New Substances of Plant Origin Which Increase Nonspecific Resistance
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In 1969, Brekhman and Dardymov classified Rhaponticum carthamoides as an adaptogen.
“In 1969, Brekhman and Dardymov classified R. carthamoides as an adaptogen, now widely used in herbal medicine to promote resistance to stress, such as trauma, anxiety, and fatigue [13,103,105].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [105]
The plants with adaptogenic properties systematized by Breckham and Dardimov are Panax ginseng, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhaponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, and Schisandra chinensis.
“Breckham and Dardimov systematized the plants with adaptogenic properties. These are: Panax ginseng, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhaponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, and Schisandra chinensis [7].”
From Plant Adaptogens—History and Future Perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Adaptogens increase the body's resistance not only to physical but also to chemically and biologically harmful agents.
“In 1980, the scientists Breckham and Dardimov found that adaptogens increase the body’s resistance not only to physical but also to chemically and biologically harmful agents [1,2,7]”
From Plant Adaptogens—History and Future Perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
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“170 The usual dosage is 1 to 2 g of root or 200 mg of standardized extract per day.”
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“putedly protects the body against stress and restores homeostasis.(73) Most pharmacological actions are attributed to the”
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Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review.
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“…(1958) 1951 Gutnikova (1951) 1951 Balandin (1951) 1951 Lebedev (1951a,b) 1962 Kochetkov et al. (1962a,b) 1962 Kochetkov et al. (1962c) 1962 Brekhman and Dardymov (1969) 1968 1968 Kolkhir (2004) 1968 Turova (1974); Mashkovskij (1978) inhabit the lower Amur river basin, Khabarovsky kray,…”
BackgroundFlamini, G., Cioni, P. L., Puleio, R., Morelli, I., & Panizzi, L. (1999) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199906)13:4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Lee, S. M., Bae, B.-S., Park, H.-W., Ahn, N.-G., Cho, B.-G., Cho, Y.-L., & Kwak, Y.-S. (2015) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.009 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
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“ginseng root—one of the classical USSR Adaptogens.(8) This is an essential component drugs of most Hozai preparations (Table 4).”
BackgroundInfluentialBhattacharya, S. K., & Muruganandam, A. V. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00110-2 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
“…to Ayurvedic rasayanas are remarkably similar to those said to be present in adaptogens, such as Panax ginseng (PG), which appear to increase nonspecific resistance of the body against diverse stressors and help to promote physical and mental states of the individual (Brekhman and Dardymov, 1969).”
Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; their history and applications
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Rhodiola rosea: a possible plant adaptogen.
Kelly, G. S. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 300 · see citing works
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Darbinyan, V., Kteyan, A., Panossian, A. G., Gabrielian, E. S., Wikman, G., & Wagner, H. (2000) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/s0944-7113(00)80055-0 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
“Wagner, H., Nörr, H., Winterhoff, H.: Plant Adaptogens.”
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“noxious factors (“stressors”), normalizing effect independent of the nature of pathologic state [14].”
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Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look
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“Baill. from the family Shizandraceae were also advocated by the Soviet scientists as having adaptogenic activities (Brekhman and Dardymov, 1969; Baranov, 1982).”
BackgroundMethodCardiovascular Diseases and Panax ginseng: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications
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Спасов, А. А., Wikman, G., Мандриков, В. Б., Mironova, I. A., & Neumoin, V. V. (2000) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/s0944-7113(00)80078-1 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“The most extensively researched are Aralia mandschurica, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhodiola rosea and Schizandra chinensis (Wagner et al., 1994; Brekhman and Dardymov, 1969).”
BackgroundThe aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties of ginseng
Nocerino, E., Amato, M., & Izzo, A. A. (2000) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00170-2 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
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Efficacy and safety of ginseng
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“This was statistically highly significant (p 0.001) for both doses (verum groups), whilst no significant difference between the two dosage groups was observed.”
BackgroundInfluentialRhodiola rosea: A Phytomedicinal Overview
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Panossian, A. G., & Wikman, G. (2009) · Current Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/157488409789375311 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“Later on Brekhman and Dardimov [86] postulated that:”
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Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans
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“The repeated administration of adaptogens gives rise to an adaptogenic, or stressprotective , effect in a manner analogous to that produced by repeated physical exercise, leading to prolonged SNSR and increased endurance and stamina under extreme conditions (Dardymov, 1976; Lupandin and Lapajev, 1981; Viru, 1981; Sara…”
BackgroundInfluentialMedicinal plants from the 14th edition of the Russian Pharmacopoeia, recent updates
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“ginseng.(31,32) The chemical and pharmacological effects of E.”
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Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease
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“Ginseng extract has been previously considered as a nonspecific agent for increasing resistance against various diseases and stresses as an adaptogen, when its mode of action is unknown [22].”
BackgroundMattei, R., Dias, R. F., Espínola, E., Carlini, E. A., & Barros, S. B. D. M. (1998) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(97)00141-4 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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“6): (1) terpenoids, with a tetracyclic skeleton, such as cortisol and testosterone (ginsenosides, sitoindosides, cucurbitacines, and withanolides) and (2) aromatic compounds that are”
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“hypolipidemic [6, 7], adaptogenic [ 8 ], immunomodulatory [9], antioxidant [10], radioprotective [11] and anti-inflammatory properties [12].”
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Evaluation of the Ergogenic Properties of Ginseng
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Anti‐stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, new acylsterylglucosides from Withania somnifera
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Adaptogenic effect of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi)
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Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions
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“In 1969, Israel Brekhman, the fi rst pharmacologist who mentioned the P. ginseng as an adaptogen based on its nonspeci fi c and tonic effects [17].”
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Immunomodulatory effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer in the mouse
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“One of its major effects, the enhancement of host resistance against infections [ 2 , 3], could depend on an influence on the immune system.”
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<i>Rhodiola rosea</i> : A Versatile Adaptogen
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“Salidroside (rhodioloside), the additional salidroside-like glycoside compounds (rhodiolin, rosin, rosavin, rosarin, and rosiridin), and p-tyrosol have been believed to be the most critical plant constituents needed for therapeutic activity ( Brekhman and Dardymov 1969; Petkov and others 1986).”
BackgroundEvaluation of the Ergogenic Properties of Ginseng
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“[10-14] In addition, ginseng has”
Bioactivity-guided fractionation for anti-fatigue property of Acanthopanax senticosus
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“@itbhu.ac.in l rights reserved. stressful factors by promoting non-specific resistance of the body (Brekhman and Dardymov, 1969).”
BackgroundPlant Adaptogens—History and Future Perspectives
Todorova, V., Ivanov, K., Delattre, C., Nalbantova, V., Karcheva-Bahchevanska, D., & Ivanova, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082861 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Rhodiola rosea for physical and mental fatigue: a systematic review
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“Adaptogen are “ [most commonly] natural herbal products which are non-toxic in normal doses, produce a non-specific response, and have a normalizing physiologic influence ” [5].”
BackgroundAnxiolytic activity of Panax ginseng roots: an experimental study
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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Rhaponticum carthamoides: A Review
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Ocimum sanctum— A preliminary study evaluating its immunoregulatory profile in albino rats
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Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones
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“…an organism to stress, augmenting resistance to physical, biological, chemical and psychological stresses, and increasing concentration, performance and endurance during fatigue (Brekhman and Dardymov 1968; Panossian 2003; Panossian and Wikman 2005; Panossian and Wagner 2005; Olsson et al. 2008).”
BackgroundBrazilian plants as possible adaptogens: An ethnopharmacological survey of books edited in Brazil
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The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response
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Ginsengs: A review of safety and efficacy
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“ginseng and other members of the Ariliaceae family (Brekhman and Dardymov 1969), in contrast, P.”
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“An extensive review of the traditional Northern Eurasian and modern uses of golden root was published by Brown et al. (2002) while research on the efficacy of this plant for enhancedmental and physical performance (Perfumi & Mattioli, 2007), as well as the treatment of depression (Darbinyan et al.”
BackgroundNeuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture
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Ginsenosides and Their CNS Targets
Radad, K., Moldzio, R., & Rausch, W. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00208.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“After discovering ginseng as a medical plant in Manchuria (China) over 5000 years ago, its whole roots were first taken as a food and 2000 years later, early Chinese used ginseng as a general tonic and adaptogen helping the body to resist the adverse influence of a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological fact…”
BackgroundNo Ergogenic Effects of Ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) during Graded Maximal Aerobic Exercise
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Ginseng and aluminium hydroxide act synergistically as vaccine adjuvants
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Bonilla, D. A., Moreno, Y., Gho, C., Petro, J. L., Odriozola-Martínez, A., & Kreider, R. B. (2021) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk6010020 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Brekhman and Dardymov [3] proposed in 1969 the term adaptogen as an innocuous agent that increases in a nonspecific way the resistance against harmful factors or physical, chemical, biological and psychological “stressors”, normalizing the homeostasis of individuals.”
BackgroundLü, Q., Liu, W., Yang, L., Zu, Y., Zu, B., Zhu, M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, R., Sun, Z. P., et al. (2011) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.116 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
EFFECT OF PANAX GINSENG ROOT ON EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE IN MICE
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“15, 311–318 (2001) Antistress drugs appear to have a corticosteroid sparing effect as observed in our experimental evaluations (Table 8) and from other studies (Brekhman and Dardymov, 1969; Bhargava and Singh, 1981).”
BackgroundResultThymoquinone protects dopaminergic neurons against MPP+ and rotenone
Radad, K., Moldzio, R., Taha, M., & Rausch, W. (2008) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.2708 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radical — induced injury
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Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic
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“rosea is considered to be an “adaptogen” that enhances endurance, resistance, and protest against stressful situation [143].”
BackgroundGinseng--is there a use in clinical medicine?
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Adaptogens: Tonic Herbs for Fatigue and Stress
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“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 20 February 2013 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00016 Synergy and antagonism of active constituents of ADAPT-232 on transcriptional level of metabolic regulation of isolated neuroglial cells”
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- Authors
- Brekhman, I. I., & Dardymov, I. V.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1969-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 419-430
- ISSN
- 0066-4251 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2102596758
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal plant effects and applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
- Keywords
- plant extracts, non-specific immunity, immunostimulants, phytochemicals, host defense
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chemistry, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Glycosides, Nucleic Acids, Plant Extracts, Plants, Protein Biosynthesis, Mice, Chemical Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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