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Phosphorylation Meets Ubiquitination: The Control of NF-κB Activity
Abstract
NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) is a collective name for inducible dimeric transcription factors composed of members of the Rel family of DNA-binding proteins that recognize a common sequence motif. NF-kappaB is found in essentially all cell types and is involved in activation of an exceptionally large number of genes in response to infections, inflammation, and other stressful situations requiring rapid reprogramming of gene expression. NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm of nonstimulated cells and consequently must be translocated into the nucleus to function. The subcellular location of NF-kappaB is controlled by a family of inhibitory proteins, IkappaBs, which bind NF-kappaB and mask its nuclear localization signal, thereby preventing nuclear uptake. Exposure of cells to a variety of extracellular stimuli leads to the rapid phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and ultimately proteolytic degradation of IkappaB, which frees NF-kappaB to translocate to the nucleus where it regulates gene transcription. NF-kappaB activation represents a paradigm for controlling the function of a regulatory protein via ubiquitination-dependent proteolysis, as an integral part of a phosphorylationbased signaling cascade. Recently, considerable progress has been made in understanding the details of the signaling pathways that regulate NF-kappaB activity, particularly those responding to the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1. The multisubunit Ika…
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“Because of its ability to regulate the expression of inflammatory proteins, NFκB is believed to play a major role in the inflammatory process.”
From Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFκB: A potential anti-inflammatory pathway (2007) · cites this paper as Karin and Ben-Neriah, 2000
In the citing paper
“NFκB-induced gene expression requires that NFκB not only becomes activated, but it must also be phosphorylated and must physically translocate from cytoplasm to the nucleus (Karin and Ben-Neriah, 2000).”
From Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFκB: A potential anti-inflammatory pathway (2007) · cites this paper as Karin and Ben-Neriah, 2000
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“This is accompanies NF-κB translocation to the nucleus where the protein activates transcription (21).”
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“NF-κ B is a regulatory factor that can be simulated by cytokines to participate in the immune and inflammatory reaction (29).”
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“During inflammatory responses, NF-κB is phosphorylated and translocated into the nucleus, where it induces the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses (Karin and Ben-Neriah, 2000; Ben-Neriah, 2002).”
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“Activation of NF-kB involves the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of IkBa and the phosphorylation of p65, which leads to translocation of NF-kB p65 to the nucleus, where it binds to specific response elements in the DNA.(39) The increased phosphorylation of IkBa suggested that TGF-b1 promote p65 transl…”
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“Through its acidic transactivation domain, p65 has the capacity to interact with several different transcriptional regulatory proteins, such as CREB‐binding protein (CBP)/p300, to initiate transcription of NF‐κB target genes (44,45).”
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“NF-κ B is an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of inflammation, immune responses, cell survival and proliferation (13).”
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“TNF-α has also been shown to play a direct role in skeletal muscle atrophy by upregulating NF-κB and subsequently ubiquitin proteasome activity.(59,60) Following prior confirmation of TNF-α elevation (Figure 3D), NF-κB activation was explored in VM-M3 skeletal muscle to determine which upstream pathway was associated…”
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Dopamine activates NF-κB and primes the NLRP3 inflammasome in primary human macrophages
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“Degradation of IκB releases the NF-κB p65 subunit, enabling the phosphorylation of this protein (Karin and Ben-Neriah, 2000).”
Ubiquitin proteasome system in immune regulation and therapeutics
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“degradation, thereby resulting in liberation of NF-κB transcription factors (Karin and Ben-Neriah, 2000; Zhang et al., 2017).”
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“Additionally, the results also demonstrated that nuclear translocation of Nrf-2 and subsequent HO-1 expression might be associated with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway activation.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Karin, M., & Ben-Neriah, Y.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0636;
- ORCID
- Karin, Michael
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 621-663
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W2147921405
- Cited by
- 4,766
- References
- 243
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 156 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 201 · 2012: 194
- FWCI
- 22.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA76188, R01CA076188)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI043477, R01 AI43477)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R37ES004151, R37 ES04151)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- NF-κB, IκB phosphorylation, ubiquitination, IκB kinase, IKKα, IKKβ, E3 ubiquitin ligase, proteolysis, NF-κB nuclear translocation, TNF signaling, IL-1 signaling, Rel family transcription factors, inflammation, transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phosphorylation, Transcription Factors, Ubiquitins, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, NF-kappa B, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, I-kappa B Proteins, I-kappa B Kinase, NF-kappa B p50 Subunit
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