Cited by 2,083Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeural dynamics and brain functionMemory and Neural Mechanisms

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CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps

Buonomano, Dean V., Merzenich, Michael M.·1998·Annual Review of Neuroscience

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Abstract

It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by experience. The cortex can preferentially allocate area to represent the particular peripheral input sources that are proportionally most used. Alterations in cortical representations appear to underlie learning tasks dependent on the use of the behaviorally important peripheral inputs that they represent. The rules governing this cortical representational plasticity following manipulations of inputs, including learning, are increasingly well understood. In parallel with developments in the field of cortical map plasticity, studies of synaptic plasticity have characterized specific elementary forms of plasticity, including associative long-term potentiation and long-term depression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Investigators have made many important strides toward understanding the molecular underpinnings of these fundamental plasticity processes and toward defining the learning rules that govern their induction. The fields of cortical synaptic plasticity and cortical map plasticity have been implicitly linked by the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity underlies cortical map reorganization. Recent experimental and theoretical work has provided increasingly stronger support for this hypothesis. The goal of the current paper is to review the fields of both synaptic and cortical map plasticity with an em…

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BackgroundInfluential
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Silvestri, L., Mascaro, A. L. A., Lotti, J., Sacconi, L., & Pavone, F. S. (2012) · Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences · doi:10.1142/s1793545812300029 · Cited by 26
Top-Down Inputs Enhance Orientation Selectivity in Neurons of the Primary Visual Cortex during Perceptual Learning
Moldakarimov, S. B., Bazhenov, M., & B, T. J. S. A. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003770 · Cited by 25
“The adult brain remains plastic long after the developmental period [1].”
Background
Importance of body representations in social-cognitive development: New insights from infant brain science
Meltzoff, A. N., & Marshall, P. J. (2020) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.009 · Cited by 26
“An extensive literature using adult human and nonhuman primates has documented the properties of these body maps, including demonstrations of their plasticity (Buonomano and Merzenich, 1998; Elbert et al., 1995; Kaas, 1991).”
Background
Expression of c-Fos, Fos B, Jun B, and Zif268 transcription factor proteins in rat barrel cortex following apomorphine-evoked whisking behavior
Filipkowski, R. K., Rydz, M., & Kaczmarek, L. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00310-4 · Cited by 26
The knowledge of orthography is a revolution in the brain
Castro‐Caldas, A., & Reis, A. (2003) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1021798106794 · Cited by 26
The nature and mechanisms of plasticity
Rioult-Pedotti, M.-S., & Donoghue, J. P. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544903.002 · Cited by 26
Immobilization dystonia
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Facial nerve injury produces a latent somatosensory input through recruitment of the motor cortex in the rat
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Neural Correlates of Consciousness Meet the Theory of Identity
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Acquired olfactory loss alters functional connectivity and morphology
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Corticostriatal response selection in sentence production: Insights from neural network simulation with reservoir computing
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Functional Brain Network Characterization and Adaptivity during Task Practice in Healthy Volunteers and People with Schizophrenia1
Weiss, S. A., Bassett, D. S., Rubinstein, D., Holroyd, T., Apud, J. A., Dickinson, D., & Coppola, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00081 · Cited by 26
“, 2009) likely due to synaptic plasticity (Buonomano and Merzenich, 1998; Tallal, 2004).”
Background
The interlaminar glia: from serendipity to hypothesis
Colombo, J. A. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1332-8 · Cited by 25
Ar+ ions irradiation induced memristive behavior and neuromorphic computing in monolithic LiNbO3 thin films
Pan, X., Shuai, Y., Wu, C., Zhang, L., Guo, H., Cheng, H., Peng, Y. F., Qiao, S., Luo, W., Wang, T., et al. (2019) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.114 · Cited by 26
Brain aging: The zinc connection
Bertoni–Freddari, C., Fattoretti, P., Casoli, T., Stefano, G. D., Giorgetti, B., & Balietti, M. (2007) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.11.001 · Cited by 25
Computational Models of Dementia and Neurological Problems
Duch, W. (2007) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-520-6_17 · Cited by 25
Repairing the damaged spinal cord: from stem cells to activity-based restoration therapies.
McDonald, J. W. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 25
Central Responses to Electrical Stimulation
Hartmann, R., & Kral, A. (2004) · Springer handbook of auditory research · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-22585-2_6 · Cited by 26
Biological Plasticity: The Future of Science in Neurosurgery
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TESTING OF INFORMATION CONDENSATION IN A MODEL REVERBERATING SPIKING NEURAL NETWORK
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“It is known [3] that modification of synaptic strength may happen due to repetitive delivery of impulses to those synapses.”
Cell Replacement to Reverse Brain Aging: Challenges, Pitfalls, and Opportunities
Hébert, J. M., & Vijg, J. (2018) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.008 · Cited by 24
Optogenetic Stimulation Enhanced Neuronal Plasticities in Motor Recovery after Ischemic Stroke
Lu, C., Wu, X., Ma, H., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Luo, Y., Li, C., & Xu, H. (2019) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2019/5271573 · Cited by 24
“As with activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) have been proposed to be involved in cortical plasticity [62, 63].”
Background
Presynaptic stochasticity improves energy efficiency and helps alleviate the stability-plasticity dilemma
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Parallel Functional Reorganizations of Somatosensory Areas 3b and 1, and S2 following Spinal Cord Injury in Squirrel Monkeys
Yang, P.-F., Qi, H., Kaas, J. H., & Chen, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0537-14.2014 · Cited by 24
“…(defined as reorganizing a somatotopic map), in subcortical and cortical regions are believed to play crucial roles in functional and behavioral recovery after SCI (for review, see Buonomano and Merzenich, 1998; Darian-Smith and Brown, 2000; Jones, 2000a; Ramachandran, 2005; Kaas et al., 2008).”
Background
Exploring the relationship between white matter microstructure and working memory functioning following stroke: A single case study of computerized cognitive training
Nordvik, J. E., Schanke, A., Walhovd, K. B., Fjell, A. M., Grydeland, H., & Landrø, N. I. (2011) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2011.568501 · Cited by 26
“…has led to increased optimism regarding the brain’s ability to adapt to new conditions – not only in the early years of life, but throughout lifespan (Buonomano & Merzenich, 1998; DeFelipe, 2006; Draganski, Gaser, Busch, Schuierer, Bogdahn, & May, 2004; Draganski & May, 2008; Jones, Nyberg,…”
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Progress in the Neural Sciences in the Century after Cajal (and the Mysteries That Remain)
Albright, T. D., Jessell, T. M., Kandel, E. R., & Posner, M. I. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05704.x · Cited by 24
On theory of motor synergies
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Tuning of synaptic responses: an organizing principle for optimization of neural circuits
O’Donnell, C., & Nolan, M. F. (2010) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.003 · Cited by 26
“Topographically organized distributed representations have been identified in many brain areas, including auditory, somatosensory, visual, and motor control circuits [17, 22-27].”
Background
Primary somatosensory cortex modulation of tactile responses in nucleus gracilis cells of rats
Malmierca, E., & Núñez, Á. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03256.x · Cited by 24
Spatiotemporal trajectories of reactivation of somatosensory cortex by direct and secondary pathways after dorsal column lesions in squirrel monkeys
Qi, H., Wang, F., Liao, C., Friedman, R. M., Tang, C., Kaas, J. H., & Avison, M. J. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.015 · Cited by 24
“Yet, the central nervous system has capabilities to compensate after injury (Buonomano and Merzenich, 1998; Darian-Smith, 2009; Kaas et al., 2008; Qi et al., 2014b; Xerri, 2012).”
Plasticity of Synaptic Transmission in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neural Networks
Dong, Y., Xiong, M., Chen, Y., Tao, Y., Li, X., Bhattacharyya, A., & Zhang, S.-C. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.100829 · Cited by 19
A dual-process model for cognitive training
Ericson, J., & Klingberg, T. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00161-2 · Cited by 8
“In general, cortical plasticity is known to be a slow process operating on a time scale of weeks or months 45 .”

Authors: Buonomano, D. V., & Merzenich, M. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID: Buonomano, Dean V.
Merzenich, Michael M.
Venue: Annual Review of Neuroscience
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1998-03
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 149-186
ISSN: 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
1545-4126
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149
OpenAlex: W2158935809
Cited by: 2,083
References: 192
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 98
FWCI: 8.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (10414)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: cortical plasticity, synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, learning rules
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Neuronal Plasticity, Synapses

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CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps

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