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The Experience of Emotion
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Abstract Experiences of emotion are content-rich events that emerge at the level of psychological description, but must be causally constituted by neurobiological processes. This chapter outlines an emerging scientific agenda for understanding what these experiences feel like and how they arise. We review the available answers to what is felt (i.e., the content that makes up an experience of emotion) and how neurobiological processes instantiate these properties of experience. These answers are then integrated into a broad framework that describes, in psychological terms, how the experience of emotion emerges from more basic processes. We then discuss the role of such experiences in the economy of the mind and behavior.
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“Individuals who construct instances of emotion that are lower in granularity represent a range of negatively (or positively) valenced experiences using the same emotion word.[84][85][86]”
From A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [85]
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Otta, E., & Monticelli, P. F. (2021) · Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Psicologia eBooks · doi:10.11606/9786587596198 · Cited by 4
Smith, S. L., Ward, R. T., Allen, L. K., Wormwood, J. B., & Mills, C. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3983 · Cited by 3
Empreendedorismo e afeto: desafios e perspectivas de pesquisa
Oliveira, X. L. C., & Davel, E. (2022) · Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa · doi:10.21529/recadm.2022018 · Cited by 3
Predicting children's internalizing symptoms across development from early emotional reactivity
Gabel, L. N., Ali, O. M., Kotelnikova, Y., Tremblay, P. F., Stanton, K. J., Durbin, C. E., & Hayden, E. P. (2023) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12673 · Cited by 3
Kar, P., & Hazarika, J. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2254626 · Cited by 3
“…studies about the fact that there could be significant differences among populations in how they perceive and react to different affect states and are very much context-specific, private, and culture-dependent (Barrett, 2017; Barrett et al., 2007, 2019; Hoemann et al., 2020; Siegel et al., 2018).”
Markowitz, D. M. (2023) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/21674795231205751 · Cited by 3
“Prior work suggests there are six discrete positive and negative emotions (sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust) (Barrett, 2017; Barrett et al., 2007), and LIWC approximates discrete positive (e.g., words such as amaze , excellent ) and negative emotions (e.g., words such as agitate ,…”
Hu, W., Bian, G., Huang, L., Pi, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., de Albuquerque, V. H. C., & Wu, W. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3339382 · Cited by 3
“According to the emotional processing model, the subjective perception of emotions is triggered by changes in the brain’s perception of physically related states that reflect changes in the cardiovascular, skeletal muscle, neuroendocrine, and autonomic nervous systems (ANS) [1], [2].”
True or False? Viewer Perceptions of Emotional Staff and Stock Photos in the News
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“Emotion is defined in psychology by the dimensions of valence and arousal (Barrett et al., 2007; Lang & Bradley, 2010).”
BackgroundSubject-Based Domain Adaptation for Facial Expression Recognition
Zeeshan, M., Aslam, M. H., Belharbi, S., Koerich, A. L., Pedersoli, M., Bacon, S., & Granger, É. (2024) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581958 · Cited by 3
“Research in psychology and neuroscience [1], [14], [25] have shown that facial expressions can vary considerably from person to person.”
BackgroundOntology-Based Model for Mining User’s Emotions on the Wisdom Web
Chen, J., Hu, B., Moore, P. T., & Zhang, X. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44198-6_6 · Cited by 3
He, C., Mahfouf, M., & Torres-Salomao, L. A. (2019) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31993-9_10 · Cited by 3
French, M. N., & Chen, E. Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630426 · Cited by 5
“Emotions have a psychophysiological component (Barrett et al., 2007) and measures of heart rate indices and skin conductance (SC) can provide insight into this aspect of emotional response.”
BackgroundApplying the Appraisal Theory of Emotion to Human-Agent Interaction
Pepe, A. A., Sims, V. K., & Chin, M. G. (2007) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120705102205 · Cited by 3
Neuroanatomical correlates of categorizing emotional valence
Beatty, E. L., Vartanian, O. A., Muller-Gass, A., Robertson, J. A., Mandel, D. R., & Stergiopoulos, S. (2014) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000200 · Cited by 3
Enacting archetypes in movies: grounding the unconscious mind in emotion-driven media
Chang, H.-M., Ivonin, L., Boladeras, M. D., Catalá, A., Chen, W., & Matthias Rauterberg, A. (2014) · Digital Creativity · doi:10.1080/14626268.2014.939985 · Cited by 3
“The most simple and straightforward way to measure the content of a mental representation of emotion is often considered to be self-reports, which rely on the participant’s conscious introspection (Barrett et al. 2007).”
BackgroundModelos teóricos en el estudio científico de la emoción
Mir, J. R. I., & Vidal, X. R. (2008) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 3
El enfoque narrativo para la investigación-formación de emociones en educación
Tao, H. B. (2022) · Revista Interamericana de Investigación Educación y Pedagogía RIIEP · doi:10.15332/25005421.6516 · Cited by 3
Your Memory Palace in the Metaverse with AI
Koh, I., & Chen, A. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Symposium Series · doi:10.1609/aaaiss.v1i1.27469 · Cited by 3
An Introduction to the Neurobiology of Emotions and Social Behavior
Day, T. A., & Walker, F. R. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-369497-3.10029-9 · Cited by 3
INTEREST IN UNIVERSITY STUDIES Its role and relation to other motivational variables
Mikkonen, J. (2012) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 373-403
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC1934613
- OpenAlex
- W2129134806
- Cited by
- 1,425
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0527440)
- National Institutes of Health (R01 MH58147, MH58147)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 # MH58147, K02MH001981, R01 MH66957, R01MH058147, MH 58147, R01MH066957)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, subjective experience, emotional content, affective neuroscience, emergence of consciousness, mind-brain relationship, emotion and behavior
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Concept Formation, Emotions, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Internal-External Control, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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