, R., & Zuccotti, C. (2020) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1730926 · Cited by 30
“However, as the literature on intersectionality has explicitly highlighted (Collins 2015), it is often the case that some relationships hold – or become stronger or milder – for some specific groups or in particular contexts (see also Billiet, Meuleman, and De Witte 2014).”
BackgroundTinner, L., Holman, D., Ejegi‐Memeh, S., & Laverty, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20146370 · Cited by 66
“Core principles include: (1) an explicit focus on structural factors or social determinants of health; (2) consideration of discrimination, particularly across more than one axis of inequality; (3) a focus on an equitable power dynamic with communities and users of services [8].”
BackgroundHudson, S. T. J., Myer, A., & Berney, E. C. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12939 · Cited by 68
An embarrassment of riches: The seduction of postfeminism in the academy
Liu, H. (2019) · Organization · doi:10.1177/1350508418763980 · Cited by 47
“Intersectionality is an evolving, cross-disciplinary theory grounded in the insight that gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, class, dis/ability and age operate not as fixed, unitary attributes, but as reciprocally constitutive phenomena (Cho et al., 2013; Collins, 2015; Crenshaw, 1989).”
BackgroundRodríguez, J. K., & Scurry, T. (2019) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12353 · Cited by 48
Kassam, S., Marcellus, L., Clark, N., & O’Mahony, J. M. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406919898921 · Cited by 62
“However, these social locations cannot be understood in isolation (Collins, 2015; Van Herk et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWhat Did You Call Me? An Analysis of Online Harassment Towards Black and Latinx Women
Francisco, S. C., & Felmlee, D. (2021) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-021-09330-7 · Cited by 51
Scheitle, C. P., Remsburg, T., & Platt, L. F. (2021) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231211025183 · Cited by 48
Galpin, C. (2022) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v10i1.4801 · Cited by 67
Intersectionality in studying and theorizing singlehood
Kislev, E., & Marsh, K. (2023) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12522 · Cited by 51
Dada, D., Abu-Ba’are, G. R., Turner, D. E., Mashoud, I. W., Owusu-Dampare, F., Apreku, A., Ni, Z., Djiadeu, P., Aidoo-Frimpong, G. A., Zigah, E. Y., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078794 · Cited by 52
“38 39 45 Inter-sectional stigma, a term coined by Dr. Michele Berger, denotes the synergistic and coconstitutive negative effect on well-being and health produced by over-lapping systems of oppression at the intersection of multiple identities, behaviours or conditions that are stigmatised.”
BackgroundEntry and Degree Attainment in STEM: The Intersection of Gender and Race/Ethnicity
Ma, Y., & Liu, Y. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci6030089 · Cited by 45
Community Practice in Social Work: Reflections on Its First Century and Directions for the Future
Gutiérrez, L., & Gant, L. M. (2018) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/701640 · Cited by 51
Tan, R. K. J., Kaur, N., Kumar, P. A., Tay, E., Leong, A. W. Y., Chen, M. I.-C., & Wong, C. S. (2019) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2019.1596313 · Cited by 44
“It provides critical insight into how racial, gender and sexual identities do not operate independently of one another, but are shaped in relation to broader social inequalities (Collins 2015).”
BackgroundChan, H., Choi, H., Hailu, M. F., Whitford, M. M., & DeRouen, S. D. (2020) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21629 · Cited by 50
Barriers to Health Care Among Adults With Minoritized Identities in the United States, 2013–2017
Hernandez, S. M., & Sparks, P. J. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305598 · Cited by 45
When class is colorblind: A r ace‐conscious model for cultural capital research in education
Richards, B. N. (2020) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12786 · Cited by 45
Iheduru-Anderson, K. C., Okoro, F., & Moore, S. S. (2022) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/23333936211073116 · Cited by 59
“Critical race theory is the appropriate framework to explore how the socially constructed and culturally constructed categories of race and gender interact to sustain the systems of power and white supremacy within academic nursing (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundExamination of Race and Autism Intersectionality Among African American/Black Young Adults
Davis, A., Solomon, M., & Belcher, H. M. E. (2022) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0091 · Cited by 71
Walton, Q. L., Kennedy, P. P., Oyewuwo-Gassikia, O. B., & Allen, P. C. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221147776 · Cited by 62
“Therefore, it is important to note that multiple forms of disadvantage in Black women’s lives are not fully understood as single-axis, mutually exclusive categories–such as just Black or woman or middle-class–but collectively as middle-class Black women (Collins, 2015; Crenshaw, 1989; Walton & Oyewuwo-Gassikia, 2017).”
BackgroundReggiani, M., Gagnon, J. D., & Lunn, R. J. (2023) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-023-00993-2 · Cited by 58
“In particular, we employ intersectionality theory (Collins, 2015; Crenshaw, 1989) as a framework to investigate how visibility is perceived and navigated by LGBT + individuals, with a focus on the ways “interlocking systems of oppression” impact people and groups who are marginalised and…”
InfluentialYong, A. G., Lemyre, L., Pinsent, C., & Krewski, D. R. (2017) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12797 · Cited by 42
“Social positions are experienced based on the simultaneous combination of various social categories.(60) Our findings altogether suggest that the immigrant status alone does not necessarily imply “higher risk.”
BackgroundExplaining intersectionality through description, counterfactual thinking, and mediation analysis
Jackson, J. W. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1390-0 · Cited by 43
Fletcher, A. J. (2017) · Water security in a new world · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64046-4_3 · Cited by 48
“The concept of intersectionality was further 3 More than Women and Men: A Framework for Gender and Intersectionality… 42 articulated and developed by scholars like Kimberlé Crenshaw (1991) and Patricia Hill Collins (2015).”
BackgroundSuicide in Transgender Veterans: Prevalence, Prevention, and Implications of Current Policy
Tucker, R. P. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618812680 · Cited by 50
Child development at the intersection of race and SES: An overview
Henry, D. A., Votruba‐Drzal, E., & Miller, P. L. (2019) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2019.05.002 · Cited by 45
Mishna, F., Sanders, J. E., McNeil, S. R., Fearing, G., & Kalenteridis, K. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105366 · Cited by 59
Health data justice: building new norms for health data governance
Shaw, J., & Sekalala, S. R. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00780-4 · Cited by 50
Ovalle, A., Subramonian, A., Gautam, V., Gee, G. C., & Chang, K.-W. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3600211.3604705 · Cited by 76
Hargrove, T. W. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146517746672 · Cited by 46
Steinfield, L. A., Coleman, C. A., Zayer, L. T., Ourahmoune, N., & Hein, W. (2018) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2018.1512250 · Cited by 43
Grabe, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.494309 · Cited by 58
““The term intersectionality references the critical insight that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities” (Collins, 2015, p. 2).”
BackgroundBolzani, D., Crivellaro, F., & Grimaldi, R. (2021) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12719 · Cited by 55
Legal Discrimination: Empirical Sociolegal and Critical Race Perspectives on Antidiscrimination Law
Edelman, L. B., Smyth, A. C., & Rahim, A. (2016) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085234 · Cited by 40
Serrant, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2020.00001 · Cited by 50
“In doing so I do not intend to present a critical discussion as to why the proposed definitions have been selected as this has been central to many scholarly outputs, particularly by Black feminist writers (Davis, 1993; Brah, 2005; Collins, 2015a).”
BackgroundInfluentialToward an Intersectional Approach to Health Justice
Borras, A. M. (2020) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731420981857 · Cited by 50
“remain vague.(147) The different views about intersectionality suggest that it needs to be further developed.”
BackgroundWhy we need intersectionality in Ghanaian feminist politics and discourses
Mohammed, W. F. (2022) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2022.2098798 · Cited by 51
“May (2015), “Intersectionality is interdisciplinary in orientation and draws on multiple sites of knowing” (p. 9).”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychosocial Mechanisms Underlying Older Black Men’s Health
Brown, T. H., & Hargrove, T. W. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx091 · Cited by 42
“In addition, Black men are subjected to unique forms of gendered racial discrimination (Collins, 2015; Taylor, Miller, Mouzon, Keith, & Chatters, 2016) and tend to experience especially high levels of financial strain and chronic stressors (Brown et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKerrison, E. M. T. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.002 · Cited by 43
The Emergence of Intersectional Disadvantage
O’Connor, C., Bright, L. K., & Bruner, J. (2019) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2018.1555870 · Cited by 49
Mandating Inclusion: Critical Trans Perspectives on Domestic and Sexual Violence Advocacy
Jordan, S. P., Mehrotra, G. R., & Fujikawa, K. A. (2019) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801219836728 · Cited by 47
“An intersectional analysis is now widely employed in research and practice (Hill-Collins, 2015).”
MethodFreedom or money? The dilemma of migrant live‐in elderly carers in times of COVID‐19
Giordano, C. (2020) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12509 · Cited by 42
“Drawing from intersectionality theory (Hill Collins, 2015; Hill Collins & Bilge, 2016), which highlights the centrality of interlocking systems of oppression in forging the identities and experiences of women, I use the term ‘identity locations’ to refer to the positioning of migrant live-in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGueta, K. (2020) · Health & Justice · doi:10.1186/s40352-020-00120-8 · Cited by 42
“Furthermore, by urging recognition of differences among women rather than a monolithic gender-based view, an intersectional perspective enables the identification of particularly vulnerable populations (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDurfee, A. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801220958495 · Cited by 54
“…readers to recent books and articles which provide a history of intersectionality, including Baca Zinn and Zambrana (2017), Carastathis (2019), Collins (2015), Collins and Bilge (2016), Hancock (2015), May (2015), Nash (2018), and Potter (2015), whose book disrupts traditional criminological…”
BackgroundMasters-Waage, T. C., Spitzmueller, C., Edema-Sillo, E., Aubin, A. S., Penn-Marshall, M., Henderson, E., Lindner, P., Werner, C., Rizzuto, T. E., & Madera, J. M. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01977-7 · Cited by 46
“Research productivity is typically assessed in terms of faculty’s research output and impact 33 , evaluated through standardized research impact metrics (such as h -index scores) and ERLs, which provide holistic evaluations of faculty (including their scholarly productivity) by experts in the field…”
Intersectional Analysis in Critical Mathematics Education Research: A Response to Figure Hiding
Bullock, E. C. (2018) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x18759039 · Cited by 44
The Neoliberalism Wars, or Notes on the Persistence of Neoliberalism
Grzanka, P. R., Mann, E. S., & Elliott, S. (2016) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0255-8 · Cited by 40
“Autsome”: Fostering an Autistic Identity in an Online Minecraft Community for Youth with Autism
Ringland, K. E. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15742-5_12 · Cited by 44
“Intersectionality is the understanding that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, ability, and age are not mutually exclusive parts of one’s identity [8,9].”
BackgroundYaussy, S. L. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23881 · Cited by 46
“Coming Out”: Stigma, Reflexivity and the Drug Researcher’s Drug Use
Ross, A., Potter, G., Barratt, M. J., & Aldridge, J. A. (2020) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/0091450920953635 · Cited by 50
“Through intersectionality we see that “race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but rather as reciprocally constructing phenomena” (Collins, 2015, p. 1).”
BackgroundMarques, A. L. M., Sorrentino, I. D. S., Rodrigues, J. L., Machín, R., de Oliveira, E., & Couto, M. T. (2021) · Interface - Comunicação Saúde Educação · doi:10.1590/interface.200712 · Cited by 50
“2020 [citado 6 Out 2020]; 382(18):1681-3.”
Coley, S. L., de Leon, C. F. M., Ward, E. C., Barnes, L. L., Skarupski, K. A., & Jacobs, E. A. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1663-9 · Cited by 42
Perceived Similarity in Multiple Categorisation
Grigoryan, L. K. (2019) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12202 · Cited by 38
Henderson, A., Walsemann, K., & Ailshire, J. A. (2021) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab034 · Cited by 34
“An intersectional approach, advanced by Black feminist scholarship and more recently health scientists (Bowleg, 2012; Cho et al., 2013; Collins, 2015), maintains that experiences of race–ethnicity and gender are mutually constituted and interconnected, thereby creating unique and complex individual…”
Allen, D., Dancy, M., Stearns, E., Mickelson, R. A., & Bottía, M. C. (2022) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-022-00334-2 · Cited by 55
“Using the Collins (2009, 2015, 2019) Domains of Power framework to identify structures that contribute to that underrepresentation of Black women, we are able to make specific recommendations aimed at tackling systemic racism and sexism at the college level, particularly after transfer to the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCaracterísticas étnico-raciales y desigualdad de oportunidades económicas en México
Solís, P., & Güémez, B. (2020) · Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos · doi:10.24201/edu.v36i1.2078 · Cited by 48
Critical perspectives on intersectionality and criminology: Introduction
Paik, L. (2017) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480616677495 · Cited by 43
“Based on Crenshaw’s work as well as the others before her, intersectionality has informed and inspired research in a wide swath of disciplines such as law, public health, history, cultural studies, and ethnic studies (Cho et al., 2013; Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundGueta, K. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.031 · Cited by 42
“Recently, Collins (2015) defined intersectionality as ‘the critical insight that race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities’ (p. 2).”
BackgroundIntersectionality in Feminist and Queer Movements
Evans, E., & Lépinard, É. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429289859 · Cited by 53
Intersectionality and fatherhood: Theorizing non‐hegemonic fatherhoods
Strier, R., & Perez‐Vaisvidovsky, N. (2021) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12412 · Cited by 49
“I’m Not Sure What to Believe”: Media Distrust and Opinion Formation during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ternullo, S. (2022) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305542200003x · Cited by 40
“My approach to each field site and the data I collected in conversations with participants are shaped by my positionality, which is marked by the intersection of my multiple identities as a young, middle-class, white woman in graduate school at an elite, urban university (Collins 2015).”
MethodLeibnitz, G. M., Gillian‐Daniel, D. L., Greenler, R., Campbell-Montalvo, R. A., Metcalf, H. E., Segarra, V. A., Peters, J. W., Patton, S., Putwen, A. L., & Sims, E. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.784399 · Cited by 38
“Systems of power, privilege, and oppression intersect with those shaped by gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, disability, nationality, class, and more (Crenshaw, 1989; Crenshaw 1991; Griffin and Museus, 2011; Collins, 2015; Metcalf, 2016; Warner et al., 2016; Metcalf et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInformal Caregiving and Strains: Exploring the Impacts of Gender, Race, and Income
Willert, B., & Minnotte, K. L. (2019) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-019-09786-1 · Cited by 38
“Intersectionality theory explains how individual experiences are often shaped by multiple social positions at once, such as gender, race, and socioeconomic class (Collins 2015; ViruellFuentes et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMcCall, C., McNair, L., & Simmons, D. R. (2021) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20383 · Cited by 43
“Intersectionality, which was initially conceived as a social justice framework (Crenshaw, 1989), maintains that identity dimensions (e.g., race, gender, etc.) are reciprocal and simultaneous contributors to identity construction (Collins, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAI and Blackness: Toward Moving Beyond Bias and Representation
Dancy, C. L., & Saucier, P. K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society · doi:10.1109/tts.2021.3125998 · Cited by 42
“What’s more, the lack of semantic representation for black_woman (while white_woman remained a stand-in for woman) shows the continued issue of intersectionality [34], that is the issue of racialized, gendered intersections.”
Background“I Did Watch ‘The Handmaid's Tale’”: Threat Modeling Privacy Post-roe in the United States
McDonald, N., & Andalibi, N. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3589960 · Cited by 44
MacArthur, J., Carrard, N., Mott, J., Raetz, S., Siscawati, M., & Willetts, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Water · doi:10.3389/frwa.2023.1090002 · Cited by 45
“Gender is one category of intersectional historical oppression (Crenshaw, 1989), other categories include: “race, class. . . sexuality, gender identity, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age” (Collins, 2015, p. 2).”
BackgroundLong, D. A., McCoach, D. B., Siegle, D., Callahan, C. M., & Gubbins, E. J. (2023) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584231171535 · Cited by 48
“9. bell hooks (2000), Collins (2015), and Ford (2010) have also included gender, sex, and sexuality into studies of intersectionality.”
BackgroundInfluentialEngendering the sociology of expertise
Azócar, M. J., & Ferree, M. M. (2016) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12438 · Cited by 43
Mahabeer, P., Nzimande, N., & Shoba, M. (2018) · Agenda · doi:10.1080/10130950.2018.1460139 · Cited by 40
“…intersections that are not only about ‘race-class-gender’ but also include age, competence, culture, sexual orientation, historical era, background, intellectual and moral imperatives that are focused on power relations and social injustice of a particular group (Collins, 2015; Shields, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialHale, J. M., Bijlsma, M. J., & Lorenti, A. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100855 · Cited by 41
Gillespie, A., Seff, I., Caron, C., Maglietti, M. M., Erskine, D., Poulton, C., & Stark, L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13866-7 · Cited by 49
“Conceptual framework The concept of intersectionality emerged from grassroots social liberation movements in the United States and the Global South as one method of analyzing differences in individual and group experiences [26, 27].”
MethodIntersectionality and syndemics: A commentary
Sangaramoorthy, T., & Benton, A. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113783 · Cited by 37
Carrillo, I. R., King, K. Q., & Schafft, K. A. (2021) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12402 · Cited by 36
Intersectionality and diversity, equity, and inclusion in the healthcare and scientific workforces
Mosley, T. J., Zajdel, R. A., Alderete, E., Clayton, J. A., Heidari, S., Pérez‐Stable, E. J., Salt, K. N., & Bernard, M. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100973 · Cited by 50
Kramar, D., Anderson, A., Hilfer, H., Branden, K., & Gutrich, J. J. (2018) · Environmental Justice · doi:10.1089/env.2017.0031 · Cited by 36
Green, A., Abbott, P. A., Davidson, P., Delaney, P., Delaney, J., Patradoon-Ho, P., & DiGiacomo, M. (2018) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732318793416 · Cited by 33
The intersection of geoethics and diversity in the geosciences
Mogk, D. W. (2020) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp508-2020-66 · Cited by 41
“Intersectionality can lead to a double-bind situation at the confluence of multiple barriers (e.g. Malcom et al. 1975; Ong et al. 2011; Williams et al. 2014; Collins 2015).”
BackgroundDale, S. K., Ayala, G., Logie, C. H., & Bowleg, L. (2022) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2022.306738 · Cited by 36
Intersectionality and the Environment
Ergas, C., McKinney, L. A., & Bell, S. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77712-8_2 · Cited by 39
Shah, S. H., Harris, L. M., Menghwani, V., Stoler, J. B., Brewis, A., Miller, J. D., Workman, C. L., Adams, E. A., Pearson, A. L., Hagaman, A. K., et al. (2023) · Environment and Planning F · doi:10.1177/26349825231156900 · Cited by 45
“…marginalization emphasizes that systems of racism, patriarchy, homophobia, classism, caste, and ableism are neither independent nor experienced outside of other structures of oppression, but rather, mutually reinforce and co-constitute one another (Collins, 1998, 2015; Crenshaw, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodLandale, N. S., Oropesa, R. S., & Horse, A. J. Y. (2017) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.05.003 · Cited by 38
“While the concept of intersectionality has garnered widespread attention, quantitative methods for delineating key intersections and incorporating them into empirical research have lagged behind (Collins, 2015).”
Hargrove, T. W. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518802439 · Cited by 35
“Intersectionality perspectives posit that dimensions of inequality such as race, color, and gender are experienced simultaneously and are interdependent—that is, they mutually construct the meanings and experience of one another (Collins 2015; López and Gadsden 2016).”
BackgroundMobley, C., Brawner, C. E., Lord, S. M., Main, J. B., & Camacho, M. M. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2019.1659440 · Cited by 41
“Current research on student identity is informed by intersectionality theory (Crenshaw, 1989; Collins, 2015), which suggests that veterans are not a homogeneous group.”
BackgroundWright, L. N., & Lewis, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798420929112 · Cited by 42
“African American women face discrimination at the intersection of race and gender (Cho et al., 2013; Cole, 2009; Collins, 2000, 2015; Crenshaw, 1989).”
BackgroundSiller, H. U., & Aydin, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894103 · Cited by 40
“With such an understanding, we may gain insight into oppression and power and their expression in the form of privilege and inequality (Crenshaw, 1989; Warner and Shields, 2013; Hankivsky, 2014; Collins, 2015; Moradi and Grzanka, 2017).”
BackgroundRhodes, J. H., Schaffner, B. F., & McElwee, S. (2017) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2017-0005 · Cited by 34
“An important strain of research on the “intersectionality” of political identities makes a strong case that various dimensions of difference – such as race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and so forth – interact to shape individuals’ beliefs, values, opinions, and actions (Crenshaw 1991; Hancock 2007a,b; Cho, Cren…”
BackgroundBrandão, E. R., & Cabral, C. D. S. (2021) · Interface - Comunicação Saúde Educação · doi:10.1590/interface.200762 · Cited by 34
Johnson, D. E., Fisher, K., & Parsons, M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14095452 · Cited by 44
Richter, L. (2017) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2017.1410988 · Cited by 42
“Intersectional approaches to persistent, relational social inequalities are frequently understood as emerging within US Black Feminist projects in the 1960s and 1970s (Collins 2015).”
BackgroundLiévanos, R. S. (2019) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-019-09260-5 · Cited by 37
All immigrants are not alike: Intersectionality matters in views of immigrant groups
Savaş, Ö., Greenwood, R. M., Blankenship, B. T., Stewart, A. J., & Deaux, K. (2021) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.5575 · Cited by 43
“Collins (2015) stated, “… race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability, and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but rather as reciprocally constructing phenomena.””
BackgroundAndersen, M. J., Williamson, A. B., Fernando, P., Eades, S., & Redman, S. (2017) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2017.1374357 · Cited by 34
“phenomena which interact to create trajectories of oppression and privilege (Collins, 2015; Ritzer, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Collins, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-1315;
- Venue
- Annual Review of Sociology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-08-14
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2115
- OpenAlex
- W2148974647
- Semantic Scholar
- 48116d925a63de9e9dd793450a6ed59d51767d35
- Cited by
- 2,419
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 254 · 2025: 320 · 2024: 325 · 2023: 295 · 2022: 287 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 211 · 2019: 220 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 28.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Sociology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- intersectionality, power relations, social inequality, race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, disability, age, critical praxis, social justice, knowledge production
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